CN116574676B - 一种细胞外囊泡/工程化细胞外囊泡及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种细胞外囊泡/工程化细胞外囊泡及其制备方法和应用,属于分子生物学技术领域。本发明提供了来源于炎症因子TNF‑α和IFN‑γ处理后的干细胞的细胞外囊泡及其制备方法,可以有效修复胰腺损伤;本发明还提供了一种负载HAL的工程化细胞外囊泡及其制备方法,兼具成像与治疗作用,可用于制备治疗1型糖尿病的药物,实现1型糖尿病诊断与治疗一体化。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于分子生物学技术领域,尤其涉及一种细胞外囊泡/工程化细胞外囊泡及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
1型糖尿病(type1diabetes,T1D),是一种慢性自身免疫性疾病,在遗传和环境等多因素共同作用下,体内产生针对胰岛β细胞的自身免疫应答,从而导致β细胞破坏及功能障碍,使胰岛素合成不足,导致血糖升高,并且可能导致各种急慢性并发症,如酮尿症、糖尿病肾病、糖尿病足和糖尿病眼底病变等,甚至在疾病晚期引起死亡。目前针对T1D的治疗方法主要有胰岛素治疗、胰岛或胰腺移植以及调节自身免疫T细胞活性的干预药物等,但这些治疗方案具有需长期治疗、供体短缺及药物脱靶效应等局限性。
细胞外囊泡(extracellularvesicles,EVs)是由细胞分泌的介导细胞间或器官间信息交流和物质传递的异质性双层膜囊泡。在哺乳动物中,EVs存在于各种体液中,如血液、唾液、尿液、母乳等。EVs具有生物活性,可以在细胞间通过转移蛋白质、mRNA和miRNA等发挥多种生物学作用,介导多种复杂的生物过程,如炎症、肿瘤发生、免疫调节、组织修复等。EVs不仅具有天然的疾病治疗能力,已经成为MSCs的理想替代物,免疫原性更低,没有形成肿瘤或畸形的风险,并且具有良好稳定性,在血浆及-20℃可稳定保存,安全性和可行性更高;另外,EVs可通过蛋白质组学等技术用于癌症、急性肝损伤等疾病诊断;并且EVs是天然的纳米药物载体,能用于负载小分子化合物、蛋白质和小干扰RNA等,穿越生物屏障,显示出强大的临床应用前景。
目前基于EVs的免疫治疗方法中,具有免疫调节作用的间充质干细胞来源的细胞外囊泡(mesenchymalstemcell-derivedextracellularvesicles,MSC-EVs)引起广泛关注。MSC-EVs能够抑制T细胞激活、NK细胞反应、DCs的成熟和激活、B细胞增殖等,促进调节型免疫细胞分化,如耐受性DCs、Treg细胞及巨噬细胞M2型极化,从而维持免疫系统稳态递送其内含物或外源分子,已应用于多种自身免疫疾病模型,但其在T1D中的动态变化、治疗效果和作用靶点尚不清楚。并且,正常培养的MSCs分泌的EVs在免疫调节等方面发挥的作用有限,利用亲脂性荧光染料等方法标记后,EVs的功能也并未得到增强,只是可以起到示踪作用,却不能提高治疗功能。即如何提高MSCs分泌的EVs在T1D中的治疗作用是本领域亟待研究的问题。
5-氨基乙酰丙酸己酯盐酸盐(hexyl5-aminolevulinatehydrochloride,HAL)是一种FDA批准的小分子药物,其分解产生的中间产物原卟啉IX(protoporphyrinIX,PpIX)可荧光成像,能够用于蓝光膀胱镜检查,另外通过血红素合成代谢途径产生的最终分解产物CO和胆红素具有抗炎作用,还能用于动脉粥样硬化及心肌梗死模型的成像和治疗,但在T1D小鼠中的成像和治疗效果还未有研究报道。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明的目的在于提供一种细胞外囊泡,通过炎症因子处理MSCs提高了EVs免疫抑制能力,可有效修复胰腺损伤。
本发明还提供了一种工程化细胞外囊泡,兼具成像与治疗作用,可用于制备治疗1型糖尿病的药物,实现1型糖尿病诊断与治疗一体化。
为了实现上述发明目的,本发明提供以下技术方案:
本发明提供了一种细胞外囊泡,所述细胞外囊泡来源于炎症因子处理后的干细胞,所述炎症因子为TNF-α和IFN-γ。
优选的,所述TNF-α的处理浓度为10~50ng/mL,所述IFN-γ的处理浓度为10~50ng/mL。
优选的,所述干细胞包括脂肪间充质干细胞、骨髓间充质干细胞、脐带间充质干细胞和胎盘间充质干细胞。
本发明还提供了上述细胞外囊泡的制备方法,包括以下步骤:在无细胞外囊泡的完全培养基中,添加TNF-α和IFN-γ,培养干细胞,得到富含细胞外囊泡的条件培养基,离心分离提取细胞外囊泡。
本发明还提供了一种工程化细胞外囊泡,由上述细胞外囊泡负载HAL得到。
本发明还提供了上述工程化细胞外囊泡的制备方法,包括以下步骤:将HAL加入上述细胞外囊泡溶液中混匀,进行电穿孔,室温静置,离心去上清,获得工程化细胞外囊泡。
优选的,所述HAL与细胞外囊泡的质量比为1:2.5~10。
优选的,所述电穿孔条件为:100~350V,100~350μF,200~∞Ω。
优选的,所述离心条件为4℃,130000g离心1~3h。
本发明还提供了上述细胞外囊泡或上述工程化细胞外囊泡在制备治疗1型糖尿病药物中的应用。
本发明的有益效果:
本发明通过炎症因子处理MSCs获得细胞外囊泡(TI-EVs),在治疗T1D中,增强了细胞外囊泡的功能,提高了细胞外囊泡的免疫抑制能力,达到更好的胰腺损伤修复效果。
本发明在TI-EVs中负载HAL,在不影响TI-EVs的生物学功能的基础上,建立得到成像与治疗一体化的H@TI-EVs体系,不仅能靶向到胰腺部位通过HAL的分解产物PpIX进行荧光成像,还能发挥免疫调节功能,明确该体系在T1D小鼠的体内分布,深入研究H@TI-EVs治疗T1D小鼠的靶点和机制,为T1D的临床治疗提供新的思路和理论依据,实现有效在T1D中诊断与治疗的一体化。
附图说明
图1:TI-EVs及H@TI-EVs的冷冻投射电镜鉴定结果:图1A为MSC-EVs和TI-EVs的冷冻透射电镜照片,标尺为200nm;图1B为H@TI-EVs的冷冻投射电镜照片,标尺为200nm。
图2:TI-EVs及H@TI-EVs的粒径分布结果:图2A为MSC-EVs和TI-EVs的粒径分布结果;图2B为TI-EVs和H@TI-EVs的粒径分布结果。
图3:TI-EVs及H@TI-EVs的Zeta电位分布结果:图3A为MSC-EVs和TI-EVs的Zeta电位分布结果;图3B为TI-EVs和H@TI-EVs的Zeta电位分布结果。
图4:不同时间点TI-EVs和H@TI-EVs粒径分布结果。
图5:TI-EVs及H@TI-EVs的标志蛋白的Westernblot鉴定结果:图5A为TI-MSCs、MSC-EVs及TI-EVs标志蛋白的Westernblot鉴定结果;图5B为TI-MSCs、TI-EVs及H@TI-EVs标志蛋白的Westernblot鉴定结果。
图6:H@TI-EVs的紫外可见吸收光谱及载药率测定结果:图6A为HAL和H@TI-EVs的紫外可见吸收光谱;图6B为不同质量HAL与相同质量TI-EVs电穿孔后根据标准曲线计算所得药物包封率。
图7:MIN6细胞对H@TI-EVs的内化成像效果:图7A为激光共聚焦显微镜观察HAL及H@TI-EVs被MIN6细胞内化后在细胞内被分解为PpIX的成像效果(标尺为30μm);图7B为MIN6细胞中PpIX与线粒体共定位荧光成像结果(标尺为20μm)。
图8:H@TI-EVs的体内示踪结果:图8A-B为体内示踪不同时间点HAL在T1D小鼠体内主要器官中的分布情况及荧光信号统计;图8C-D为体内示踪不同时间点H@TI-EVs在T1D小鼠体内主要器官中的分布情况及荧光信号统计;图8E-F为不同时间HAL及H@TI-EVs在胰腺中的荧光成像及荧光信号统计。
图9:H@TI-EVs对小鼠体重、血糖和胰岛素表达及分泌情况的影响:图9A为小鼠给药时间点示意图;图B-C为给药不同时间后的各组小鼠血糖及体重变化情况;图9D为ELISA检测治疗结束后各组小鼠血清中的胰岛素水平。
图10:H@TI-EVs对小鼠胰腺损伤的修复效果:图10A为H&E染色评价胰腺组织学改变情况(标尺为20μm);图10B-C为免疫荧光染色检测各组小鼠胰腺组织中胰岛素的表达情况及定量分析(标尺为50μm);图10D-E为免疫荧光染色检测各组小鼠胰腺组织中T细胞浸润情况(标尺为30μm)。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了一种细胞外囊泡(TI-EVs),所述细胞外囊泡来源于炎症因子处理后的干细胞,所述炎症因子为TNF-α和IFN-γ。
本发明所述TNF-α的处理浓度为10~50ng/mL,优选为15~40ng/mL,更优选为20~30ng/mL;所述IFN-γ的处理浓度为10~50ng/mL,优选为16~42ng/mL,更优选为20~35ng/mL。本发明所述干细胞包括脂肪间充质干细胞、骨髓间充质干细胞、脐带间充质干细胞和胎盘间充质干细胞。
本发明还提供了上述TI-EVs的制备方法,包括以下步骤:在无细胞外囊泡的完全培养基中,添加TNF-α和IFN-γ,培养干细胞,得到富含细胞外囊泡的条件培养基,离心分离提取细胞外囊泡。
作为可选的实施方式,本发明将干细胞培养至对数增长期,待细胞汇合度达到60%时,吸尽培养基并用PBS洗涤;再次加入无细胞外囊泡的完全培养基,并添加TNF-α和IFN-γ,继续培养,所得培养基即为富含细胞外囊泡的条件培养基。本发明所述离心分离方法优选为超速离心分离。作为可选的实施方式,本发明将富含细胞外囊泡的条件培养基依次离心去除死细胞、细胞碎片和凋亡小体,然后过滤得到上清,进行超速离心后弃上清,沉淀重悬于PBS中,得到细胞外囊泡。本发明所述过滤优选为采用0.22μm的针式滤器,去除直径大于200nm的微囊泡;本发明所述超速离心条件优选为4℃,130000g离心2h。本发明得到的细胞外囊泡于-80℃保存。
本发明还提供了一种工程化细胞外囊泡(H@TI-EVs),由上述细胞外囊泡(TI-EVs)负载HAL得到。
本发明还提供了上述H@TI-EVs的制备方法,包括以下步骤:将HAL加入上述细胞外囊泡(TI-EVs)溶液中混匀,进行电穿孔,室温静置,离心去上清,获得工程化细胞外囊泡。
作为可选的实施方式,本发明将HAL加入到提取得到的含TI-EVs的样品中,以PBS为溶剂得到混合液,避免混合液中产生气泡。本发明所述HAL与TI-EVs的质量比为1:2.5~10,优选为1:4~7.5,更优选为1:5。本发明TI-EVs与PBS溶剂的质量体积比优选为1:3~5μg/μl,更优选为1:4μg/μl。
本发明对HAL和TI-EVs的混合液进行电穿孔处理,所述电穿孔条件为:100~350V,100~350μF,200~∞Ω;优选为150~260V,140~250μF,220~∞Ω,更优选为200V,180μF,240Ω。作为可选的实施方式,本发明将混合液移入电击杯中,利用伯乐BIO-RAD电穿孔仪在100~350V,100~350μF,200~∞Ω条件下电穿孔处理。
本发明在电穿孔处理后,将其置于室温20~40min,优选为30min,本发明通过室温静置恢复细胞外囊泡膜结构。
本发明将室温静置后的混合液移入离心管中进行离心,获得工程化细胞外囊泡,所述离心优选为超速离心。本发明所述离心条件为4℃,130000g离心1~3h,优选为2h。作为可选的实施方式,本发明将混合液移入超速离心管中,以PBS补满,4℃,130000g离心1~3h,去除上清,获得负载HAL的细胞外囊泡H@TI-EVs。本发明采用PBS重悬H@TI-EVs,储存于-80℃冰箱备用。
本发明还提供了上述细胞外囊泡(TI-EVs)和上述工程化细胞外囊泡(H@TI-EVs)在制备治疗1型糖尿病药物中的应用。
下面将结合本发明中的实施例,对本发明中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
在具体实施例中,细胞培养基、双抗、胰酶等试剂均购于Gibco公司;细胞培养耗材均购于Corning公司;5-氨基乙酰丙酸盐酸盐HAL药物购自陶术生物;细胞培养所需血清为去除EVs的胎牛血清,购于BI公司,胎牛血清EVs处理步骤如下:将胎牛血清置于超速离心管中,130000g在4℃离心12h,超净台中取上清,并用0.22μm的针式滤器过滤,保存于-80℃冰箱备用。细胞传代培养、冻存及复苏等细胞生物学实验操作步骤详见《动物细胞培养(第六版)》。
实施例1
1、干细胞来源的细胞外囊泡(MSC-EVs)提取方法:
(1)获得富含细胞外囊泡的条件培养基:
收集含有EVs的人脐带来源间充质干细胞(hUC-MSCs)的条件培养基,当培养于75cm2的细胞培养瓶中的MSCs处于对数增长期,细胞汇合度达到60%时,吸尽培养基,用PBS洗涤两次,每瓶加入10ml配置好的含有10%无细胞外囊泡的FBS的完全培养基,继续培养48h后,将培养基收集至离心管中,该培养基为富含细胞外囊泡的条件培养基。
(2)超速离心法分离提取细胞外囊泡:
将步骤(1)获得的条件培养基于4℃,300g离心10min,去除死细胞;所得上清于4℃,2000g离心20min,去除细胞碎片;所得上清于4℃,10000g离心30min,去除凋亡小体;用0.22μm的针式滤器过滤所得上清,去除直径大于200nm的微囊泡;把过滤后的上清置于超速离心管中,4℃,130000g离心2h,弃上清,加入适量PBS重悬管底沉淀,于-80℃保存。
2、炎症因子处理的干细胞来源的细胞外囊泡(TI-EVs)提取方法:
(1)获得富含细胞外囊泡的条件培养基:
收集含有EVs的人脐带来源间充质干细胞(hUC-MSCs)的条件培养基,当培养于75cm2的细胞培养瓶中的MSCs处于对数增长期,细胞汇合度达到60%时,吸尽培养基,用PBS洗涤两次,每瓶加入10ml配置好的含有10%无细胞外囊泡的FBS的完全培养基,并添加20ng/mLTNF-α和20ng/mLIFN-γ,继续培养48h后,将培养基收集至离心管中,该培养基为富含细胞外囊泡的条件培养基。
(2)超速离心法分离提取细胞外囊泡:
将步骤(1)获得的条件培养基于4℃,300g离心10min,去除死细胞;所得上清于4℃,2000g离心20min,去除细胞碎片;所得上清于4℃,10000g离心30min,去除凋亡小体;用0.22μm的针式滤器过滤所得上清,去除直径大于200nm的微囊泡;把过滤后的上清置于超速离心管中,4℃,130000g离心2h,弃上清,加入适量PBS重悬管底沉淀,于-80℃保存。
实施例2
负载5-氨基乙酰丙酸盐酸盐HAL药物的工程化细胞外囊泡(H@TI-EVs)的构建方法:
(1)取20μgHAL,加入实施例1步骤2提取得到的含100μgEVs样品中,以PBS补足至400μl,充分混匀,并避免产生气泡。
(2)将步骤(1)得到的混合液移入4mmBio-rad电击杯中,利用伯乐BIO-RAD电穿孔仪在100V,100μF,200Ω条件下电穿孔,然后将其置于室温30min以恢复细胞外囊泡膜结构。
(3)将步骤(2)得到的混合液移入超速离心管中,以PBS补满,4℃,130000g离心2h后去除上清,获取负载HAL的细胞外囊泡H@TI-EVs。
(4)PBS重悬H@TI-EVs,储存于-80℃冰箱备用。
实施例3
对实施例1得到的细胞外囊泡(MSC-EVs、TI-EVs)和实施例2得到的工程化细胞外囊泡(H@TI-EVs)进行鉴定:
1、使用透射电子显微镜鉴定细胞外囊泡形态:
将实施例1提取的细胞外囊泡MSC-EVs、TI-EVs和实施例2的H@TI-EVs分别滴于200目的样品铜网上,室温静置2min,用滤纸吸干多余液体;在样品网上滴加20mg/mL醋酸铀溶液,室温静置1min,对样品进行负染,用滤纸吸干多余液体,并将样品网晾干;将制备好的样品置于透射电镜下观察,并采集照片。结果见图1。
图1A为MSC-EVs和TI-EVs的冷冻透射电镜照片,标尺为200nm,表明炎症因子处理没有改变TI-EVs的形态,TI-EVs和MSC-EVs均为杯状双层膜囊泡样结构;图1B为H@TI-EVs的冷冻投射电镜照片,标尺为200nm,表明电穿孔后的H@TI-EVs的形态未发生改变,为杯状囊泡样结构。
2、纳米颗粒跟踪分析仪检测细胞外囊泡粒径和Zeta电位:
将实施例1提取的细胞外囊泡MSC-EVs、TI-EVs和实施例2的H@TI-EVs用双蒸水稀释,加入到纳米颗粒跟踪分析仪样品池中进行检测,通过子体积的扫描,计算颗粒的Zeta电位和粒径,并通过视频计数分析得到颗粒浓度。结果见图2~3。
图2A为MSC-EVs和TI-EVs的粒径对比结果,表明MSC-EVs和TI-EVs的粒径分布无显著变化;图2B为TI-EVs和H@TI-EVs的粒径对比结果;表明TI-EVs和H@TI-EVs的粒径分布无显著变化,H@TI-EVs直径约为120nm左右。
图3A为MSC-EVs和TI-EVs的Zeta电位对比结果,明MSC-EVs和TI-EVs的Zeta电位无显著变化;图3B为TI-EVs和H@TI-EVs的Zeta电位对比结果,表明TI-EVs和H@TI-EVs的Zeta电位无显著变化。
继续通过粒径分析分别检测72h内TI-EVs和H@TI-EVs在PBS中的粒径大小,结果见图4,表明不同时间点TI-EVs和H@TI-EVs粒径分布无显著变化,该体系具有较强的稳定性,可以继续用于后续的实验研究。
3、通过Westernblot检测EVs标志蛋白:
蛋白样品制备:在实施例1提取的细胞外囊泡和实施例2的H@TI-EVs中加入RIPA裂解液裂解EVs,反复吹打后移入洁净1.5mLEP管中,在冰上裂解30min,每10min涡旋振荡一次,于4℃,12000rpm离心15min,将上清移入新的EP管中;使用BCA法测定EVs蛋白浓度,其余蛋白液中加入5×上样缓冲液,在沸水中煮10min,保存于-80℃冰箱中备用。
聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳:将洁净晾干的玻璃板装于制胶架上,使底边吻合严密,用蒸馏水验漏。按照分离胶配方配制10%的分离胶溶液,充分混匀,用移液器加入4.5ml分离胶溶液至玻璃板缝隙中,立即轻柔加入蒸馏水将分离胶液面压平,约20min后分离胶凝固。按照配方配制5%的浓缩胶溶液,灌注1.5ml浓缩胶溶液到分离胶的上方,立即插入梳子,待浓缩胶凝固后便可使用。将配好的胶板放置到电泳槽内,注意短玻板向内侧,在两块玻板中间加入电泳液,将梳子拔出,按照蛋白浓度2μg/μl统一上样量,将蛋白样品加入上样孔中,添加电泳液至电泳槽标记处,盖好电泳槽盖,注意连接正负极,90V开始电泳,待溴酚蓝跑至分离胶时,将电压调至120V,直至溴酚蓝接近玻板底部时停止电泳。
转膜:将转膜夹与海绵及滤纸浸泡于预冷的转膜缓冲液中,把聚丙烯酰胺凝胶置于黑色夹板一侧,剪取适宜大小的PVDF膜,置于甲醇中活化60s,放置于胶上,除尽气泡,覆盖滤纸和海绵,按照转膜夹负极(黑色)-海绵-滤纸-胶-膜-滤纸-海绵-正极(白色)顺序夹好转膜夹,放置于转膜槽中,添加转膜液,冰浴恒压120V转膜2h。
封闭:将转膜完成的PVDF膜取出,用TBST溶液洗尽凝胶残渣,置于5%的脱脂牛奶(封闭液)中,水平摇床50rpm室温封闭1h。
抗体杂交:(1)一抗孵育:用封闭液稀释一抗(CD9,1:1000稀释,CD63,1:1000稀释,Alix,1:1000稀释,TSG101,1:1000稀释,Calnexin,1:1000稀释,PD-L1,1:1000稀释),吸取2ml一抗置于抗体孵育盒中,对照蛋白Marker将目的条带剪下,浸泡于对应一抗中,4℃孵育过夜;(2)二抗孵育:将条带用TBST溶液清洗3次,每次5min,然后加入对应二抗,水平摇床50rpm室温孵育2h,孵育完成后用TBST洗3次,每次10min。
发光检测:把发光液A/B按1:1比例进行混合配成工作液,在暗室中将发光液滴加在膜上,待目的条带发出绿色荧光时,用胶片进行曝光、显影及定影。结果见图5。
图5A为TI-MSCs、MSC-EVs及TI-EVs标志蛋白的Westernblot鉴定,表明MSC-EVs和TI-EVs的标志蛋白无显著变化;图5B为TI-MSCs及TI-EVs、H@TI-EVs标志蛋白的Westernblot鉴定,表明TI-EVs和H@TI-EVs的标志蛋白无显著变化。
4、通过紫外-可见分光光度计检测载药率:
(1)通过紫外-可见分光光度计在208nm检测实施例2得到的H@TI-EVs,HAL及H@TI-EVs的紫外吸收光谱见图6A,图6A显示HAL及H@TI-EVs在208nm处具有一致性吸收峰,证明TI-EVs成功负载HAL。
(2)检测H@TI-EVs的药物包封率:
采用实施例2所述H@TI-EVs的构建方法,分别选择2.5μg、5μg、10μg、20μg、40μg的HAL与100μgTI-EVs进行H@TI-EVs的构建;
根据208nm处的吸光度强度,通过紫外-分光光度计测量绘制HAL的标准曲线;并根据超速离心后上清的HAL含量计算出HAL的载药率,结果见图6B,测得H@TI-EVs最大载药率约为20.15%。
实施例4
通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察MIN6细胞对H@TI-EVs的内化成像效果:
1、通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察H@TI-EVs的内化
小鼠胰岛β细胞系MIN6培养:将MIN6培养于24孔板的细胞爬片上。
H@TI-EVs的内化:待MIN6融合度达到70%左右时,加入实施例2得到的H@TI-EVs,37℃恒温培养24~48h。然后弃去培养基,PBS清洗后用4%多聚甲醛固定10min,然后用PBS洗3次,再用细胞核荧光染料DAPI染色10min,PBS洗3次,在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察被内化的工程化细胞外囊泡,结果见图7A。
2、通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察HAL分解产物PpIX与线粒体共定位:
小鼠胰岛β细胞系MIN6培养:将MIN6培养于24孔板的细胞爬片上。
MIN6细胞培养过夜后,加入实施例2得到的H@TI-EVs,37℃恒温培养24h。然后Mito-TrackerGreen与细胞在37℃条件下孵育20min,再用PBS洗3次,在激光共聚焦显微镜下评价线粒体与PpIX的共定位情况,结果见图7B。
由图7显示,MIN6细胞中PpIX的红色荧光和骨架蛋白β-tubulin共定位结果证明H@TI-EVs可以被MIN6内化,并且HAL可以分解为PpIX用于荧光成像。另外,由于PpIX是在线粒体中特异生成的,Mito-tracker染色结果显示MIN6细胞线粒体与PpIX显著共定位。
实施例5
工程化H@TI-EVs的体内示踪:
小鼠1型糖尿病的构建:选择6~8周雄性C57/BL6小鼠,采用链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导法,称取小鼠体重,小鼠按50mg/kg体重腹腔注射STZ溶液,连续5天。损伤小鼠随机分为2组:HAL组,H@TI-EVs组;HAL组和H@TI-EVs组于腹腔注射STZ结束2天后,分别尾静脉给药治疗;HAL组尾静脉注射100μlHAL(4μg);H@TI-EVs组尾静脉注射100μl实施例2得到的工程化H@TI-EVs(100μg,~4μgHAL当量)。
在不同时间点(注射后12h、24h、48h)分别利用XenogenIVISLumina活体成像系统监测H@TI-EVs在体内的分布,结果见图8。图8A-B为体内示踪不同时间点HAL在T1D小鼠体内主要器官中的分布情况及荧光信号统计;图8C-D为体内示踪不同时间点H@TI-EVs在T1D小鼠体内主要器官中的分布情况及荧光信号统计;图8E-F为不同时间HAL及H@TI-EVs在胰腺中的荧光成像及荧光信号统计。图8显示,在T1D小鼠体内,与HAL组相比,H@TI-EVs组尾静脉给药24h胰腺中聚集更多荧光信号,而HAL组荧光信号更多地聚集于肝脏及肾脏中,说明H@TI-EVs具有损伤靶向作用,能够归巢到损伤胰腺部位,并通过产生PpIX荧光信号,实现T1D体内成像。
实施例6
检测工程化H@TI-EVs的治疗功能:
小鼠1型糖尿病的构建:选择6~8周雄性C57/BL6小鼠,链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导法,称取小鼠体重,小鼠按50mg/kg体重腹腔注射STZ溶液,连续5天。损伤小鼠随机分为6组:PBS组,HAL组,TI-EVs组,H@TI-EVs组,anti-PD-L1-H@TI-EVs组,假手术组。为了研究H@TI-EVs的长期治疗是否能达到更好的治疗效果,分别对H@TI-EVs组小鼠进行长期和短期治疗。长期治疗(H@TI-EVs-l)隔天给药,连续4周,短期治疗(H@TI-EVs-s)隔天给药,连续2周,第40天结束治疗并取材。由于炎症因子刺激提高TI-EVs的程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)的表达,因此将H@TI-EVs表面PD-L1用中和抗体封闭后,检测其是否能够发挥治疗作用。此外,假手术组的小鼠(Sham组小鼠)作为对照组。各组给药方式均为尾静脉注射,注射体积为100μl,其中HAL组(4μg)、TI-EVs组(100μg)、H@TI-EVs组(100μg,~4μgHAL当量)、aPD-L1-H@TI-EVs组(100μg、~4μgHAL当量),给药时间点示意图如9A所示。
(1)分别在各组给药0d、5d、10d、15d、20d、25d、30d、35d、40d后,对各组小鼠的血糖和体重情况进行统计,结果见图9B-C;
(2)ELISA检测治疗结束后各组小鼠血清中的胰岛素水平:在第40天处死小鼠前,利用内眦静脉取血采集小鼠血液,4℃,1000xg离心20min,取各组小鼠的血清。将血清加至包被胰岛素抗体的96孔板中,37℃孵育90min;弃去液体甩干后,加入生物素标记胰岛素抗体工作液,37℃孵育60min;洗涤液清洗后,加入HRP标记链霉亲和素工作液,37℃孵育30min;洗涤后加入显色液显色,终止液终止反应后,即刻用酶标仪在450nm波长下测量OD值。根据标准品绘制标准曲线后,计算各组小鼠血清胰岛素水平。结果见图9D。
由图9可知,工程化H@TI-EVs可以降低T1D小鼠血糖并在一定程度上减轻小鼠体重的下降,提高小鼠血清中的胰岛素水平;表明H@TI-EVs纳米体系对T1D小鼠具有良好的治疗作用,明显改善血糖情况和胰岛素表达及分泌情况。
(3)第40天时,处死各组小鼠对损伤胰腺组织取材。
利用苏木素&伊红染色评价损伤组织结构恢复情况:将小鼠损伤胰腺组织制作石蜡切片,并对其进行苏木素&伊红染色,对胰腺组织胰岛损伤情况进行评估,结果见图10A,显示H@TI-EVs组有明显的改善糖尿病胰腺损伤的作用。
利用免疫荧光染色评价损伤胰腺中胰岛素表达情况,以及各组小鼠胰腺组织中T细胞浸润情况:将小鼠损伤胰腺组织制作冰冻切片,并对其进行免疫荧光染色,图10B-C为免疫荧光染色检测各组小鼠胰腺组织中胰岛素的表达情况(标尺为50μm);图10D-E为免疫荧光染色检测各组小鼠胰腺组织中T细胞浸润情况(标尺为30μm),表明H@TI-EVs可以显著修复损伤胰腺组织中胰岛的胰岛素的表达,促进损伤组织结构的恢复。
图10显示H@TI-EVs纳米体系对T1D小鼠的损伤胰腺具有良好的治疗作用,促进胰岛结构和功能恢复,降低免疫细胞浸润程度,具有良好的免疫调节能力,从而抑制免疫细胞对胰岛的损伤。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (3)
1.一种工程化细胞外囊泡在制备治疗1型糖尿病药物中的应用,其特征在于,所述工程化细胞外囊泡由细胞外囊泡负载HAL得到,包括以下步骤:将HAL加入细胞外囊泡溶液中混匀,进行电穿孔,室温静置,离心去上清,获得工程化细胞外囊泡,所述HAL与细胞外囊泡的质量比为1:2.5~10;
所述细胞外囊泡来源于炎症因子处理后的干细胞,包括以下步骤:在无细胞外囊泡的完全培养基中,添加TNF-α和IFN-γ,培养干细胞,得到富含细胞外囊泡的条件培养基,离心分离提取细胞外囊泡;所述TNF-α的处理浓度为10~50ng/mL,所述IFN-γ的处理浓度为10~50ng/mL;
所述干细胞包括脂肪间充质干细胞、骨髓间充质干细胞、脐带间充质干细胞和胎盘间充质干细胞。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,所述电穿孔条件为:100~350V,100~350μF,200~∞Ω。
3.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,所述离心条件为4℃,130000g离心1~3h。
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