CN115989774A - Ecological restoration method for coal gangue slag mountain in arid region - Google Patents
Ecological restoration method for coal gangue slag mountain in arid region Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of ecological restoration, in particular to a method for restoring the ecology of gangue slag mountains in arid regions, which comprises the following steps: obtaining the landform information of the unmanned aerial vehicle; finishing the slag mountain; constructing a species library in an arid region, and carrying out vegetation and local cultivation grass seed investigation on the region where the coal gangue slag mountain is located to form a rural grass seed species library; species community construction, wherein species collocation considers the collocation of multiple species, and has higher productivity, stability and anti-interference capability due to higher biodiversity; the invention selects the species which adapt to drought conditions aiming at the arid region slag mountain, can normally grow and develop on the soil matrix with barren soil and poor water and fertilizer retention capacity, and combines the species to form a species combination mode taking the cryptotaenia japonica, the schefflera arboricola, the small crown flower and the herba tassel as dominant species, so that the species with strong drought resistance and reproductive capacity are added while the vegetation coverage in the initial stage of recovery is satisfied, and the sustainability of the artificial grasslands of the slag mountain is greatly prolonged.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of ecological restoration, in particular to a method for restoring the ecology of gangue slag mountains in arid regions.
Background
With the rapid development of economy, the demand of human beings for natural resources is increasing, and resource development often causes changes or damages to natural environments. Nearly 15% of raw coal in the coal mining process is by-product gangue, and the total amount of gangue in China is over 60 hundred million tons at present, and the total amount of gangue is increased at a speed of nearly 2 hundred million per year. A large amount of gangue cannot be used due to low carbon content, is often accumulated in the open air, and is accompanied with serious environmental problems such as destruction and occupation of land resources, loss and pollution of water resources, destruction of natural landscapes and ecological service, and causes economic loss, ecological environmental pollution and the like. In recent years, ecological restoration of gangue slags is widely paid attention to in society, wherein restoration of gangue slags is a serious issue in environmental management of gangue slags.
The ecological restoration of the gangue slag mountain in China is carried out late, cement engineering restoration with high manufacturing cost and poor landscape and ecological effects is carried out in the period, greening restoration is carried out on the slag mountain, single species are introduced for slag mountain restoration, the scene of 'one year of green, two years of yellow and three years of alopecia areata' often appears, secondary or more restoration is needed, and the restoration cost is high. Along with the research on ecological restoration, on the basis of a near natural restoration theory, an on-state student puts forward the idea of combining grass irrigation and constructing a plant community, and selects typical rural shrubs and grass seeds for ecological restoration, but the problems of low survival rate, poor ecological persistence and the like still exist in restoration practice. Meanwhile, the ecological management of the gangue slag mountain often faces the poor soil structure and larger porosity; the bare rock slope has large gradient, thin soil matrix, poor self water-retaining and fertilizer-retaining capacity and the like, so that the selection of adaptive species is particularly important to perform reasonable space optimization configuration, the selection of rural soil and grass irrigation according to local conditions, and the planting test of species assembly modes are performed, so that the sustainable species assembly modes suitable for the reconstruction of coal gangue slag mountain plants in arid regions are screened.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the background technology, the invention aims to provide an ecological restoration method for coal gangue slags and mountains in arid regions, which is based on the technical principle of near-natural vegetation restoration, and further adopts the field evaluation screening and the establishment of a space optimization configuration mode suitable for rural shrubs and grass seeds of typical coal gangue slags and mountains by constructing a restoration species library suitable for arid regions on the basis of remolding the topography of the slags and reconstructing the soil matrix of the slags and mountains.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the ecological restoration method for the coal gangue slag mountain in the arid region is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step 1: the unmanned aerial vehicle landform information is acquired, and the unmanned aerial vehicle aerial photography technology can acquire the landform of the gangue slag mountain by constructing a three-dimensional image, and evaluate the geological disaster risk by combining with the hydrological data on the basis;
preferably, in step 1, three-dimensional image acquisition, pre-preparation: collecting regional data, performing fixed-point investigation and determining a flight region; and (3) route design: developing an air route design based on the investigation region and related data, and arranging control points; aerial photography: developing aerial photography work according to the aerial route design scheme; and (3) internal treatment: acquiring dense point cloud data, generating a geological three-dimensional model, and acquiring regional topography feature data;
step 2: the integral shaping of the slag mountain is carried out, and the coal gangue slag mountain is arranged according to the topography and landform characteristics and hydrogeologic characteristics acquired by the unmanned aerial vehicle, so that the requirements of geological safety and matrix laying are met;
preferably, in the step 2, the gradient of the coal gangue side slope is specifically adjusted to 38 degrees, and the top platform is leveled and compacted; the platform can be built every 20m when the vertical height rises, the width is 4-5m, and meanwhile, the drainage canal is built on the platform.
Preferably, in the step 2, concrete matrixes are paved, surface soil is backfilled before mining, partial alien soil is added for uniform mixing, organic fertilizer, water retaining agent and the like are applied to increase the organic matter content and water retaining capacity of the soil matrixes, the soil paving thickness is 20cm, the organic fertilizer consumption is 500 kg/mu, and the porous silicon water retaining agent consumption is 300 kg/mu.
Step 3: and (3) establishing a species library in an arid region, investigating vegetation and locally cultivated grass seeds in the region where the coal gangue slag mountain is located, and forming a rural shrub and grass seed species library according to the growth and propagation characteristics of the grass seeds.
Preferably, in step 3, the ecological area of the mining area is taken as a target, the main rural shrubs and grass species list of the area is obtained through on-site investigation, literature investigation and the like, screening is carried out according to the life history, growth characteristics, propagation characteristics and the like, and a mine restoration rural species library of the arid area is established. The main species include herba Cordyotidis Diffusae, semen Ormosiae Hosiei, herba Achillea Wilsonianae, herba Lolium Periplocae, herba Zosterae Marinae, splendid achnathus, herba Meliloti Daghestan Swertiae Dilutae, herba Cymbopogonis Citrari, herba Lespedezae Cuneatae, herba Aristolochiae Mollissimae, radix Cynanchi Paniculati, and radix Cynanchi Paniculati. Seed collection is carried out on seed library grass seeds, and the seed collection mainly comprises field seed collection and propagation, commodity seed purchase and the like, and the purity of the selected seeds is required to be more than 85%, and the germination rate is required to be more than 85%.
Step 4: species community construction, wherein species collocation considers the collocation of multiple species, and has higher productivity, stability and anti-interference capability due to higher biodiversity; species composition is based on an ecological principle, and a habitat ecological system is simulated to a certain extent, so that the gene diversity of an artificial grassland ecological system can be increased, the group structure of grasslands is improved, and the utilization efficiency of grassland groups on water, fertilizer, gas, heat and other resources is improved; secondly, the reasonable collocation and combination of the species can avoid the problems of poor ecological sustainability of grasslands and the like.
Preferably, in step 4, the specific species formulation scheme is: the mixed sowing ratio of the small crown flower, the red bean grass, the herba nigellae, the elymus chinensis, the ryegrass, the buddleia, the splendid achyranthes, the sweet clover, the limonium, the white artemisia, the lespedeza and the sand-making plant is 100:5:5:15:5:5:5:5:1:2:5:10. Planting can be combined with shrubs on a platform, soil is fixed and slope protection is realized by using shrubs and herbs, the shrubs can be selected to transplant the seedlings of the king, the ammopiptanthus mongolicus and the nitraria tangutorum bobr, and the transplanting time is no later than 8 ten days in the middle of month; after transplanting and sowing, grass curtains with the thickness of 2cm are paved completely so as to reduce soil matrix loss caused by rain wash.
Step 5: the construction technology and the maintenance technology are used for providing corresponding construction technology aiming at the problems that natural precipitation of mines in arid regions is less, the water retention capacity of paved matrixes is poor, plants are difficult to construct and the like, and mainly comprise the selection and paving of soil matrixes, the use of soil water retention materials, unmanned aerial vehicle sowing technology, spraying pipeline paving and the like.
Preferably, in step 5, in order to improve the planting rate and the planting efficiency of the seed, the soil matrix comprises foreign soil, organic fertilizer and water-retaining agent, and the planting can be performed by unmanned aerial vehicle or manual sowing, and the grass curtain is covered to preserve soil moisture, so that the planting rate can be effectively improved. In the maintenance technology, in the forced maintenance management period (after sowing), generally two months, after sowing, the grass curtain is covered to preserve soil moisture, the water spraying times are optimal to ensure that the soil is wet and has no flowing water, and the water spraying maintenance is stopped when the air temperature is less than 0 ℃. During maintenance, paying attention to the uniformity and emergence rate of seed germination, timely supplementing and sowing according to conditions, and timely replacing grass seeds to treat hidden danger of plant diseases and insect pests; after artificial grasslands are planted, fertilizer is timely supplemented and mowed according to conditions, so that ecological sustainability of the grasslands is ensured.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention selects the species which adapt to drought conditions aiming at the arid region slag mountain, can normally grow and develop on the soil matrix with barren soil and poor water and fertilizer retention capacity, and combines the species to form a species combination mode taking the cryptotaenia japonica, the schefflera arboricola, the small crown flower and the herba tassel as dominant species, so that the species with strong drought resistance and reproductive capacity are added while the vegetation coverage in the initial stage of recovery is satisfied, and the service life of the artificial grassland of the slag mountain is greatly prolonged.
2. Meanwhile, through two years of experimental screening, indexes such as coverage, community height and aboveground biomass of each scheme are evaluated, and finally, the species combination mode taking small crown flowers as dominant species is determined to perform best in practice of recovering coal gangue slag mountains, and the method is high in practical application capability and can be applied to treatment of similar habitat slag mountains.
3. The invention effectively reduces maintenance cost, improves ecological sustainability of grasslands, improves planting rate and avoids cost brought by secondary repair through reasonable collocation of plant communities.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph of coverage, height and above-ground biomass for four versions of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the drawings and examples, in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1
The embodiment discloses a method for reconstructing vegetation of coal gangue slags in arid regions. As shown in fig. 1, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following embodiments of camel mountain in the open sea of the inner Mongolian autonomous region.
Step one: arranging the wound surfaces of the slag mountain, removing large rocks, arranging the gradient of 38 degrees according to the requirement, compacting, ensuring the smoothness of the slope surface, and avoiding loose landslide;
step two: building a platform, building a platform with the width of 5m at each position of lifting the platform by 20m in the vertical height, and building a horizontal drainage channel. The cross section of the drainage channel is trapezoid, the bottom width is 1m, the top width is 2m, and the height is 1m;
step three: building a vertical drainage ditch every 30m on the slope surface and horizontally perpendicular to the horizontal drainage ditch, wherein the specification of the vertical drainage ditch is the same as that of the horizontal drainage ditch, and the concrete pouring thickness can be increased so as to avoid extreme rainfall damage;
step four: uniformly mixing the prepared raw soil and the alien soil, paving the mixture on a slag mountain rock layer, ensuring the paving thickness to be 20cm, and leveling and compacting the paving soil matrix;
step five: applying an organic fertilizer according to 500 kg/mu, applying 300kg of porous silicon water-retaining agent per mu, applying both to the soil surface, and raking with a rake to be fully mixed with the soil;
step six: laying the sprinkling irrigation pipeline, wherein the main pipe is arranged along the slope direction, and the branch pipes are arranged in parallel with the contour lines;
step seven: a total of 4 species configuration modes are configured,
scheme 1: the seed sowing rate is 10 kg/mu, and the mixed sowing ratio is 30:2:14:12:6:2:2:2:4:4:2:1:1:2;
scheme 2: the seed sowing rate is 10 kg/mu, and the mixed sowing ratio is 200:100:100:30:10:10:10:10:10:10:1:5:10;
scheme 3: the sowing amount of the corolla, the red bean grass, the herba nigellae, the elymus chinensis, the ryegrass, the buddleia, the splendid achyranthes, the sweet clover, the limonium, the white sand sagebrush, the lespedeza and the sand schwann is 10 kg/mu, and the mixed sowing ratio is 100:5:5:15:5:5:5:5:5:1:2:5:10;
scheme 4: the sowing amount of the limonium, the red bean grass, the herba nigellae, the elymus chinensis, the ryegrass, the buddleia, the splendid achnatherum, the sweet clover, the small crown flower, the sabotage, the white sand sagebrush and the lespedeza, is 10 kg/mu, and the mixed sowing ratio is 4:20:20:6:2:2:2:2:2:4:1:2;
preparing grass seeds required by species composition, wherein the purity of the selected seeds is more than 85%, and the germination rate is more than 85%. Uniformly mixing seeds according to different sizes, scattering soil, lightly raking soil layers to ensure that the embedded depth of the seeds is 2-3cm, and covering a layer of soil on large seeds;
step eight: planting the overlord, the ammopiptanthus mongolicus and the nitraria tangutorum bobr on each slope near the platform at intervals of 1m, planting 3 rows from bottom to top and planting the 3 rows from top to bottom in parallel with the direction of the platform, wherein the row spacing is 2m;
step nine: after sowing, paving a grass curtain with the thickness of 2 cm;
step ten: the fertilizer can be applied according to the apparent characteristics of plant leaves during the maintenance period, and the dosage is 5g/m 2 -10g/m 2 . Proper watering is performed according to the local rainfall, so that the watering amount of each planting area is consistent;
step eleven: sample prescription investigation is carried out on grasslands corresponding to the four schemes in 8 months, 50 x 50cm sample prescriptions are randomly selected in each district, and the coverage, the height, the aboveground biomass and the like are measured;
as shown in fig. 2, protocol 3 exhibited superior coverage, colony height, and aboveground biomass, among other things, to the other three protocols. The coverage, community height and above-ground biomass are 68%, 82.90cm and 115g/m respectively 2 Species with strong drought resistance and reproductive capacity are added while the vegetation coverage at the initial stage is satisfied in the species combination mode formed by the combination of the scheme and taking the small crown flower, the herba schizophragmatis integrifolii radicis and the schedular wang as dominant species, so that the service life of the artificial grasslands can be effectively prolonged, ecological sustainable grasslands are formed, and the ecological significance is very important for the treatment of coal gangue slags and mountains.
The test results show that the ecological restoration method for the coal gangue slag mountain in the arid region has the best performance in ecological practice, and the method is verified to have strong ecological restoration sustainability under extreme drought environment conditions while effectively improving vegetation coverage and biomass.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to be limiting, but rather is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and principles of the invention.
Claims (5)
1. The ecological restoration method for the coal gangue slag mountain in the arid region is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step 1: the unmanned aerial vehicle landform information is acquired, and the unmanned aerial vehicle aerial photography technology can further acquire the landform of the gangue slag mountain by constructing a three-dimensional image;
step 2: arranging the gangue slag mountain according to the topography and landform characteristics obtained by the unmanned aerial vehicle;
step 3: constructing a species library in an arid region, and carrying out vegetation and local cultivation grass seed investigation on the region where the coal gangue slag mountain is located to form a rural grass seed species library; the main species include herba Cordyotidis Diffusae, semen Ormosiae Hosiei, herba Achillea Wilsonianae, herba Lolium Periplocae, herba Zosterae Marinae, splendid achyranthes, herba Meliloti Daghestan Swerti, herba Cymbopogonis Citrari, herba Lespedezae Cuneatae, herba Ardisiae Japonicae, radix Cynanchi Paniculati, and radix Cynanchi Stauntonii;
step 4: species community construction, wherein species collocation considers the collocation of multiple species, and has higher productivity, stability and anti-interference capability due to higher biodiversity;
step 5: the construction technology and the maintenance technology provide corresponding construction technology for the arid region coal gangue slag mountain with wide range, large area, poor climate conditions, difficult plant construction and the like, and mainly comprise soil matrix laying, unmanned aerial vehicle seed sowing technology, spraying pipeline laying and the like.
2. The method for ecologically restoring the coal gangue slag mountain in the arid region according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: in the step 2, the gradient of a gangue pile slope is specifically arranged to be 38 degrees, and a top platform is leveled and compacted; the platform can be built every 20m when the vertical height rises, the width is 4-5m, and meanwhile, the drainage canal is built on the platform.
3. The method for ecologically restoring the coal gangue slag mountain in the arid region according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: in the step 3, seed collection is carried out aiming at the seed pool grass seeds, and the seed collection mainly comprises field seed collection and propagation, commodity seed purchase and the like, and the purity of the selected seeds is required to be more than 85%, and the germination rate is required to be more than 85%.
4. The method for ecologically restoring the coal gangue slag mountain in the arid region according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: in step 4, the specific species configuration scheme is: crown flower, red bean grass, herba nigellae, elymus chinensis, ryegrass, buddleia, splendid achyranthes, sweet clover, limonium, artemisia annua, lespedeza and sallowness.
5. The method for ecologically restoring the coal gangue slag mountain in the arid region according to claim 4, which is characterized in that: in step 4, the specific species configuration scheme is: the mixed sowing ratio of the small crown flower, the red bean grass, the herba nigellae, the elymus chinensis, the ryegrass, the buddleia, the splendid achyranthes, the sweet clover, the limonium, the white artemisia, the lespedeza and the sand-making plant is 100:5:5:15:5:5:5:5:1:2:5:10.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN116548254A (en) * | 2023-07-11 | 2023-08-08 | 矿冶科技集团有限公司 | Ecological restoration method for gangue pile in arid region |
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