CN116267270A - Coffee tree grafting method without affecting yield and high in survival rate and application thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a coffee tree grafting method without influencing yield and high in survival rate and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural grafting. The trunk bark at the upper part of the grafting port is semi-cut without cutting; the scions are straight branches and are lignified to a certain extent; the bark near the grafting port of the stock is smooth, and the grafting port is similar to the grafting port in size and shape; water and fertilizer management of the plants is finished; timely wiping off buds growing below the grafting port; timely untangling the film after the scion germination breaks through the film; one straight branch is reserved on one scion; after the scion grows large and fresh fruits are picked, cutting the scion at the position 10-20cm above the grafting opening. The method of the invention does not cut off the trunk, firstly grafts on the trunk, the upper branch is shaded and the transpiration is reduced, so the grafting survival rate can reach more than 95%, and the trunk can bear the results in the same year; flowering and fruiting can be realized in the second year of the new grafted branches, the yield is about 30% of the yield increasing period, high yield can be basically realized in the third year of grafting, and no yield empty window period exists in the middle.

Description

Coffee tree grafting method without affecting yield and high in survival rate and application thereof

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural grafting, and particularly relates to a coffee tree grafting method without influencing yield and high in survival rate and application thereof.

Background

The area of coffee in Yunnan province and the yield are over 98 percent of the national yield, and the method is a special and advantageous industry in Yunnan province. At present, the main cultivar is a katimo series cultivar which is introduced and planted before and after 1995, and the cultivar has the advantages of high yield, leaf rust resistance and the like, but the quality of cup products is poor and cannot be sold as a top-quality product, and the market price of common coffee beans is continuously low in recent years under the influence of international futures price. The high-quality exquisite coffee market is exploded, the current exquisite iron sheet card variety is 2-3 times of the Katim variety, and the rose summer coffee variety is 10-50 times of the Katim variety, so that the replacement of the high-quality variety with the price advantage is urgent. The existing coffee garden has longer planting time and obvious continuous cropping effect, and the old coffee garden adopts the mode of digging out and re-planting to replace varieties because of low survival rate, high investment and slow effect.

Two traditional grafting methods of coffee are available, one is that firstly, the trunk of the coffee tree is cut off from the place 20-30cm away from the ground, then, the scion is grafted on the cross section by a method of abutting grafting, and buds are timely wiped; and the second is to cut off the trunk of the coffee tree from the place 20-30cm away from the ground, after the new straight branches grow at the lower part, reserving 1 or 2 opposite branches, after the new straight branches have 3-5cm, cutting off, and grafting scions on the cross section of the new branches by a butt joint method. These two grafting methods have the following disadvantages: firstly, the plant lacks nutrition after the plant is cut off, and the grafting period is Yunnan drought season, drought is often caused, so the survival rate is low; secondly, after the stem cutting grafting is successful, the stem cutting grafting can be put into production again after 2 years of nutrition growth, so that 2 years of yield loss is caused.

Therefore, a new coffee tree grafting method capable of not affecting the yield and greatly improving the survival rate is needed at present, so that the economic benefits of coffee farmers can be ensured to the greatest extent.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a coffee tree grafting method which does not affect the yield and has high survival rate and application thereof. The trunk bark at the upper part of the grafting port is semi-cut without cutting; the scions are straight branches and are lignified to a certain extent; the bark near the grafting port of the stock is smooth, and the grafting port is similar to the grafting port in size and shape; water and fertilizer management of the plants is finished; timely wiping off buds growing below the grafting port; timely untangling the film after the scion germination breaks through the film; one straight branch is reserved on one scion; after the scion grows large and fresh fruits are picked, cutting the scion at the position 10-20cm above the grafting opening. The method of the invention does not cut off the trunk, firstly grafts on the trunk, the upper branch is shaded and the transpiration is reduced, so the grafting survival rate can reach more than 95%, and the trunk can bear the results in the same year; flowering and fruiting can be realized in the second year of the new grafted branches, the yield is about 30% of the yield increasing period, high yield can be basically realized in the third year of grafting, and no yield empty window period exists in the middle.

In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme:

the invention provides a coffee tree grafting method with high survival rate and no influence on yield, which comprises the following steps:

(1) Selecting scions: comprises variety selection, plant selection and scion interception; cutting the scions, namely cutting a section of the straight branches, which is 30-40cm down from the top of the tree; (2) selecting a stock: comprises plant selection and stock treatment; the stock treatment refers to cutting the bark of the selected plant trunk 20-30cm away from the ground in a circular way for half a circle; (3) grafting: comprises the process of scion repair before grafting and specific grafting; scion trimming before grafting is to cut a section of 2-3cm on the cut scion, and 1-2 buds are ensured at the same time, and the lower end is cut into an inclined plane; (4) management and protection: comprises bud picking, water and fertilizer management, film binding, scion maintenance and post cutting; the post-cutting refers to cutting at the position 10-2cm upwards from the grafting opening after the scion grows up and the fruits of the old fruiting branch are ripe and harvested.

Preferably, the coffee variety selected in the step (1) is one of Picard, bobang and rose.

Preferably, the plants selected in the steps (1) and (2) are plants which grow vigorously and are free from pest and disease damage.

Preferably, the specific grafting process in the step (3) is as follows: and (3) a grafting port is scratched at the lower part of one half-cut surface of the stock, the phloem of the bark is picked up, the scion is inserted into the grafting port, and the scion is wrapped by a plastic film.

Preferably, the bark near the grafting opening in the step (3) is smooth, and the size and shape of the grafting opening are similar to those of a scion.

Preferably, the bud picking in the step (4) means that if a new bud is sent out at the lower part of the grafting port, the bud is timely picked up.

Preferably, the film loosening in the step (4) means that the film loosening is performed in time after the scion germination breaks through the plastic film.

Preferably, the scion maintenance in the step (4) means that after the scion grows branches, 1 straight branch is remained, and other straight branches newly grown on the scion are wiped off.

Preferably, the time for grafting the coffee tree is 2-4 months.

The invention also provides application of the coffee tree grafting method in coffee planting.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following technical effects:

(1) By adopting the brand new grafting method, the branches on the trunk are firstly grafted without cutting off the trunk, so that the branches on the upper part are shaded after grafting, and the transpiration can be reduced, so that the grafting survival rate can be more than 95%, and the branches on the coffee trunk can also be harvested in the same year. The newly grafted branches can bloom and fruit in the second year, the yield is about 30% of the full-bearing period, the yield can be basically increased in the third year, and the yield of coffee beans per mu can reach 150 kg. There is no yield empty window in the middle.

(2) The stock variety of the carbomer, the price of raw beans is 30 yuan/kg, and the method of the invention does not need to cut off the beans in advance, so that the income in the current year of grafting is 4500 yuan calculated according to 150 kg; the current unit price of the variety of the iron sheet card is about 120 yuan/kg, and after successful and abundant grafting by using the method of the invention, the mu yield value can reach 18000/year.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a photograph of a plant after grafting according to example 1 of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a photograph of a plant after a scion grows a new bud in example 1 of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a photograph of plants after grafting according to comparative example 1 of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a photograph of a plant after grafting according to comparative example 2 of the present invention.

Detailed Description

The following examples are illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Modifications and substitutions to methods, procedures, or conditions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and nature of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.

The technical scheme of the invention is further elaborated in the following in conjunction with examples.

Example 1

The embodiment provides a coffee tree grafting method with high survival rate and no influence on yield, which comprises the following steps:

1. grafting time: preferably 2-4 months.

2. Preparing a tool: grafting knife, branch scissors, saw and wet towel.

3. Selecting scions:

(1) Variety selection: selecting a variety of the iron sheet card with higher cup quality as a scion;

(2) Selecting plants: selecting plants which grow vigorously and are not infected by plant diseases and insect pests;

(3) Selecting scions: on the selected plants, straight branches are selected, a section of the plant is cut from the top of the tree to the position of 30-40cm below the top of the tree where the plant grows vigorously, the tender part and branches with the top not lignified are cut off, and the plant is wrapped by paper or towel dipped with water.

4. Selecting a stock:

(1) Selecting plants to be grafted, wherein the plants are required to be strong and have no plant diseases and insect pests; the plant has vigorous vitality and high grafting survival rate;

(2) Selecting a smooth bark segment on the trunk 20-30cm away from the ground, and circularly cutting the bark with a grafting knife for half a circle; the smooth bark segment is selected to be conveniently wrapped by a plastic film, and the half circle of the link is used for partially cutting off the water and mineral nutrition supplied upwards;

5. grafting:

(1) Scion repair: cutting a section of 2-3cm on the selected scion branch to ensure 1-2 buds, cutting the lower end into an inclined plane by a grafting knife, and noticing that the buds cannot be damaged;

(2) And (3) cutting a scion opening with the same size as the scion by using the tip of a grafting knife at the lower part of one surface of the stock, which is cut by half, picking up the phloem of the bark, inserting the scion into the scion opening, and wrapping the scion with a plastic film.

6. Management and protection

(1) Bud picking: if a new bud is sent out at the lower part of the grafting port, the new bud needs to be wiped off in time;

(2) And (3) water and fertilizer management: watering in time and applying fertilizer regularly to ensure the normal growth of coffee plants;

(3) After the scion germination breaks through the plastic film, the film can be cut by a sharp blade to be bound in time.

(4) Scion maintenance: after the scion grows out, 1 straight branch is remained, and other straight branches which are newly grown on the scion are wiped off.

(5) When the scion grows to a certain height, after the old fruit branches are ripe and harvested, the grafting joint of the old trunk is upwards 10-20cm, the scion is sawn by a saw, and the new straight branches which can not be damaged by grafting are cut.

The plant grafted by the method in the embodiment is shown in figure 1, and the plant with the scion growing new buds is shown in figure 2.

The operation key points are as follows:

1. firstly, cutting off the trunk of the coffee tree, but semi-ring cutting off the bark of the trunk at the upper part of the grafting port by a grafting knife;

2. the grafting selection scions are necessarily straight branches, and the scions are required to be lignified;

3. the bark near the grafting opening of the stock needs to be smooth, and the grafting opening and the scion need to be similar in size and shape;

4. water and fertilizer management of plants is needed to be performed, normal growth of the plants is ensured, and specific water and fertilizer management measures are conventional in the field;

5. the buds growing below the grafting port are required to be wiped off in time;

6. timely untangling the film after the scion sprouting breaks through the film;

7. one straight branch is reserved on one scion;

8. the scion grows up, and after the fresh coffee fruits are picked, the grafting opening is cut to dryness from the position 10 cm to 20cm above.

The results showed that: by adopting the method in the embodiment, the trunk is grafted firstly, the upper branches are shaded, and the transpiration is reduced, so that the grafting survival rate can reach 96%, and the branches of the coffee trunk which grow straight can also be harvested in the same year. The newly grafted branches can bloom and fruit in the second year, the yield is about 30% of the full-bearing period, the yield can be basically increased in the third year, and the yield of coffee beans per mu can reach 150 kg. There is no yield empty window in the middle. In the aspect of benefit, after successful grafting, the unit price of the grafted iron sheet card variety in the embodiment can reach 128 yuan/kg, and after high yield, the per mu yield value can reach over 18000/year and can reach 19200/year.

Comparative example 1

The comparative example provides a stem cutting and then grafting method in the prior art, specifically, a main stem of a coffee tree is firstly cut off from a position 20-30cm away from the ground, then a scion is grafted on the cross section by a butt grafting method, and buds are immediately wiped after grafting. Other technical means were the same as those in example 1 except for the grafting method. The plants after grafting using the method of this comparative example are shown in FIG. 3.

The results showed that: with the method in the comparative example, after trunk cutting and updating, grafting is directly carried out on the cross section of the trunk, and as the scion is subjected to direct sunlight and coffee is a shading crop, the grafting survival rate is only 80-85%, the grafting is started in the third year, the yield can be basically increased in the fourth year, and the yield of coffee beans per mu can reach 150 kg. There is no yield in the middle 2 years, and the yield in the third year is only 50% -70% of the full-bearing period.

Comparative example 2

The comparative example provides a method for grafting directly grown branches after cutting, specifically, cutting off the trunk of a coffee tree from a place 20-30cm away from the ground, retaining 1 or 2 branches which grow oppositely after new directly grown branches grow at the lower part, cutting off the branches after the new directly grown branches have 3-5cm, and grafting scions on the cross section of the new branches by a butt grafting method. Other technical means were the same as those in example 1 except that the grafting method was different. The plants after grafting using the method of this comparative example are shown in FIG. 4.

The results showed that: with the method in the comparative example, after trunk interception and updating, the direct branches are reserved, grafting is carried out on the new direct branches, the affinity is better, the grafting survival rate can reach 83-90%, but the direct branches reach the grafting standard, generally, 1 year after trunk interception is needed, a small amount of production is put into operation in the second year (third year after interception), the substantial yield is achieved in the third year (fourth year after interception), the high yield is achieved in the fourth year (fifth year after interception), and the yield per mu of coffee beans can reach 150 kg. There is no yield in the middle 2 years, only a small amount of production is put into production in the third year, the yield is about 10% of the full-producing period, and the fourth year reaches 80-90% of the full-producing period.

The above embodiments are only illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and various modifications and improvements made by those skilled in the art to the technical solutions of the present invention should fall within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention without departing from the design spirit of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. The coffee tree grafting method with high survival rate and no influence on yield is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) Selecting scions

Comprises variety selection, plant selection and scion interception; cutting the scions, namely cutting a section of the straight branches, which is 30-40cm down from the top of the tree;

(2) Selection of stock

Comprises plant selection and stock treatment; the stock treatment refers to cutting the bark of the selected plant trunk 20-30cm away from the ground in a circular way for half a circle;

(3) Grafting

Comprises the process of scion repair before grafting and specific grafting; scion trimming before grafting is to cut a section of 2-3cm on the cut scion, and 1-2 buds are ensured at the same time, and the lower end is cut into an inclined plane;

(4) Management and protection

Comprises bud picking, water and fertilizer management, film binding, scion maintenance and post cutting; the post-cutting refers to cutting at the position 10-2cm upwards from the grafting opening after the scion grows up and the fruits of the old fruiting branch are ripe and harvested.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the coffee variety selected in the step (1) is one of fei-pi-ca, bo-bang and rose.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the plants selected in the steps (1) and (2) are plants which grow vigorously and are free from pest infestation.

4. A coffee tree grafting method according to claim 3, wherein the specific grafting process in step (3) is: and (3) a grafting port is scratched at the lower part of one half-cut surface of the stock, the phloem of the bark is picked up, the scion is inserted into the grafting port, and the scion is wrapped by a plastic film.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the bark around the grafting opening in the step (3) is smooth, and the grafting opening is similar in size and shape to the scion.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the step (4) of removing the buds is performed in time if new buds are generated at the lower part of the grafting port.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the step (4) of loosening the film is performed in time after the scion germination breaks through the plastic film.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the scion maintenance in the step (4) means that after the scion grows branches, 1 straight branch is left, and other straight branches newly grown on the scion are wiped off.

9. The method of grafting a coffee tree according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the time for grafting the coffee tree is 2-4 months.

10. Use of the coffee tree grafting method of any one of claims 1-8 in coffee planting.

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