CN116921180A - 一种高强防污水凝胶涂层及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种高强防污水凝胶涂层及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN116921180A CN116921180A CN202310901812.2A CN202310901812A CN116921180A CN 116921180 A CN116921180 A CN 116921180A CN 202310901812 A CN202310901812 A CN 202310901812A CN 116921180 A CN116921180 A CN 116921180A
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- hydrogel coating
- strength
- fouling
- matrix material
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种高强防污水凝胶涂层及其制备方法和应用,属于水凝胶技术领域,制备方法包括:(1)将基体材料浸泡在第一溶液中预处理,取出后烘干,得到预处理后的基体材料;所述的第一溶液的溶剂包括丙酮,溶质包括聚醋酸乙烯酯和引发剂;(2)以水溶性单体、两性离子单体和交联剂为原料在预处理后的基体材料表面发生紫外光引发聚合,得到所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层;所述的交联剂为纳米氢氧化铝、海藻糖、气相二氧化硅中的至少一种。本发明制备方法反应条件温和、工艺简单易行,制备得到的高强防污水凝胶涂层具有防污、减阻双重作用,与基体材料结合力强。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于水凝胶技术领域,具体涉及一种高强防污水凝胶涂层及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
船舶、潜艇、海上钻井设施等是常见的海洋交通与勘探设备,当这些设备长期与海水接触时,往往会附着大量海洋生物,增加船体表面的粗糙度和燃料损耗,加速船体腐蚀,缩短使用寿命。这种现象被称为海洋生物污损。据不完全统计,海洋生物污损每年造成的经济损失超过数千亿美元。因此,研究海洋防污问题,减少海洋生物在船舶等海上设备的附着,对海洋行业的发展具有重要意义。
海洋防污涂料的防污策略主要有两大类:一是化学活性涂料利用毒性、释放杀菌剂等方法杀死附着的海洋生物;二是无毒涂料通过非化学反应的方法阻止海洋生物附着在船体表面。第一种涂料主要为含有三丁基锡或氧化亚铜的涂料,但在研究中发现这些化学物质在杀死附着生物的同时也会在海水中富集,引起海洋生物的变异和畸形,甚至通过食物链危害人类的生命健康。
从阻止海洋生物附着角度出发的防污涂料主要包括导电高分子防污涂料、以可溶性硅酸盐为防污剂的自抛光防污涂料、低表面能有机硅、氟碳涂料等。如公开号为CN102732106A的中国专利文献公开了一种用于海洋结构物的防污涂层,该防污涂层由氟碳树脂24~35、含氟聚合物改性微米电气石粉30~40、含氟聚合物改性纳米二氧化钛粉20~30制备得到;公开号为CN105062248A的中国专利文献公开了一种阳离子型防污减阻复合功能涂料及涂层,该涂层由颗粒状阳离子型填料、成膜树脂、固化剂和稀释剂制备得到,颗粒状阳离子型填料为表面带有正电荷的微颗粒;公开号为CN113773436A的中国专利文献公开了一种两亲性有机硅涂层,该发明通过硫代甘油、丙烯酸丁酯、N-乙烯吡咯烷酮的反应,得到一种亲水端基化合物;亲水端基化合物作为侧链引入主链中,形成一种梳状结构,通过缩合反应合成一种两亲性有机硅涂层,该有机硅涂层具有优异的机械强度,较低的表面能,不利于海洋生物附着。
但是静态条件下,缺乏水流提供的剪切力,有机硅涂层存在防污能力不足的问题,而氟碳涂料、导电高分子防污涂料等价格昂贵,涂层与基体的附着力有待进一步提高。因此,有必要提供一种原料易得、工艺简单、具有防污、减阻双重作用的水凝胶涂层。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种高强防污水凝胶涂层的制备方法,反应条件温和、工艺简单易行,制备得到的高强防污水凝胶涂层具有防污、减阻双重作用,与基体材料结合力强。
具体采用的技术方案如下:
一种高强防污水凝胶涂层的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将基体材料浸泡在第一溶液中预处理,取出后烘干,得到预处理后的基体材料;所述的第一溶液的溶剂包括丙酮,溶质包括聚醋酸乙烯酯和引发剂;
(2)以水溶性单体、两性离子单体和交联剂为原料在预处理后的基体材料表面发生紫外光引发聚合,得到所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层;所述的交联剂为纳米氢氧化铝、海藻糖、气相二氧化硅中的至少一种。
本发明采用引发剂、聚醋酸乙烯酯和丙酮的混合溶液对不同基体材料的表面进行处理后,使基体材料表面形成带有引发剂的底漆层;水凝胶分子链全部由基体材料表面的引发剂引发,且聚醋酸乙烯酯本身就有粘附效果,从而实现强粘接的目的;交联剂(纳米氢氧化铝、海藻糖或气相二氧化硅)通过配位键或氢键作用形成物理交联点,使水凝胶具有优良的力学性能。两性离子单体在水凝胶中的引入,能够在水凝胶涂层表面通过离子水合作用强烈吸附一层水分子,从而形成一个固定的水层,根据体积排除原理,该水层可有效抑制海洋中微生物的附着,起到防污减阻的作用;此外,通过选择具有聚电解质效应和反聚电解质效应的两种单体,使本发明的水凝胶涂层在水和盐水中溶胀度变化不大,从而保证涂层不会由于溶胀程度的变化而从基板表面脱落。
所述的基体材料包括但不限于玻璃、金属、橡胶、塑料、聚氨酯片等。
优选的,步骤(1)中,所述的浸泡时间为0.2~10h,浸泡-取出工艺重复2-3次,有利于充分进行预处理。
所述的引发剂为水溶性光引发剂,包括2-羟基-2-甲基-1-苯基甲酮、1-羟基-环己基-苯基甲酮、2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基-二苯基氧化膦、2,2'-偶氮二异丁基脒二盐酸或2-羟基-4'-(2-羟乙氧基)-2-甲基苯丙酮。
优选的,所述的第一溶液中,聚醋酸乙烯酯、引发剂和丙酮的质量比为0.5-5.0:0.5-5.0:100。在该比例下,聚醋酸乙烯酯的量足以使引发剂牢固粘附在基体材料表面,引发剂的量足以使所有单体完全引发。
所述的水溶性单体为丙烯基单体,包括丙烯酸或丙烯酸衍生物。
所述的两性离子单体为结构式如式(I)-(IV)所示化合物中的至少一种;
其中,R1为H或甲基;R2和R3独立地选自H或C1~C5脂肪族烃基;n为1~3的整数;Z1为苯磺酸基、磺酸基、磷酸基、苯磺酸盐基、磺酸盐基或磷酸盐基;X为H、碱金属或铵基;Y的结构式为下式所示的任一种:
其中,R4和R7独立地选自C2~C5脂肪族烃基,R5、R6、R8和R9独立地选自C1~C5脂肪族烃基,R10为C1~C5脂肪族烃基或苯基,J为N或P,Z2为卤素、磺酸基、硫酸酯基、亚磷酸基、单磷酸基或乙酸基。
优选的,所述的两性离子单体为3-[N,N-二甲基-[2-(2-甲基丙-2-烯酰氧基)乙基]铵]丙烷-1-磺酸内盐、3-[N,N-二乙基-[2-(2-甲基丙-2-烯酰氧基)乙基]铵]丙烷-1-磺酸内盐、3-[N,N-二甲基-[2-(2-甲基丙-2-烯酰氧基)乙基]铵]乙烷-1-羧酸内盐、3-[N,N-二甲基-[2-(2-甲基丙-2-烯酰氧基)乙基]铵]丙烷-1-磷酸内盐或3-[N,N-二乙基-[2-(2-甲基丙-2-烯酰氧基)乙基]铵]乙烷-1-羧酸内盐。
所述的两性离子单体结构中同时含有烯键部分和甜菜碱侧基部分,使得其既具有聚合活性又具有电中性特征,进一步聚合形成的甜菜碱型聚合物中阴、阳离子基团处于同一大分子链上的同一单体单元侧基上,侧链通过离子溶剂化作用结合水分子,可在表面形成致密水层,表现出良好的抗蛋白吸附能力,致密的水层是抗蛋白吸附的关键。
所述的交联剂中,纳米氢氧化铝的粒径为10-50nm,气相二氧化硅的粒径为30-100nm。
优选的,所述的水溶性单体、两性离子单体和交联剂的质量比为0.8-8.0:0.8-8.0:1。该比例下所制备的水凝胶具有较低的溶胀度和优良的力学性能。
优选的,步骤(2)中,将水溶性单体、两性离子单体和交联剂溶于水中,得到前驱体溶液;再将预处理后的基体材料置于模具中,将前驱体溶液注射到模具中,室温下紫外光交联固化0.5-3h,得到所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层。
本发明还提供了所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层的制备方法制得的高强防污水凝胶涂层。
本发明还提供了所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层在海洋防污领域中的应用。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果在于:
(1)本发明提供的高强防污水凝胶涂层具有良好的机械性能,拉伸强度最大可达1.7MPa,断裂伸长率达3500~3700%。
(2)本发明提供的高强防污水凝胶涂层具有优异的抗菌抗蛋白效果,能够使基体材料的摩擦力降低了40~90%,减阻效果明显。
(3)本发明提供的高强防污水凝胶涂层在水及盐水中的溶胀程度变化不大,且粘接强度高,不易从基体材料表面脱落。
(4)本发明提供的制备方法可室温操作,工艺简单易行,原料易得且成本较低,适用于工业化生产。
附图说明
图1为实施例1中涂覆高强防污水凝胶涂层后的基体材料吸附金黄色葡萄球菌的荧光显微镜照片。
图2为实施例1中涂覆高强防污水凝胶涂层后的基体材料吸附大肠杆菌的荧光显微镜照片。
图3为实施例3中涂覆高强防污水凝胶涂层后的基体材料吸附金黄色葡萄球菌的荧光显微镜照片。
图4为实施例3中涂覆高强防污水凝胶涂层后的基体材料吸附大肠杆菌的荧光显微镜照片。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例与附图,进一步阐明本发明。应理解,这些实施例仅用于说明本发明,而不用于限制本发明的范围。下列实施例中未注明具体条件的操作方法,通常按照常规条件,或按照制造厂商所建议的条件。
实施例中,使用的纳米氢氧化铝的粒径为10-50nm,气相二氧化硅的粒径为30-100nm,20wt%的纳米氢氧化铝水分散液和20wt%的气相二氧化硅水分散液的密度均约为1g/mL。
实施例1
将聚醋酸乙烯酯、光引发剂2959(2-羟基-4'-(2-羟乙氧基)-2-甲基苯丙酮)和丙酮以1:1:100的质量比配制成第一溶液,将玻璃板在其中浸泡0.5h后,取出烘干,上述操作重复两次,得到预处理后的基体材料;
将预处理后的玻璃板置于模具中;称取丙烯酸3.459g、3-[N,N-二甲基-[2-(2-甲基丙-2-烯酰氧基)乙基]铵]丙烷-1-磺酸内盐3.352g、20wt%的纳米氢氧化铝水分散液10mL加入到10mL去离子水中,混合均匀后将该溶液注射到模具中,在365nm紫外灯下照射2h,得到所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层。
实施例2
用聚醋酸乙烯酯、光引发剂2959(2-羟基-4'-(2-羟乙氧基)-2-甲基苯丙酮)和丙酮以2:1:100的质量比配制成第一溶液,将玻璃板在其中浸泡1h后,取出烘干,上述操作重复两次,得到预处理后的基体材料;
将预处理后的玻璃板置于模具中;称取甲基丙烯酸7.406g、3-[N,N-二甲基-[2-(2-甲基丙-2-烯酰氧基)乙基]铵]丙烷-1-磺酸内盐2.011g、20wt%的纳米氢氧化铝水分散液10mL加入到10mL去离子水中,混合均匀后将该溶液注射到模具中,在365nm紫外灯下照射2h,得到所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层。
实施例3
用聚醋酸乙烯酯、光引发剂2959(2-羟基-4'-(2-羟乙氧基)-2-甲基苯丙酮)和丙酮以1:2:100的质量比配制成第一溶液,将塑料板在其中浸泡0.5h后,取出烘干,上述操作重复两次,得到预处理后的基体材料;
将预处理后的塑料板置于模具中;称取丙烯酸4.937g、3-[N,N-二甲基-[2-(2-甲基丙-2-烯酰氧基)乙基]铵]丙烷-1-磺酸内盐3.352g、海藻糖2g、20wt%的纳米氢氧化铝水分散液5mL加入到10mL去离子水中,混合均匀后将该溶液注射到模具中,在365nm紫外灯下照射0.5h,得到所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层。
实施例4
用聚醋酸乙烯酯、光引发剂2959(2-羟基-4'-(2-羟乙氧基)-2-甲基苯丙酮)和丙酮以3:3:100的质量比配制成第一溶液,将玻璃板在其中浸泡5h后,取出烘干,上述操作重复两次,得到预处理后的基体材料;
将预处理后的玻璃板置于模具中;称取丙烯酸3.805g、3-[N,N-二甲基-[2-(2-甲基丙-2-烯酰氧基)乙基]铵]丙烷-1-磺酸内盐3.821g、20wt%的纳米氢氧化铝水分散液2.5mL加入到17.5mL去离子水中,混合均匀后将该溶液注射到模具中,在365nm紫外灯下照射1h,得到所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层。
实施例5
用聚醋酸乙烯酯、光引发剂2959(2-羟基-4'-(2-羟乙氧基)-2-甲基苯丙酮)和丙酮以2:2:100的质量比配制成第一溶液,将橡胶板在其中浸泡2h后,取出烘干,上述操作重复两次,得到预处理后的基体材料;
将预处理后的橡胶板置于模具中;称取丙烯酸2.162g、3-[N,N-二甲基-[2-(2-甲基丙-2-烯酰氧基)乙基]铵]丙烷-1-磺酸内盐8.380g、20wt%的纳米氢氧化铝水分散液10mL加入到10mL去离子水中,混合均匀后将该溶液注射到模具中,在365nm紫外灯下照射1.5h,得到所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层。
实施例6
用聚醋酸乙烯酯、光引发剂2959(2-羟基-4'-(2-羟乙氧基)-2-甲基苯丙酮)和丙酮以1:3:100的质量比配制成第一溶液,将不锈钢板在其中浸泡1.5h,取出烘干,上述操作重复两次,得到预处理后的基体材料;
将预处理后的不锈钢板置于模具中;称取甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)6.247g、3-[N,N-二甲基-[2-(2-甲基丙-2-烯酰氧基)乙基]铵]丙烷-1-磺酸内盐5.028g、20wt%的纳米氢氧化铝水分散液7.5mL加入到12.5mL去离子水中,混合均匀后将该溶液注射到模具中,在365nm紫外灯下照射2h,得到所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层。
实施例7
用聚醋酸乙烯酯、光引发剂2959(2-羟基-4'-(2-羟乙氧基)-2-甲基苯丙酮)和丙酮以3:1:100的质量比配制成第一溶液,将玻璃板在其中浸泡3h后,取出烘干,上述操作重复三次,得到预处理后的基体材料;
将预处理后的玻璃板置于模具中;称取丙烯酸7.264g、3-[N,N-二甲基-[2-(2-甲基丙-2-烯酰氧基)乙基]铵]丙烷-1-磺酸内盐3.352g、海藻糖4g溶解在20mL去离子水中,混合均匀后将该溶液注射到模具中,在365nm紫外灯下照射2h,得到所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层。
实施例8
用聚醋酸乙烯酯、光引发剂2959(2-羟基-4'-(2-羟乙氧基)-2-甲基苯丙酮)和丙酮以2.5:1:100的质量比配制成第一溶液,将聚氨酯片在其中浸泡2.5h,取出后烘干,上述操作重复两次,得到预处理后的基体材料;
将预处理后的聚氨酯片置于模具中;称取丙烯酰胺(AM)3.412g、3-[N,N-二甲基-[2-(2-甲基丙-2-烯酰氧基)乙基]铵]丙烷-1-磺酸内盐6.704g、20wt%的气相二氧化硅水分散液10mL加入到10mL去离子水中,混合均匀后将该溶液注射到模具中,在365nm紫外灯下照射2h,得到所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层。
实施例9
用聚醋酸乙烯酯、光引发剂2959(2-羟基-4'-(2-羟乙氧基)-2-甲基苯丙酮)和丙酮以2:3:100的质量比配制成第一溶液,将聚氨酯片在其中浸泡4h后,取出烘干,上述操作重复两次,得到预处理后的基体材料;
将预处理后的聚氨酯片置于模具中;称取丙烯酸2.880g、N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺(DMAA)0.925g、3-[N,N-二甲基-[2-(2-甲基丙-2-烯酰氧基)乙基]铵]丙烷-1-磺酸内盐5.587g、20wt%的气相二氧化硅水分散液8mL溶解在12mL去离子水中,混合均匀后将该溶液注射到模具中,在365nm紫外灯下照射4小时,得到所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层。
对比例1
将未经预处理的玻璃板置于模具中;称取丙烯酸3.459g、3-[N,N-二甲基-[2-(2-甲基丙-2-烯酰氧基)乙基]铵]丙烷-1-磺酸内盐3.352g、化学交联剂N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺1g加入到18mL去离子水中,混合均匀后将该溶液注射到模具中,在365nm紫外灯下照射2小时,得到的水凝胶涂层力学性能差,且无法粘接在基体材料表面。
样品分析
测试所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层的厚度以及其溶胀平衡后的厚度、机械性能、摩擦力以及抗菌抗蛋白效果,采用的方法分别如下所示:
机械性能测试:水凝胶样品用裁刀裁成哑铃状,在拉伸机(Instron,5543A)上进行拉伸测试。
摩擦测试:将样品粘接在AR-G2流变仪(TA Instruments,USA)夹具(平板,直径20mm)。保持法向应力为1N,在设定剪切速率、温度等条件下进行测试。
抗蛋白质吸附测试:配制磷酸缓冲溶液(PBS,浓度为10mmol/L,pH=7.4,I=150mmol/L),以PBS溶液配制一系列浓度的牛血清白蛋白(BSA),用Bradford法通过紫外光谱仪(Varian/cary50)进行测试,得到特征紫外吸收峰强度与溶液浓度的关系曲线(注:BSA的特征紫外吸收峰位于277nm左右处,经过考马斯亮蓝染液标记后特殊紫外吸收峰在595nm左右处);然后将测试样品分别浸泡在浓度为1g/L BSA的PBS溶液中,并使其处于恒温振荡环境中(振荡频率:150rpm,温度:37℃,时间:24h)。根据测试样品在浸泡蛋白溶液前后特征紫外吸收峰的强度变化来表征样品表面的蛋白吸附量。
抗细菌粘附测试:实验选用金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)和大肠杆菌(E.coli)为代表,将水凝胶样品浸泡在两种细菌的培养液中,经过一段时间,观察水凝胶表面细菌粘附情况。每个样品涂3个基板做为平行样,荧光照片在放大倍数为100倍的荧光显微镜(ThermoFisher Scientific,EVOS FL Auto 2)下获取。
SEM观察:以PBS溶液分别配制大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的悬浮液,浓度为108cells/mL,将已在PBS溶液中达溶胀平衡的软涂层放入上述细菌溶液中,置于恒温振荡环境中(振荡频率:100rpm,温度:37℃,时间:3h),然后,将软涂层取出,用PBS溶液轻轻冲洗2-3遍,浸泡在2.5wt%的戊二醛PBS溶液中进行细菌的交联固定(温度:4℃,时间:4h)。然后用体积分数分别为30%、50%、70%、80%、90%、100%的乙醇水溶液对软涂层进行脱水处理,冷冻干燥,进行SEM测试(S-4800)。
表1实施例1-9中高强防污水凝胶涂层的性能测试结果
通过表1中结果可知,本发明方法制得的高强防污水凝胶涂层,机械性能好,拉伸强度可高达1.7MPa,断裂伸长率高达3500~3700%,溶胀程度小,涂覆了所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层的基底材料,摩擦力降低了40%~90%,减阻效果明显;且该高强防污水凝胶涂层对牛血清白蛋白、大肠杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的吸附均很低,如图1-图4所示,具有优异的抗菌抗蛋白效果。
以上所述的实施例对本发明的技术方案进行了详细说明,应理解的是以上所述的仅为本发明的具体实施例,并不用于限制本发明,凡在本发明的原则范围内所做的任何修改、补充或类似方式替代等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种高强防污水凝胶涂层的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将基体材料浸泡在第一溶液中预处理,取出后烘干,得到预处理后的基体材料;所述的第一溶液的溶剂包括丙酮,溶质包括聚醋酸乙烯酯和引发剂;
(2)以水溶性单体、两性离子单体和交联剂为原料在预处理后的基体材料表面发生紫外光引发聚合,得到所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层;所述的交联剂为纳米氢氧化铝、海藻糖、气相二氧化硅中的至少一种。
2.根据权利要求1所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述的浸泡时间为0.2~10h,浸泡-取出工艺重复2-3次。
3.根据权利要求1所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的引发剂为水溶性光引发剂,包括2-羟基-2-甲基-1-苯基甲酮、1-羟基-环己基-苯基甲酮、2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基-二苯基氧化膦、2,2'-偶氮二异丁基脒二盐酸或2-羟基-4'-(2-羟乙氧基)-2-甲基苯丙酮。
4.根据权利要求1所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的第一溶液中,聚醋酸乙烯酯、引发剂和丙酮的质量比为0.5-5.0:0.5-5.0:100。
5.根据权利要求1所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的水溶性单体为丙烯基单体。
6.根据权利要求1所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的两性离子单体为结构式如式(I)-(IV)所示化合物中的至少一种;
其中,R1为H或甲基;R2和R3独立地选自H或C1~C5脂肪族烃基;n为1~3的整数;Z1为苯磺酸基、磺酸基、磷酸基、苯磺酸盐基、磺酸盐基或磷酸盐基;X为H、碱金属或铵基;Y的结构式为下式所示的任一种:
其中,R4和R7独立地选自C2~C5脂肪族烃基,R5、R6、R8和R9独立地选自C1~C5脂肪族烃基,R10为C1~C5脂肪族烃基或苯基,J为N或P,Z2为卤素、磺酸基、硫酸酯基、亚磷酸基、单磷酸基或乙酸基。
7.根据权利要求1所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的交联剂中,纳米氢氧化铝的粒径为10-50nm,气相二氧化硅的粒径为30-100nm。
8.根据权利要求1所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的水溶性单体、两性离子单体和交联剂的质量比为0.8-8.0:0.8-8.0:1。
9.根据权利要求1-8任一所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层的制备方法制得的高强防污水凝胶涂层。
10.根据权利要求9所述的高强防污水凝胶涂层在海洋防污领域中的应用。
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