CN116102765B - 含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂 - Google Patents
含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN116102765B CN116102765B CN202310156538.0A CN202310156538A CN116102765B CN 116102765 B CN116102765 B CN 116102765B CN 202310156538 A CN202310156538 A CN 202310156538A CN 116102765 B CN116102765 B CN 116102765B
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- Prior art keywords
- polyolefin
- blowing agent
- chemical blowing
- polyolefin composition
- foamable
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- 125000002088 tosyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(=C([H])C([H])=C1C([H])([H])[H])S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 title abstract description 29
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 title abstract description 4
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 91
- 239000002666 chemical blowing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 52
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 21
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- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 11
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- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000004604 Blowing Agent Substances 0.000 description 14
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 11
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- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
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- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000002667 nucleating agent Substances 0.000 description 7
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- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004708 Very-low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 6
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- BLDFSDCBQJUWFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(methylamino)-1,2-diphenylethanol Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(NC)C(O)C1=CC=CC=C1 BLDFSDCBQJUWFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ICGLPKIVTVWCFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(=O)(=O)NN)C=C1 ICGLPKIVTVWCFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N azodicarbonamide Chemical compound NC(=O)\N=N\C(N)=O XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000019399 azodicarbonamide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
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- MGNCLNQXLYJVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyanuric chloride Chemical compound ClC1=NC(Cl)=NC(Cl)=N1 MGNCLNQXLYJVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Octanol Natural products CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-decene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC=C AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CRSBERNSMYQZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC=C CRSBERNSMYQZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GQEZCXVZFLOKMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexadecene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=C GQEZCXVZFLOKMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HFDVRLIODXPAHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-tetradecene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC=C HFDVRLIODXPAHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LTMRRSWNXVJMBA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 2,2-diethylpropanedioate Chemical compound CCC(CC)(C([O-])=O)C([O-])=O LTMRRSWNXVJMBA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- IKNZBNHVVQIRTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-tetrazole-5-carboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=1N=NNN=1 IKNZBNHVVQIRTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBOCQTNZUPTTEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[4-(hydrazinesulfonyl)phenoxy]benzenesulfonohydrazide Chemical compound C1=CC(S(=O)(=O)NN)=CC=C1OC1=CC=C(S(=O)(=O)NN)C=C1 NBOCQTNZUPTTEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WSSSPWUEQFSQQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-1-pentene Chemical compound CC(C)CC=C WSSSPWUEQFSQQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 101710178035 Chorismate synthase 2 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopentane Chemical compound C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 101710152694 Cysteine synthase 2 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- KVOZXXSUSRZIKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Prop-2-enylcyclohexane Chemical compound C=CCC1CCCCC1 KVOZXXSUSRZIKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
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- HQQADJVZYDDRJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;prop-1-ene Chemical group C=C.CC=C HQQADJVZYDDRJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KINULKKPVJYRON-PVNXHVEDSA-N n-[(e)-[10-[(e)-(4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazol-2-ylhydrazinylidene)methyl]anthracen-9-yl]methylideneamino]-4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazol-2-amine;hydron;dichloride Chemical compound Cl.Cl.N1CCN=C1N\N=C\C(C1=CC=CC=C11)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1\C=N\NC1=NCCN1 KINULKKPVJYRON-PVNXHVEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CCCMONHAUSKTEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadec-1-ene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=C CCCMONHAUSKTEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- 229920006327 polystyrene foam Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013341 scale-up Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001862 ultra low molecular weight polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- UCKITPBQPGXDHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-methylocta-1,6-diene Chemical compound CC(C)=CCCCC=C UCKITPBQPGXDHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWENCKJTWWADRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-methyldeca-1,8-diene Chemical compound CC(C)=CCCCCCC=C PWENCKJTWWADRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- VOPWNXZWBYDODV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)Cl VOPWNXZWBYDODV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004338 Dichlorodifluoromethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006057 Non-nutritive feed additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102100021555 RNA cytosine C(5)-methyltransferase NSUN2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710173722 RNA cytosine C(5)-methyltransferase NSUN2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- NLDGJRWPPOSWLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N deca-1,9-diene Chemical compound C=CCCCCCCC=C NLDGJRWPPOSWLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(Cl)Cl PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019404 dichlorodifluoromethane Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UMNKXPULIDJLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorofluoromethane Chemical compound FC(Cl)Cl UMNKXPULIDJLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- IYPLTVKTLDQUGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodeca-1,11-diene Chemical compound C=CCCCCCCCCC=C IYPLTVKTLDQUGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940069096 dodecene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HEAMQYHBJQWOSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;oct-1-ene Chemical compound C=C.CCCCCCC=C HEAMQYHBJQWOSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDLDYFCCDKENPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenylcyclohexane Chemical compound C=CC1CCCCC1 LDLDYFCCDKENPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005227 gel permeation chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptamethylene Natural products C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
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- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009828 non-uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001748 polybutylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001195 polyisoprene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005672 polyolefin resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 229920006029 tetra-polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XMRSTLBCBDIKFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradeca-1,13-diene Chemical compound C=CCCCCCCCCCCC=C XMRSTLBCBDIKFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- CYRMSUTZVYGINF-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlorofluoromethane Chemical compound FC(Cl)(Cl)Cl CYRMSUTZVYGINF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940029284 trichlorofluoromethane Drugs 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/06—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a chemical blowing agent
- C08J9/10—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a chemical blowing agent developing nitrogen, the blowing agent being a compound containing a nitrogen-to-nitrogen bond
- C08J9/104—Hydrazines; Hydrazides; Semicarbazides; Semicarbazones; Hydrazones; Derivatives thereof
- C08J9/105—Hydrazines; Hydrazides; Semicarbazides; Semicarbazones; Hydrazones; Derivatives thereof containing sulfur
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
- H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
- H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
- H01B3/44—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
- H01B3/441—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins from alkenes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
- C07C311/48—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having nitrogen atoms of sulfonamide groups further bound to another hetero atom
- C07C311/49—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having nitrogen atoms of sulfonamide groups further bound to another hetero atom to nitrogen atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
- C07C311/50—Compounds containing any of the groups, X being a hetero atom, Y being any atom
- C07C311/52—Y being a hetero atom
- C07C311/54—Y being a hetero atom either X or Y, but not both, being nitrogen atoms, e.g. N-sulfonylurea
- C07C311/57—Y being a hetero atom either X or Y, but not both, being nitrogen atoms, e.g. N-sulfonylurea having sulfur atoms of the sulfonylurea groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
- C07C311/58—Y being a hetero atom either X or Y, but not both, being nitrogen atoms, e.g. N-sulfonylurea having sulfur atoms of the sulfonylurea groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings having nitrogen atoms of the sulfonylurea groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
- C07C311/50—Compounds containing any of the groups, X being a hetero atom, Y being any atom
- C07C311/52—Y being a hetero atom
- C07C311/54—Y being a hetero atom either X or Y, but not both, being nitrogen atoms, e.g. N-sulfonylurea
- C07C311/57—Y being a hetero atom either X or Y, but not both, being nitrogen atoms, e.g. N-sulfonylurea having sulfur atoms of the sulfonylurea groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
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Abstract
一种具有对甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂。一种使用具有对甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂制备发泡聚烯烃组合物的方法。使用具有对甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂制备的含有成型聚烯烃的制品。
Description
本案是本申请人于2018年6月15日提交的申请号为201880094490.2、题为“含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂”的专利申请的分案申请,该母案的全部内容通过引用并入本分案。
技术领域
各种实施例涉及含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂。额外的实施例涉及在可发泡聚烯烃组合物中采用含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂以形成发泡聚烯烃。进一步的实施例涉及在电信电缆,特别是在高频同轴电缆中使用此类发泡聚烯烃作为绝缘层。
背景技术
通常,高频电信电缆的绝缘层由聚烯烃和成核剂(例如化学发泡剂)的混合物产生,其中所述混合物使用注气挤出工艺进行发泡。在发泡过程中,将如氮气或二氧化碳的发泡剂在压力下直接注入聚烯烃熔体混合物中,以便溶解在熔体中并且与熔体形成均匀混合物。将此均匀混合物保持在压力下(其量由所用气体和熔体压力测定),并且将此压力始终维持在整个挤出机中,以防止气体过早地使熔体膨胀。在离开模具时,熔体压力降低至大气压,并且溶解的气体立即在熔体中膨胀以形成涂覆在例如铜线的导体上的泡沫绝缘材料。
为了满足电信电缆的高传输效率,需要具有更高的膨胀比、更精细的泡孔大小和更均匀的泡孔分布的绝缘材料。添加如化学发泡剂的成核剂是用于减小泡孔大小、增强泡孔群体和促进均匀泡孔分布的有效技术。偶氮二甲酰胺(“ADCA”)和4,4'-氧代双苯磺酰肼(“OBSH”)已经用作用于电信电缆绝缘材料的成核剂,所述偶氮二甲酰胺和4,4'-氧代双苯磺酰肼可在挤出机中热分解并且在聚合物熔体中形成许多细小的核。然而,ADCA和OBSH的分解副产物为极性的,这可对聚合物的电气性能产生负面影响。因此,需要改进化学发泡剂。
发明内容
一个实施例为化学发泡剂,其包含以下结构(I)至(IX)所示的化合物中的一种或多种:
其中Ts为对甲苯磺酰基。
另一个实施例为一种使聚烯烃发泡的方法,所述方法包含:
(a)将聚烯烃与化学发泡剂组合进而形成可发泡聚烯烃组合物;并且
(b)使所述可发泡聚烯烃组合物经历发泡过程,
其中所述化学发泡剂包含以下结构(I)至(IX)所示的化合物中的一种或多种:
其中Ts为对甲苯磺酰基。
本发明还包括下列项目:
1.一种化学发泡剂,其包含以下结构(I)至(IX)所示的化合物中的一种或多种:
其中Ts为对甲苯磺酰基。
2.根据项目1所述的化学发泡剂,其包含结构(I)至(III)所示的化合物中的一种或多种。
3.根据项目1所述的化学发泡剂,其由结构(I)至(III)所示的化合物中的一种或多种组成。
4.一种可发泡聚烯烃组合物,其包含聚烯烃和根据项目1至3中任一项所述的化学发泡剂。
5.根据项目4所述的可发泡聚烯烃组合物,其中所述聚烯烃包含乙烯类聚合物,其中所述可发泡聚烯烃组合物进一步包含选自由抗氧化剂、泡孔稳定剂以及其组合组成的群组的添加剂。
6.一种发泡聚烯烃,其由根据项目4或5中任一项所述的可发泡聚烯烃组合物制备。
7.一种包含绝缘层的电缆,其中所述绝缘层包含根据项目6所述的发泡聚烯烃。
8.一种使聚烯烃发泡的方法,所述方法包含:
(a)将聚烯烃与化学发泡剂组合进而形成可发泡聚烯烃组合物;并且
(b)使所述可发泡聚烯烃组合物经历发泡过程,
其中所述化学发泡剂包含以下结构(I)至(IX)所示的化合物中的一种或多种:
其中Ts为对甲苯磺酰基。
9.根据项目8所述的方法,其中按所述可发泡聚烯烃组合物的总重量计,所述化学发泡剂以0.1至1.0重量百分比范围内的量存在,其中所述聚烯烃包含乙烯类聚合物,其中按所述可发泡聚烯烃组合物的总重量计,所述聚烯烃以90至99.9重量百分比范围内的量存在。
10.根据项目8或9中任一项所述的方法,其中所述可发泡聚烯烃组合物进一步包含选自抗氧化剂、泡孔稳定剂及其组合组成的群组的添加剂。
附图说明
对附图进行参考,其中:
图1为根据本公开的一个方面的含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂的质子NMR光谱;
图2为根据本公开的另一个方面的含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂的质子NMR光谱;和
图3为根据本公开的又一个方面的含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂的质子NMR光谱。
具体实施方式
本公开的各种实施例涉及含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂。本发明的其它实施例涉及包含聚烯烃和化学发泡剂的可发泡聚烯烃组合物。其它实施例涉及使可发泡聚烯烃组合物发泡的方法和所得的发泡聚烯烃组合物。另外,各种实施例涉及由此类发泡聚烯烃组合物制备的制品,如电信电缆中的绝缘层。
化学发泡剂
如刚刚所指出,本公开的各种实施例涉及含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂。如本文所使用,术语“化学发泡剂”表示由于如在高于某一阈值的温度下分解的化学反应而释放气体的化合物或化合物的组合。如本领域技术人员所知,术语“甲苯磺酰基”表示对甲苯磺酰基官能团,其具有以下结构:
当在本文的化学发泡剂结构中显示时,甲苯磺酰基可以用缩写“Ts”表示。
合适的含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂可具有小于200℃、小于190℃、小于180℃、小于170℃或小于160℃的分解温度。另外,合适的含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂可具有至少90℃、至少100℃或至少110℃的分解温度。
在分解时,从合适的含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂释放的气体可主要由氮气(N2)、一氧化碳(CO)或氮气和一氧化碳两者的组合构成。如本文所使用,“主要”是指大于50体积%(“vol%”)。在一个或多个实施例中,在分解时从合适的含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂释放的气体可由至少60vol%、至少70vol%、至少80vol%、至少90vol%或至少99vol%的氮气、一氧化碳或氮气和一氧化碳两者的组合构成。在其它实施例中,在分解时从合适的含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂释放的气体可含有小于50vol%的水、小于40vol%的水、小于30vol%的水、小于20vol%的水、小于10vol%的水或少于1vol%的水。在其它实施例中,在分解时从合适的含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂释放的气体可含有小于50vol%、小于40vol%、小于30vol%、小于20vol%、小于10vol%或小于1vol%的组合极性化合物。如本文所使用,术语“极性”表示由于来自不对称排列的极性键的相反电荷(即,具有部分正电荷和部分负电荷)而具有净偶极的分子。极性键为碳原子与其它具有相对高电负性的原子如O、N、F和Cl之间的键。
在一个或多个实施例中,合适的含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂在分解时可具有至少100毫升气体/克发泡剂(“ml/g”)、至少110ml/g、至少120ml/g、至少130ml/g、至少140ml/g、至少150ml/g、至少160ml/g、至少170ml/g、至少180ml/g、至少190ml/g或至少200ml/g的气体产量。另外,合适的含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂在分解时可具有高达300ml/g、高达275ml/g或高达225ml/g的气体产量。
在各种实施例中,合适的含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂在分解时可具有至少50重量百分比(“wt%”)、至少55wt%、至少60wt%、至少65wt%、至少70wt%、至少75wt%或至少80wt%的重量损失。另外,合适的含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂在分解时可具有高达90wt%或高达85wt%的重量损失。
可用于本文的含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂可包含以下结构(I)至(IX)所示的化合物中的一种或多种:
在一个或多个实施例中,化学发泡剂可包含以上结构(I)至(III)所示的化合物中的一种或多种。在其它实施例中,化学发泡剂可由以上结构(I)至(III)所示的化合物中的一种或多种组成。
可以通过本领域中任何已知的或下文发现的方法来制备含有甲苯磺酰基的化学发泡剂。在下面的实例部分中提供了用于制备结构(I)至(III)的含有甲苯磺酰基的化合物的详细合成程序。
聚烯烃
如上文所提及,本公开内容的各方面涉及包含聚烯烃的可发泡聚烯烃组合物。“聚烯烃”意味着衍生自一种或多种例如乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯、1-己烯、1-辛烯等简单的烯烃单体的聚合物。烯烃单体可被取代或未被取代,并且如果被取代,那么取代基可广泛变化。如果聚烯烃含有不饱和度,那么聚烯烃可含有一种或多种非共轭二烯共聚单体,如1,7-辛二烯、1,9-癸二烯、1,11-十二碳二烯、1,13-十四碳二烯、7-甲基-1,6-辛二烯、9-甲基-1,8-癸二烯等。许多聚烯烃为热塑性的。聚烯烃包括但不限于聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚丁烯、聚异戊二烯和它们的各种互聚物。
在一个或多个实施例中,聚烯烃可包含乙烯类聚合物。如本文中所使用,“乙烯类”聚合物为由作为主要(即大于50重量百分比(“wt%”))单体组分的乙烯单体制备的聚合物,但也可以采用其它共单体。“聚合物”意味着通过使相同或不同类型的单体反应(即聚合)而制备的大分子化合物,并且包括均聚物和互聚物。“互聚物”意味着通过至少两种不同单体类型的聚合而制备的聚合物。此通用术语包括共聚物(通常用于指由两种不同单体类型制备的聚合物)和由多于两种不同单体类型制备的聚合物(例如,三元共聚物(三种不同单体类型)和四元共聚物(四种不同单体类型))。
在各种实施例中,乙烯类聚合物可为乙烯均聚物。如本文中所使用,“均聚物”表示包含衍生自单个单体类型的重复单元的聚合物,但不排除残余量的用于制备所述均聚物的其它组分,所述均聚物如链转移剂。
在一个或多个实施例中,按全部互聚物重量计,乙烯类聚合物可为具有至少1wt%、至少5wt%、至少10wt%、至少15wt%、至少20wt%或至少25wt%的α-烯烃含量的乙烯/α-烯烃(“α烯烃”)互聚物。按全部互聚物重量计,这些互聚物可具有小于50wt%、小于45wt%、小于40wt%或小于35wt%的α-烯烃含量。当采用α-烯烃时,α-烯烃可以为C3-20(即,具有3至20个碳原子)直链、支链或环状α-烯烃。C3-20α-烯烃的实例包括丙烯、1丁烯、4-甲基-1-戊烯、1-己烯、1-辛烯、1-癸烯、1十二碳烯、1十四碳烯、1十六碳烯和1-十八碳烯。α-烯烃还可具有环状结构,如环己烷或环戊烷,产生如3-环己基-1-丙烯(烯丙基环己烷)和乙烯基环己烷的α-烯烃。说明性乙烯/α-烯烃互聚物包括乙烯/丙烯、乙烯/1-丁烯、乙烯/1-己烯、乙烯/1-辛烯、乙烯/丙烯/1-辛烯、乙烯/丙烯/1-丁烯和乙烯/1-丁烯/1-辛烯。
在各种实施例中,乙烯类聚合物可以为低密度聚乙烯(“LDPE”)。LDPE一般为高度分支的乙烯均聚物,并且可通过高压方法(即,HP-LDPE)来制备。适合用于本文中的LDPE可具有0.91至0.94g/cm3范围内的密度。在各种实施例中,乙烯类聚合物为密度为至少0.915g/cm3,但小于0.94g/cm3或小于0.93g/cm3的高压LDPE。本文所提供的聚合物密度根据ASTM国际(“ASTM”)方法D792所测定。适用于本文中的LDPE可具有小于20克/10分钟,或在0.1至10克/10分钟、0.5至5克/10分钟、1至3克/10分钟的范围内的熔体指数(I2),或I2为2克/10分钟。本文所提供的熔体指数根据ASTM方法D1238所测定。除非另有说明,否则熔体指数在190℃和2.16Kg(即I2)下测定。一般来说,LDPE具有宽分子量分布(“MWD”),产生相对高的多分散指数(“PDI”;重均分子量与数均分子量的比)。
在各种实施例中,乙烯类聚合物可以为线性低密度聚乙烯(“LLDPE”)。LLDPE通常为具有非均匀分布的共聚单体(例如α-烯烃单体)的乙烯类聚合物并且其特征在于短链支化。例如,LLDPE可以为乙烯和如上文所描述的那些α-烯烃单体的共聚物。适用于本文中的LLDPE可具有0.916至0.925g/cm3范围内的密度。适用于本文中的LLDPE可具有1至20克/10分钟或3至8克/10分钟范围内的熔体指数(I2)。
在各种实施例中,乙烯类聚合物可为极低密度聚乙烯(“VLDPE”)。VLDPE在本领域中也可称为超低密度聚乙烯或ULDPE。VLDPE一般为具有非均匀分布的共聚单体(例如α-烯烃单体)的乙烯类聚合物并且其特征在于短链支化。例如,VLDPE可为乙烯和α-烯烃单体的共聚物,如上文所述的那些α-烯烃单体中的一种或多种。适用于本文中的VLDPE可具有0.87至0.915g/cm3范围内的密度。适用于本文中的VLDPE可具有0.1至20克/10分钟或0.3至5克/10分钟范围内的熔体指数(I2)。
在一个实施例中,乙烯类聚合物可为中等密度聚乙烯(“MDPE”)。MDPE为一般具有0.926至0.940g/cm3范围内的密度的乙烯类聚合物。在各种实施例中,MDPE可具有0.930至0.940g/cm3范围内的密度。如根据ASTM D-1238(190℃/2.16kg)所测定,MDPE可具有0.1克/10分钟、或0.2克/10分钟、或0.3克/10分钟、或0.4克/10分钟高至5.0克/10分钟、或4.0克/10分钟、或3.0克/10分钟、或2.0克/10分钟或1.0克/10分钟范围内的熔体指数(I2)。
在各种实施例中,乙烯类聚合物可为高密度聚乙烯(“HDPE”)。HDPE为具有大于0.940g/cm3的密度的乙烯类聚合物。在一实施例中,如根据ASTM D-792所测定,HDPE具有0.945至0.97g/cm3范围内的密度。HDPE可具有至少130℃或132℃至134℃的峰值熔融温度。如根据ASTM D-1238(190℃/2.16kg)所测定,HDPE可具有0.1克/10分钟、或0.2克/10分钟、或0.3克/10分钟、或0.4克/10分钟高至5.0克/10分钟、或4.0克/10分钟、或3.0克/10分钟、或2.0克/10分钟、或1.0克/10分钟或0.5克/10分钟范围内的熔体指数(I2)。同样,如通过凝胶渗透色谱法所测定,HDPE可具有1.0至30.0范围内或在2.0至15.0范围内的PDI。
在各种实施例中,乙烯类聚合物可单独使用或与一种或多种其它类型的乙烯类聚合物(例如单体组成和含量、制备的催化方法等方面彼此不同的两种或更多种乙烯类聚合物的共混物)组合使用。
用于制备乙烯类聚合物的生产方法为广泛的、变化的并且本领域中已知的。用于生产具有上文所描述特性的乙烯类聚合物的任何常规或下文所发现的生产方法都可用于制备本文所描述的乙烯类聚合物。一般来说,聚合可在本领域中已知用于齐格勒-纳塔(Ziegler-Natta)或卡明斯基-辛(Kaminsky-Sinn)型聚合反应的条件下实现,即,在0℃至250℃或30℃或200℃的温度下并且在大气压至10,000大气压(1,013兆帕斯卡(“MPa”))的压力下实现。在大多数聚合反应中,所采用的催化剂与可聚合化合物的摩尔比为10-12:1至10 1:1,或10-9:1至10-5:1。
在一个或多个实施例中,聚烯烃可包含高密度聚乙烯(“HDPE”)、低密度聚乙烯(“LDPE”)或其共混物。在各种实施例中,聚烯烃为HDPE与LDPE的共混物。
合适的可商购的HDPE的非限制性实例包括但不限于:DOW高密度聚乙烯树脂;CONTINUUMTM、UNIVALTM和AXELERONTM高密度聚乙烯树脂;ELITETM 5960G;HDPE KT 10000UE;HDPE KS 10100UE;以及HDPE 35057E,其各自可购自美国密歇根州米德兰市的陶氏化学公司(The Dow Chemical Company Midland,Michigan,USA);SURPASSTM,其可购自加拿大亚伯达省卡尔加里的诺华化学品公司(Nova Chemicals Corporation,Calgary,Alberta,Canada);BS2581,其可购自北欧化工(Borealis);Hostalen ACP 5831D,其可购自利安德/巴塞尔(Lyondell/Basell);RIGIDEXTM HD5502S,其可购自欧洲英力士烯烃和聚合物(INEOSOlefins&Polymers Europe);SABICTM B5823和SABICTM B5421,其可购自沙特基础工业公司(Sabic);以及HDPE 5802和BM593,其可购自道达尔(Total)。
可商购的LDPE树脂包括但不限于可购自陶氏化学公司的DOW低密度聚乙烯树脂,如AXELERONTM LDPE(例如,AXELERONTM CX 1258NT),并且一般来说,在重型袋或农业膜中使用的任何分数熔体流动指数(“MFI”)树脂,如可购自北欧化工、巴塞尔、沙特基础工业公司和其它公司的MFI树脂。
两种或多种乙烯类聚合物的共混物(例如HDPE/LDPE共混物)可通过本领域已知的任何合适的方式来制备,如按所需的比例以粒状形式干式共混,然后在如螺杆挤出机或BANBURYTM混合器的合适的设备中熔融共混。可通过例如挤出或注塑成型将干式共混的球粒直接熔融加工成最终固态制品。还可以通过直接聚合制备共混物。直接聚合可在单个反应器中或在串联或并联的两个或更多个反应器中使用例如一种或多种催化剂,同时改变操作条件、单体混合物和催化剂选项中的至少一个。
当将HDPE/LDPE共混物用作聚烯烃时,按组合物的总重量计,可发泡聚烯烃组合物中HDPE的量可为至少45wt%、至少55wt%或至少60wt%。按组合物的总重量计,可发泡聚烯烃组合物中HDPE的量可为95wt%或更少、85wt%或更少或80wt%或更少。按组合物的总重量计,可发泡聚烯烃组合物中LDPE的量可为至少4wt%、至少14wt%或至少19wt%。按组合物的总重量计,可发泡聚烯烃组合物中LDPE的量可为54wt%或更少、44wt%或更少或39wt%或更少。另外,共混物的HDPE组分可包含两种或更多种等级的HDPE,并且共混物的LDPE组分可包含两种或更多种等级的LDPE。HDPE/LDPE共混物可具有为0.1至4克/10分钟或0.15至4克/10分钟范围内的熔体指数(I2)。
可发泡聚烯烃组合物
如上所述,可将化学发泡剂和聚烯烃组合以形成可发泡聚烯烃组合物。在各种实施例中,按可发泡聚烯烃组合物的总重量计,化学发泡剂可以0.01至1wt%、0.05至0.6wt%、0.1至0.4wt%、0.1至0.2wt%或0.14至0.16wt%的量存在于所述可发泡聚烯烃组合物中。
可通过任何常规方式将化学发泡剂添加至可发泡聚烯烃组合物中。化学发泡剂可以纯净地与一种或多种例如抗氧化剂、泡孔稳定剂等其它添加剂组合,或作为母料的一部分添加。化学发泡剂可与可发泡聚烯烃组合物混合以实现化学发泡剂在可发泡聚烯烃组合物中的基本上均匀分散,并且为此目的,可采用分批混合,例如通过使用班拍里(Banbury)混合器。替代地,可在连续混合器中制备可发泡聚烯烃组合物,如通过使用双螺杆挤出机或BUSSTM捏合机。如果化学发泡剂首先与挤出机中的可发泡聚烯烃组合物混合,则通常在注入发泡剂以用于发泡之前将化学发泡剂添加至可发泡聚烯烃组合物中。
添加剂
可发泡聚烯烃组合物可在必要或需要时含有一种或多种添加剂。代表性添加剂包括但不限于加工助剂、润滑剂、稳定剂(抗氧化剂)、发泡助剂、成核剂、表面活性剂、助流剂、粘度控制剂、着色剂、铜抑制剂等。这些添加剂可在加工之前或期间添加至一种或多种聚合物中。聚烯烃组合物中的任何特定添加剂的量可为0.01至1wt%、0.01至0.5wt%或0.01至0.3wt%,并且如果存在,则聚烯烃组合物中的添加剂的总量可为0.01至5wt%、0.01至2wt%或0.01至1wt%。
物理发泡剂
在制备发泡聚烯烃中,除了上文所述的化学发泡剂之外,还可采用物理发泡剂。物理发泡剂为适合于所选的挤出温度、发泡条件、泡沫形成方法等的一种或多种试剂。当在挤出成型的同时形成最终形式的绝缘泡沫层时,可使用如氮气、碳气体(例如CO、CO2等)、氦气、氩气等惰性气体,如甲烷、丙烷、丁烷、戊烷等烃气体,如二氯二氟甲烷、二氯一氟甲烷、一氯二氟甲烷、三氯一氟甲烷、一氯五氟甲烷、三氯三氟甲烷等卤代烃气体。待使用的物理发泡剂的量可变化。通常,相对于每100重量份待发泡的聚烯烃组合物,其可为0.001至0.1重量份,或0.005至0.05重量份。物理发泡剂可与待发泡的聚烯烃预先混合,或可从形成于挤出机机筒上的进料口供应至挤出机中。
发泡过程
本文所描述的可发泡聚烯烃组合物可使用任何常规或下文发现的方法和设备发泡。通常,通过使用在发泡挤出条件下操作的挤出机挤出含有成核剂或化学发泡剂的可发泡聚烯烃组合物来产生发泡聚烯烃,例如在组合物处于高压区时注入物理发泡剂,并且接着将组合物挤出至低压区。发泡过程由C.P.Park在《聚烯烃泡沫(Polyolefin Foam)》,第9章,《聚合物泡沫和技术手册(Handbook of Polymer Foams and Technology)》,D.Klempner和K.C.Frisch编,汉瑟出版社(Hanser Publishers)(1991)中进一步描述。
在一个实施例中,典型的挤出发泡过程使用物理发泡剂(例如CO2)来产生如在CA2 523 861 C,《低损耗泡沫组合物和具有低损耗泡沫层的电缆(Low Loss Foam Composition and Cable Having Low Loss Foam Layer)》所描述的发泡电缆绝缘材料。物理发泡剂在聚合物熔体中的溶解受亨利定律的控制,例如在H.Zhang(下文)等人的著作中报道过。溶解度为饱和压力和亨利定律常数的函数,亨利定律常数自身为温度的函数。H.Zhang,《使用二氧化碳制造聚苯乙烯发泡体的挤出发泡过程的规模放大(Scale-Up ofExtrusoin Foaming Process for Manufacture of Polystyrene Foams Using CarbonDioxide)》,硕士论文,多伦多大学,2010(https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/25536/1/Zhang_Hongtao_201011_MASc_thesis.pdf)。另外参见编辑Shau-Tarng Lee的《泡沫挤出:原理和实践(Foam Extrusion:Principles andPractice)》。
发泡组合物
通过比较纯净聚烯烃和发泡聚烯烃组合物的密度测量,所得发泡聚烯烃组合物可具有至少70%、至少75%、至少77%或至少78%的发泡水平(“孔隙率”)。在各种实施例中,发泡聚烯烃组合物的发泡水平可小于80%。在各种实施例中,发泡聚烯烃组合物可具有小于215μm、小于210μm或小于207μm的平均泡孔大小。另外,发泡聚烯烃组合物可具有至少180μm或至少190μm的平均泡孔大小。在各种实施例中,发泡组合物可具有至少9.80E+04/cm3、至少9.90E+04/cm3、至少1.00E+05/cm3或至少1.05E+05/cm3的泡孔密度。发泡水平、平均泡孔大小和泡孔密度可根据PCT公开号WO/2017/166004中描述的方法测定。
制品
在一个实施例中,本公开的可发泡组合物或发泡组合物可以已知量并且通过已知方法以外皮(sheath)或绝缘层形式应用于电缆、电线或导体,例如通过在USP 5,246,783、USP 6,714,707、USP 6,496,629和USPA 2006/0045439中所描述的设备和方法。通常,可在配备有电缆涂层模具的反应器-挤出机中制备发泡聚烯烃组合物,并且在调配组合物的组分之后,在牵引电缆或导体通过模具的同时将组合物挤出至电缆或导体上。聚烯烃组合物的发泡可以在挤出至电缆或导体上时进行。在此类实施例中,可在大于化学发泡剂的分解温度的温度下进行挤出。
可由本公开的发泡聚合物组合物制备的其它制品包括纤维、带、薄片、条带、管、管道、挡风雨条、密封件、密封垫、软管、泡沫、鞋类伸缩件、瓶和膜。这些制品可使用已知设备和技术制造。
定义
如本文所使用,当用于两种或更多种项目的列表中时,术语“和/或”是指可以单独采用所列项目中的任一种,或可以采用所列项目中的两种或更多种的任何组合。例如,如果组合物被描述为含有组分A、B和/或C,则所述组合物可以单独含有A;单独含有B;单独含有C;A和B的组合;A和C的组合;B和C的组合;或A、B和C的组合。
“电线”是指单股导电金属,例如铜或铝,或单股光纤。
“电缆”是指在外皮内,例如绝缘套或保护性外护套内的至少一种电线或光纤。通常,电缆为通常在公用绝缘套和/或保护性护套中捆绑在一起的两根或更多根电线或光纤。外皮内的个别电线或光纤可为裸露的、经覆盖的或绝缘的。组合电缆可含有电线和光纤两者。典型电缆设计说明于USP 5,246,783、6,496,629以及6,714,707中。
“导体”表示用于传导热、光和/或电的一根或多根电线或光线。导体可为单电线/光线或多电线/光线并且可呈股线形式或呈管状形式。合适的导体的非限制性实例包括金属,如银、金、铜、碳和铝。导体也可为由玻璃或塑料制成的光纤。
“母料”和类似术语表示载体树脂中的添加剂的浓缩混合物。在本发明的上下文中,母料包含成核剂在聚烯烃树脂中的浓缩混合物。母料允许成核剂有效添加至聚烯烃中和分散在聚烯烃中。母料的制造和使用对于制造和制作塑料和泡沫制品的本领域的技术人员是众所周知的。
测试方法
分解温度
通过在TATGA-Q500热重分析仪上在N2下以10℃/分钟的升温斜率由25升温至800℃进行热重分析(TGA)来测定分解温度。
重量损失
通过在TATGA-Q500热重分析仪上在N2下以10℃/分钟的升温斜率由25升温至800℃进行热重分析(TGA)来测定重量损失。
释放的气体检测
通过连接至发泡剂(1克)加热设备上的气体滴定管中的水置换体积(ml)测量气体产量。
质子NMR光谱
1H-NMR光谱记录在AVANCE III HD(400MHz)的分光光度计上。由作为内标的溶剂共振以ppm为单位测定化学位移(δ)(DMSO-D6:2.50ppm)。
材料
在下文实例中采用以下材料。
三聚氯化氰可购自中国上海的阿达玛斯公司(Adamas-beta,Shanghai,China)。
肼(“N2H4”)可购自美国密苏里州圣路易斯的西格玛奥德里奇公司(Sigma-Aldrich,St.Louis,MO,USA)。
乙腈(“MeCN”)可购自美国密苏里州圣路易斯的西格玛奥德里奇公司。
对甲苯磺酰肼(“TsNHNH2”)可购自美国密苏里州圣路易斯的西格玛奥德里奇公司。
三乙胺(“Et3N”)可购自美国密苏里州圣路易斯的西格玛奥德里奇公司。
丙二酸二乙酯可购自美国密苏里州圣路易斯的西格玛奥德里奇公司。
硫酸(“H2SO4”)可购自美国密苏里州圣路易斯的西格玛奥德里奇公司。
乙酸乙酯可购自美国密苏里州圣路易斯的西格玛奥德里奇公司。
甲醇可购自美国密苏里州圣路易斯的西格玛奥德里奇公司。
正己烷可购自美国密苏里州圣路易斯的西格玛奥德里奇公司。
1H-四唑-5-羧酸可购自美国密苏里州圣路易斯的西格玛奥德里奇公司。
实例
根据以下程序制备三个比较样品(CS1-CS3)和三个样品(S1-S3)。
CS1使用以下合成途径制备:
将三聚氯化氰(3.68g,20.0mmol)悬浮于H2O(150ml)中,并在25℃下在10分钟的时间内逐滴添加80%的N2H4于H2O(4.0ml,103.0mmol)中的溶液。将混合物在100℃下搅拌过夜。随后将所得产物(CS1)过滤,用乙腈充分洗涤并且在真空下干燥。产量=3.21g(94%),白色粉末。
S1经由类似的合成途径制备,但用对甲苯磺酰肼代替肼:
将三聚氯化氰(3.68g,20.0mmol)悬浮于乙腈(150ml)中,分别添加对甲苯磺酰肼(11.16g,60.0mmol)和三乙胺(404mg,4.0mmol)。将混合物在90℃下搅拌过夜。在反应完成后,将混合物冷却至室温,并且将所得悬浮液过滤并且用乙腈洗涤。产量=10.61g(84%),白色粉末。
S2和CS2根据以下合成途径制备,其中R对于S2为Ts,对于CS2为H:
向丙二酸二乙酯(3.20g,20.0mmol)于甲醇(150ml)中的溶液中添加肼(对于CS2)或对甲苯磺酰肼(对于S2)(40.0mmol)。使反应混合物在0℃下剧烈搅拌的同时,逐滴添加98%硫酸(0.22mL,4.0mmol),并且将混合物保持在0℃下。在添加完成后,将溶液加热至70℃过夜。然后将溶液冷却至室温,并且将形成的沉淀物过滤,得到粗产物。使其在乙酸乙酯/正己烷中重结晶,得到最终产物S2和CS2。
S3和CS3根据以下合成途径制备,其中R对于S3为Ts,对于CS3为H:
在0℃下,向1H-四唑-5-羧酸(2.28g,20mmol)于甲醇(150ml)中的溶液中逐滴添加98%硫酸(0.22mL,4.0mmol)。随后将反应混合物加热至70℃维持6小时。随后以一份添加肼(对于CS3)或对甲苯磺酰肼(对于S3)(20mmol)。将反应混合物在回流下搅拌过夜。随后将溶液冷却至室温,并且将形成的沉淀物过滤,得到粗产物。使其在乙酸乙酯/正己烷中重结晶,得到最终产物S3和CS3。
使用上述测试方法分析样品S1-S3和比较样品CS1-CS3,以测定它们的分解温度和重量损失。以下表1提供了S1-S3、CS1-CS3以及偶氮二甲酰胺(“ADC”)的分解性能。
表1-发泡剂的分解性能
使用上述测试方法分析样品S1-S3和比较样品CS1-CS3,以测定分解时释放的一种或多种气体的类型。以下表2提供了S1-S3、CS1-CS3以及偶氮二甲酰胺的分解性能。
表2-从发泡剂释放的气体
Claims (10)
1.一种化学发泡剂,其包含以下结构(II)所示的化合物:
结构(II)
以及任选地
以下结构(I)和(III)至(IX)所示的化合物中的一种或多种:
结构(I)
结构(III)
结构(IV)
结构(V)
结构(VI)
结构(VII)
结构(VIII)
结构(IX)
其中Ts为对甲苯磺酰基。
2.根据权利要求1所述的化学发泡剂,其还包含结构(I)和(III)所示的化合物中的一种或多种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的化学发泡剂,其由结构(II)所示的化合物以及任选地结构(I)和(III)所示的化合物中的一种或多种组成。
4.一种可发泡聚烯烃组合物,其包含聚烯烃和根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的化学发泡剂。
5.根据权利要求4所述的可发泡聚烯烃组合物,其中所述聚烯烃包含乙烯类聚合物,其中所述可发泡聚烯烃组合物进一步包含选自由抗氧化剂、泡孔稳定剂以及其组合组成的群组的添加剂。
6.一种发泡聚烯烃,其由根据权利要求4或5所述的可发泡聚烯烃组合物制备。
7.一种包含绝缘层的电缆,其中所述绝缘层包含根据权利要求6所述的发泡聚烯烃。
8.一种使聚烯烃发泡的方法,所述方法包含:
(a)将聚烯烃与化学发泡剂组合进而形成可发泡聚烯烃组合物;并且
(b)使所述可发泡聚烯烃组合物经历发泡过程,
其中所述化学发泡剂包含以下结构(II)所示的化合物:
结构(II)
以及任选地
以下结构(I)和(III)至(IX)所示的化合物中的一种或多种:
结构(I)
结构(III)
结构(IV)
结构(V)
结构(VI)
结构(VII)
结构(VIII)
结构(IX)
其中Ts为对甲苯磺酰基。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中按所述可发泡聚烯烃组合物的总重量计,所述化学发泡剂以0.1至1.0重量百分比范围内的量存在,其中所述聚烯烃包含乙烯类聚合物,其中按所述可发泡聚烯烃组合物的总重量计,所述聚烯烃以90至99.9重量百分比范围内的量存在。
10.根据权利要求8或9所述的方法,其中所述可发泡聚烯烃组合物进一步包含选自抗氧化剂、泡孔稳定剂及其组合组成的群组的添加剂。
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