CN116349801A - 一种淡水鱼越冬料及其应用和缓沉料 - Google Patents
一种淡水鱼越冬料及其应用和缓沉料 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种淡水鱼越冬料及其应用和缓沉料，本发明涉及水产养殖饲料制备技术领域。该越冬料包括以下重量份组分：鱼粉、鸡肉粉、豆粕，200型菜粕、DDGS、小麦、豆油、鱼油、米糠、麸皮、磷酸二氢钙、98.5％赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、防霉剂、抗氧化剂、杂食性预混料和复合酶制剂。本发明的越冬料更加适合鱼体冬季采食习性，且高消化率的优质蛋白原料及高不饱和脂肪酸的原料使用，使得鱼体在冬季能够提高免疫力，安全越冬，同时除了满足基本生理代谢外，能有最佳程度的生长速度，较市场现有产品具有明显优势。本发明解决了现有淡水鱼越冬料营养性能及免疫性能低的问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水产养殖饲料制备技术领域，具体涉及一种淡水鱼越冬料及其应用和缓沉料。
背景技术
目前，多数养殖户在冬季期间停止投喂，导致鱼体长期处于饥饿和低温的双重应激下，储存物质消耗过大，特殊营养需求无法满足，使得机体生理活动受限，鱼体免疫力低下，难以抵御病原侵袭，开春后鱼体质虚弱，发生掉膘，甚至“鱼瘟”，大量死亡造成严重经济损失。市面上已有少量厂家开发了越冬料，来维持鱼体正常生理代谢需要，在一定程度上能提高鱼体免疫力，减少掉膘和死亡，而现有投喂的这些产品普遍存在以下缺点：a.营养水平偏低，消化率不足，无法满足淡水鱼在冬季对营养的需求；b.添加的油脂中饱和脂肪酸含量过高，不利于鱼体越冬及细胞膜流动；c.高消化率的优质蛋白源原料添加量不足，且在冬季鱼体内的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性受抑制，未添加外源性酶制剂进行弥补和加强，鱼体对淀粉及脂肪的消化吸收率不足，导致免疫力不足；d.现有的浮性料或者沉性料工艺，不适合冬季鱼类采食。
发明内容
为了解决上述技术问题，本发明的目的是提供一种淡水鱼越冬料及其应用和缓沉料，以解决现有淡水鱼越冬料营养性能及免疫性能低的问题。
本发明解决上述技术问题的技术方案如下：提供一种淡水鱼越冬料，包括以下重量份组分：鱼粉5-7份、鸡肉粉4-6份、豆粕18-25份，200型菜粕8-12份、DDGS 4-6份、小麦17-20份、麸皮8-12份、豆油1.5-2.5份、鱼油1.5-2.5份、米糠18-22份、磷酸二氢钙1.4-1.6份、98.5％赖氨酸0.3-0.4份、蛋氨酸0.1-0.2份、防霉剂0.05-0.15、抗氧化剂0.03-0.06、杂食性预混料0.2-0.3份和复合酶制剂0.1-0.2份。
本发明的有益效果为：冬季鱼类摄食可增强体质、促进增重和提高越冬成活率，未投喂的鱼类体重显著下降，鱼类越冬期(水温≧5℃)肠管充塞度从前肠到中、后肠逐渐增加，不同越冬水体不同鱼类肠内含物组成及充塞度差别较大，肠管充塞度大多可达3-4级。而越冬期内温度降低改变了鱼类的代谢水平，对饵料转化率都很低。故在冬季需要合理投喂，且需要加强投喂饲料的诱食性，有利于鱼类诱食和消化吸收、利于低温期鱼体血液循环和低温抗应激。
在低温条件下，鱼类会加大能量消耗去应对并适应环境改变，以维持基本生命活动。但鱼体对三大营养物质的利用率有差异，大部分鱼类在饥饿胁迫下最先动用糖类(内脏及肌肉的糖原储备)，然后是脂肪(持续供能，越冬期适当脂肪水平的饲料使得鱼体对脂肪酸分解代谢能力增强，需提高不饱和脂肪酸的比例)，最后是蛋白质(越冬期蛋白质分解速率降低)，且脂肪供能的能量及效率远高于蛋白质分解供能，故需要着重加强优质脂肪的添加。
越冬日粮特别需要关注脂肪酸的组成，越冬期间不饱和脂肪酸含量上升，n-3PUFA(特别是EPA和DHA的含量)与越冬成活率关系极大，长链不饱和脂肪酸在鱼体的积累在越冬前增大利于越冬。豆油和鱼油(1:1)混合油能促进脂肪代谢，提高抗氧化酶活性，增加HSP70mRNA的转录表达，调整鱼体饱和与不饱和脂肪酸比例，有利于提高抵抗低温应激的能力。由于细胞膜上的脂肪酸类型会随着日粮脂肪的类型而发生逐步的改变，因此，理想的越冬日粮的使用时间为停料前的1个月，少于半个月的时间将无法有效改变细胞膜上已有的脂肪酸类型。
饥饿及低温情况会导致鱼体消化系统紊乱，淀粉酶及脂肪酶相对蛋白酶活性受影响小，故越冬料中添加合适水平的淀粉及脂肪对保持鱼体肠道酶活性非常重要，同时可添加外源性酶制剂来提高消化。
维生素作为多种酶的辅酶或辅基，对鱼类免疫力和抗寒力影响极大，特别是鱼类对多种维生素的合成能力较低，如VB、VC、VE等，脂溶性维生素可以在体内储存，同时微量元素是抗氧化酶的活性中心，如Zn和Cu，添加多维多矿对有效抑制脂类过氧化，清除体内自由基具有至关重要的作用。
秋冬季节，由于表层水温较低，一些鱼类不愿游到上次摄食，缓沉料的沉降速度较慢，介乎于浮性膨化料与沉性料之间，由于在水中悬浮时间较长，更贴合鱼类摄食需求的习性及季节适应性，减少体能消耗。且真空喷油把油脂全部通过真空气压压至饲料颗粒内部，更有效的防止油脂的氧化，更利于鱼类冬天的能量需求。
综上所述，本发明的越冬料更加适合鱼体冬季采食习性，且高消化率的优质蛋白原料及高不饱和脂肪酸的原料使用，使得鱼体在冬季能够提高免疫力，安全越冬，同时除了满足基本生理代谢外，能有最佳程度的生长速度，较市场现有产品具有明显优势。
在上述技术方案的基础上，本发明还可以做如下改进：
进一步，淡水鱼越冬料包括以下重量份组分：鱼粉5份、鸡肉粉4份、豆粕20份，200型菜粕10份、DDGS 6份、小麦19份、麸皮9份、豆油2.25份、鱼油2.25份、米糠20份、磷酸二氢钙1.5份、98.5％赖氨酸0.3份、蛋氨酸0.15份、防霉剂0.1、抗氧化剂0.05、杂食性预混料0.25份和复合酶制剂0.15份。
进一步，杂食性预混料由以下重量份组分组成：VA 0.01-0.03份、VB10.01-0.03份、VB2 0.02-0.04份、VB6 0.02-0.03份、VB12 0.03-0.05份、VC0.2-0.4份、VD3 0.01-0.03份、VE 0.05-0.15份、VK3 0.005-0.015份、烟酸0.05-0.1份、泛酸钙0.03-0.05份、叶酸0.005-0.015、生物素0.4-0.6份和复合多矿0.01-0.03份。
进一步，杂食性预混料由以下重量份组分组成：VA 0.02份、VB1 0.02份、VB2 0.03份、VB6 0.03份、VB12 0.04份、VC 0.3份、VD3 0.02份、VE 0.1份、VK3 0.01份、烟酸0.08份、泛酸钙0.04份、叶酸0.01份、生物素0.5份和复合多矿0.02份。
进一步，复合多矿为吡啶甲酸铬、甘氨酸锰、甘氨酸螯合铁、钼酸铵和硫酸锌的混合物。
进一步，吡啶甲酸铬、甘氨酸锰、甘氨酸螯合铁、钼酸铵和硫酸锌的质量比为1：1-3：1-3：1-4：1。
进一步，吡啶甲酸铬、甘氨酸锰、甘氨酸螯合铁、钼酸铵和硫酸锌的质量比为1：1：1：1：1。
进一步，复合酶制剂由以下重量份组分组成：淀粉酶0.4-0.6份和脂肪酶0.4-0.6份。
进一步，复合酶制剂由以下重量份组分组成：淀粉酶0.5份和脂肪酶0.5份。
本发明还提供上述淡水鱼越冬料在缓沉料制备方面的应用。
本发明还提供一种缓沉料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：将上述淡水鱼越冬料进行混合、超微粉碎后，输入双轴浆叶膨化调质腔中，调质200-220s，基料挤出后切短、冷却和真空喷油，制得缓沉料。
进一步，调质参数为：调质物料水分25-30％，蒸汽压力0.3-0.4Mpa，螺杆转速200-250rpm，湿度25-30％，温度131-135℃。
进一步，缓沉料的膨化率为1.25-1.4，容重为510-550g/L。
本发明具有以下有益效果：
1、营养水平能够满足淡水鱼在冬季对营养需求。
2、饱和脂肪酸含量更高，鱼体越冬及细胞膜流动。
3、高比例高消化率的优质蛋白源原料有助于消化吸收，且高比例多维多矿、酶制剂有助于冬季增强免疫力及消化能力。
4、通过超微粉碎制作的缓沉料，耐水性好、浪费少、不坏水，鱼体消化吸收好，且更适合冬季鱼类(青鱼、草鱼、鮰鱼、鲫鱼和鲤鱼等)底层摄食特点。
具体实施方式
以下对本发明的原理和特征进行描述，所举实例只用于解释本发明，并非用于限定本发明的范围。实施例中未注明具体条件者，按照常规条件或制造商建议的条件进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者，均为可以通过市售购买获得的常规产品。
实施例1：
一种淡水鱼越冬料，包括以下重量份组分：鱼粉5份、鸡肉粉4份、豆粕20份，200型菜粕10份、DDGS 6份、小麦19份、麸皮9份、豆油2.25份、鱼油2.25份、米糠20份、磷酸二氢钙1.5份、98.5％赖氨酸0.3份、蛋氨酸0.15份、防霉剂0.1、抗氧化剂0.05、杂食性预混料0.25份和复合酶制剂0.15份。
杂食性预混料由以下重量份组分组成：VA 0.02份、VB1 0.02份、VB2 0.03份、VB60.03份、VB12 0.04份、VC 0.3份、VD3 0.02份、VE 0.1份、VK30.01份、烟酸0.08份、泛酸钙0.04份、叶酸0.01份、生物素0.5份和复合多矿0.02份。复合多矿为质量比为1：1：1：1：1吡啶甲酸铬、甘氨酸锰、甘氨酸螯合铁、钼酸铵和硫酸锌的混合物。
复合酶制剂由以下重量份组分组成：淀粉酶0.5份和脂肪酶0.5份。
一种缓沉料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：将上述淡水鱼越冬料进行混合、超微粉碎后，输入双轴浆叶膨化调质腔中，调质参数为：调质物料水分28％，蒸汽压力0.33Mpa，螺杆转速220rpm，湿度28％，温度133℃，调质210s，基料挤出后切短、冷却和真空喷油，制得膨化率为1.3，容重为540g/Ld缓沉料。
实施例2：
一种淡水鱼越冬料，包括以下重量份组分：鱼粉5份、鸡肉粉4份、豆粕18份，200型菜粕8份、DDGS 4份、小麦17份、麸皮8份、豆油1.5份、鱼油1.5份、米糠18份、磷酸二氢钙1.4份、98.5％赖氨酸0.3份、蛋氨酸0.1份、防霉剂0.05、抗氧化剂0.03、杂食性预混料0.2份和复合酶制剂0.1份。
杂食性预混料由以下重量份组分组成：VA 0.01份、VB1 0.01份、VB2 0.02份、VB60.02份、VB12 0.03份、VC 0.2份、VD3 0.01份、VE 0.05份、VK30.005份、烟酸0.05份、泛酸钙0.03份、叶酸0.005份、生物素0.4份和复合多矿0.01份。复合多矿为质量比为1：2：2：3：1吡啶甲酸铬、甘氨酸锰、甘氨酸螯合铁、钼酸铵和硫酸锌的混合物。
复合酶制剂由以下重量份组分组成：淀粉酶0.4份和脂肪酶0.4份。
一种缓沉料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：将上述淡水鱼越冬料进行混合、超微粉碎后，输入双轴浆叶膨化调质腔中，调质参数为：调质物料水分25％，蒸汽压力0.3Mpa，螺杆转速200rpm，湿度25％，温度131℃，调质200s，基料挤出后切短、冷却和真空喷油，制得膨化率为1.25，容重为510g/Ld缓沉料。
实施例3：
一种淡水鱼越冬料，包括以下重量份组分：鱼粉7份、鸡肉粉6份、豆粕25份，200型菜粕12份、DDGS 6份、小麦20份、麸皮12份、豆油2.5份、鱼油2.5份、米糠22份、磷酸二氢钙1.6份、98.5％赖氨酸0.4份、蛋氨酸0.2份、防霉剂0.15、抗氧化剂0.06、杂食性预混料0.3份和复合酶制剂0.2份。
杂食性预混料由以下重量份组分组成：VA 0.03份、VB1 0.03份、VB2 0.04份、VB60.03份、VB12 0.05份、VC 0.4份、VD3 0.03份、VE 0.15份、VK30.015份、烟酸0.1份、泛酸钙0.05份、叶酸0.015份、生物素0.6份和复合多矿0.03份。复合多矿为质量比为1：3：3：4：1吡啶甲酸铬、甘氨酸锰、甘氨酸螯合铁、钼酸铵和硫酸锌的混合物。
复合酶制剂由以下重量份组分组成：淀粉酶0.6份和脂肪酶0.6份。
一种缓沉料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：将上述淡水鱼越冬料输入双轴浆叶膨化调质腔中，调质参数为：调质物料水分30％，蒸汽压力0.4Mpa，螺杆转速250rpm，湿度30％，温度135℃，调质220s，基料挤出后切短、冷却和真空喷油，制得膨化率为1.4，容重为550g/Ld缓沉料。
试验例
一、采用实施例1制得的缓沉料投喂青鱼(对照组投喂普通的饲料)，青鱼的肥满度及发病情况见表1。
表1青鱼的肥满度及发病情况
由表1可知，实验塘10个，其中掉膘塘口1个，保膘率为90％。对照组青鱼发病塘口在20％左右，而使用越冬料塘口开春未出现发病情况，表明本发明的越冬料能够显著减少鱼类越冬损耗以及提高鱼体免疫力以和抗病能力，降低来年春季鱼病发病力。
鱼体偏瘦即前期肥满度在1.6-1.7％时，使用鱼冬健的塘口开春打样后肥满度明显提高，表明本发明越冬料在越冬前期对青鱼快速增膘及越冬期保膘具有明显的效果。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种淡水鱼越冬料，其特征在于，包括以下重量份组分：鱼粉5-7份、鸡肉粉4-6份、豆粕18-25份，200型菜粕8-12份、DDGS 4-6份、小麦17-20份、麸皮8-12份、豆油1.5-2.5份、鱼油1.5-2.5份、米糠18-22份、磷酸二氢钙1.4-1.6份、98.5％赖氨酸0.3-0.4份、蛋氨酸0.1-0.2份、防霉剂0.05-0.15、抗氧化剂0.03-0.06、杂食性预混料0.2-0.3份和复合酶制剂0.1-0.2份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的淡水鱼越冬料，其特征在于，包括以下重量份组分：鱼粉5份、鸡肉粉4份、豆粕20份，200型菜粕10份、DDGS 6份、小麦19份、麸皮9份、豆油2.25份、鱼油2.25份、米糠20份、磷酸二氢钙1.5份、98.5％赖氨酸0.3份、蛋氨酸0.15份、防霉剂0.1、抗氧化剂0.05、杂食性预混料0.25份和复合酶制剂0.15份。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的淡水鱼越冬料，其特征在于，所述杂食性预混料由以下重量份组分组成：VA 0.01-0.03份、VB1 0.01-0.03份、VB2 0.02-0.04份、VB6 0.02-0.03份、VB12 0.03-0.05份、VC 0.2-0.4份、VD3 0.01-0.03份、VE 0.05-0.15份、VK3 0.005-0.015份、烟酸0.05-0.1份、泛酸钙0.03-0.05份、叶酸0.005-0.015份、生物素0.4-0.6份和复合多矿0.01-0.03份。
4.根据权利要求3所述的淡水鱼越冬料，其特征在于，所述复合多矿为吡啶甲酸铬、甘氨酸锰、甘氨酸螯合铁、钼酸铵和硫酸锌的混合物。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的淡水鱼越冬料，其特征在于，所述复合酶制剂由以下重量份组分组成：淀粉酶0.4-0.6份和脂肪酶0.4-0.6份。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的淡水鱼越冬料，其特征在于，所述复合酶制剂由以下重量份组分组成：淀粉酶0.5份和脂肪酶0.5份。
7.权利要求1-6任一项所述的淡水鱼越冬料在缓沉料制备方面的应用。
8.一种缓沉料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：将权利要求1-6任一项所述的淡水鱼越冬料进行混合、超微粉碎后，输入双轴浆叶膨化调质腔中，调质200-220s，基料挤出后切短、冷却和真空喷油，制得缓沉料。
9.根据权利要求8所述的缓沉料的制备方法，其特征在于，调质参数为：调质物料水分25-30％，蒸汽压力0.3-0.4Mpa，螺杆转速200-250rpm，湿度25-30％，温度131-135℃。
10.根据权利要求8所述的缓沉料的制备方法，其特征在于，缓沉料的膨化率为1.25-1.4，容重为510-550g/L。
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