CN115839079A - Artificial reconstruction repairing method for underground soil layer in high and cold region - Google Patents
Artificial reconstruction repairing method for underground soil layer in high and cold region Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to an artificial reconstruction and restoration method for an underground soil layer in a high and cold area, which comprises the following steps: (1) Carrying out basic geological data collection on original or peripheral soil of the area to be repaired and hydrographic soil geological conditions occurring in shallow groundwater, carrying out investigation on occurrence characteristics of a soil layer and the groundwater, and determining occurrence characteristics and soil layer characteristics of the area to be repaired; (2) Determining the bottom layer position, the top layer position and the thickness of each layer of the soil layer of the area to be repaired according to the underground water occurrence characteristics and the soil layer characteristics determined in the step (1), and determining the composition of the artificial reconstruction materials of each layer; (3) After the pit backfilling and leveling of the area to be repaired are finished, compacting the backfilled area and cleaning unstable rock masses; (4) paving a substrate layer above the backfill region; (5) Alternately laying a plurality of permeable layers and a plurality of waterproof layers from bottom to top, and compacting again; (6) And reconstructing the soil and water conservation layer above the uppermost water-resisting layer.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of plateau mine land restoration, and particularly relates to an artificial reconstruction restoration method for an underground soil layer in a high and cold region.
Background
In the frozen soil area, the permafrost is relatively stable and widely distributed, the water-resisting effect, seasonal alternate freezing and thawing of seasonal frozen soil, special hydrothermal conditions and other factors influence the complex change of shallow underground water in the aquifer of the frozen layer, and the surface soil is also subject to frost heaving, thawing sinking, frost heaving and other special changes. In addition, if the stability of the ecosystem and functions supported by the coupling effect of organisms such as vegetation and various environmental factors, energy cycle exchange and various processes is considered, the coupling effect of water in different circulation modes in different hydrological characteristic structural layers such as the earth surface, the soil, the aquifer and the interior thereof and the long-term maintenance and effective exchange of nutrient components in the soil can not be separated from the core. In the ecological environment recovery treatment of the alpine region, the important factors and the action processes are subjected to manual optimization intervention, a more scientific ecological environment restoration treatment path is searched, and the ecological environment recovery treatment method plays an important role in material and energy exchange, life activity and function maintenance of an ecological system of the alpine region and the mountain region.
In the conventional ecological environment restoration of the mine in the alpine region, the focus of engineering measures is often focused on the problems of change of landform and topography, pit mining backfill, soil covering of soil for foreign soil, shortage of soil resources, vegetation restoration and the like caused by the development of the surface and surface mines close to the surface. The ecological environment is generally restored and protected by adopting the modes of artificially removing soil, covering soil and sowing grass seeds, and various secondary ecological environment problems related to water and soil, such as water and soil loss, poor vegetation growth, serious local water accumulation, water accumulation and seedling flooding, and the like can often occur.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides an artificial reconstruction and restoration method for underground soil layers in high and cold regions, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Carrying out basic geological data collection on original or peripheral soil of the area to be repaired and hydrographic soil geological conditions occurring in shallow groundwater, carrying out investigation on occurrence characteristics of a soil layer and the groundwater, and determining occurrence characteristics and soil layer characteristics of the area to be repaired;
(2) Determining the bottom layer position, the top layer position and the thickness of each layer of the soil layer of the area to be repaired according to the underground water occurrence characteristics and the soil layer characteristics determined in the step (1), and determining the composition of the artificial reconstruction materials of each layer;
(3) After the pit backfilling and leveling of the area to be repaired are finished, compacting the backfilled area and cleaning unstable rock masses;
(4) Laying a substrate layer above the backfill area and compacting;
(5) Alternately laying a plurality of permeable layers and a plurality of waterproof layers from bottom to top, and compacting once again;
(6) And reconstructing the soil and water conservation layer above the uppermost water-resisting layer.
Optionally, in step (1), the basic geological data includes, but is not limited to, climate conditions, vegetation types, land types, soil profile layering and composition of the area to be repaired, distribution and bottom boundary depth of seasonally frozen soil, and hydrogeological characteristics of aquifers in the frozen layer, the climate conditions include rainfall and temperature, and the hydrogeological characteristics of aquifers include aquifer water content, water quality types, aquifer and water-resisting layer structures and layer positions;
the investigation of occurrence characteristics of the soil layer and the underground water comprises but is not limited to hydrogeology and ecological environment special geological investigation, remote sensing, shallow drilling and groove exploration in an area to be repaired; and (2) obtaining characteristic information of each layer of the hydrological soil in the area to be restored through the step (1), determining underground water occurrence characteristics and soil layer characteristics, and providing geological basis for artificial reconstruction soil profile (model) design of each layer of the hydrological soil of the open pit.
The underground water occurrence characteristics are diving water level depth and hydrological characteristics of hydrological soil geological stratification. The soil layer characteristics are characteristic horizon position, composition and depth of a hydrological soil geological stratification, vegetation root depth, and bottom boundary depth, bottom boundary depth and thickness of seasonal frozen soil.
Optionally, in the step (2), positions of the permeable layer and the water-stop layer of the area to be repaired are determined according to positions of the permeable layer and the water-stop layer of the peripheral original soil, so that the permeable layer of the area to be repaired is correspondingly connected with the permeable layer of the peripheral original soil in position and thickness, the water-stop layer of the area to be repaired is correspondingly connected with the water-stop layer of the peripheral original soil in position and thickness, and the top is finished by the water-stop layer.
Optionally, in the step (3), before the mine in the area to be repaired or the pit in the mine area is repaired by the artificial reconstruction repairing method, traditional backfilling and leveling are performed, and the distance between the backfilled ground surface and the bottom boundary depth of the surrounding seasonal frozen soil is 2-3m;
compacting the backfill area, wherein the compaction coefficient is 0.85 +/-0.01;
and (3) clearing unstable rock masses, namely clearing out rock masses which are still easy to loosen or shift or collapse after compaction, backfilling and compacting vacant positions again, and laying a stable foundation for subsequent manual soil covering and greening.
Optionally, in the step (4), the thickness of the substrate layer is 2-3m, and the compaction coefficient is 0.85 ± 0.01;
the material of the base layer comprises first mudstone, clay and first sandstone; 30-50 parts of clay and 27-49 parts of first sandstone relative to 100 parts by mass of first mudstone; the grain size of the first sandstone is 5-10cm, and the grain size of the first mudstone is less than 5cm.
The materials of the substrate layer are uniformly mixed, backfilled and paved, and water is uniformly applied after compaction.
Optionally, in the step (5), the thickness of the permeable layer is 0.5-1.0m, the thickness of the waterproof layer is 0.3-0.5m, the compaction coefficient is 0.80 ± 0.01, the total thickness of the permeable layer and the waterproof layer is equal to the thickness of seasonal frozen soil around the area to be repaired, the permeable layer is used as a bottom layer, the waterproof layer is used as a top layer, the alternate paving is finished, and water is uniformly applied after one-time compaction.
Optionally, the material of the permeable layer comprises a second mudstone, salts and a second sandstone; relative to 100 parts by mass of the second sandstone, 40-60 parts of second mudstone, 5-15 parts of salts, and 5-10cm of grain diameter of the second mudstone and the second sandstone;
the salts include potassium, sodium, ammonium and calcium salts, such as calcium chloride, anhydrous sodium sulfate, potassium chloride, quaternary ammonium salts, and the like. Can mostly dissolve in aqueous when backfilling and applying water, evenly distributed is in mudstone and sandstone, and when temperature was less than zero degree, formed comparatively even frozen structure in the permeable bed, improved the water retention and water retention capacity on permeable bed simultaneously, can increase the fertility on permeable bed again, when making the plant after the permeable bed restoration, the plant survives more easily.
Optionally, the material of the water-resisting layer comprises third mudstone and third sandstone; relative to 100 parts by mass of the third mudstone, the third sandstone is 56-90 parts, the volume ratio of the salts is 5-16 parts, the grain diameter of the third mudstone is less than 5cm, and the grain diameter of the third sandstone is 5-10cm.
Optionally, the step (6) specifically includes the following steps:
(a) Laying an improved layer with the thickness of 0.10-0.15m, wherein the material of the improved layer comprises fourth mudstone and first siltstone;
(b) Paving a plurality of mutually parallel water-retaining dark ridges, wherein the distance between every two adjacent water-retaining dark ridges is 10-15m, and then uniformly applying water;
(c) Paving an artificial soil layer above the improved layer between the adjacent water-retaining dark ridges, and then uniformly applying water;
(d) Digging a plurality of mutually parallel ecological intercepting and draining branch ditches above the artificial soil layer, wherein the distance between adjacent ecological intercepting and draining branch ditches is 20-25m;
(e) An ecological water intercepting and draining main ditch is dug above the artificial soil layer and is vertical to the ecological water intercepting and draining branch ditches.
Optionally, in the step (a), the first siltstone is 35 to 46 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the fourth mudstone, the particle sizes of the fourth mudstone and the first siltstone are both greater than 5cm, and the proportion of the lump stones is less than 50%.
Optionally, in the step (b), the vertical section of the water-retaining dark ridge is trapezoidal, the bottom width is 0.3m, the top width is 0.2m, and the thickness (i.e., height) is 0.15-0.20m;
the materials of the water-retaining dark ridges comprise fifth mudstone, second siltstone, sandy soil, organic fertilizer and sheep manure, wherein relative to 100 parts by mass of the fifth mudstone, the second siltstone is 30-55 parts, the sandy soil is 23-36 parts, the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 1500-2000 kg/mu, and the application amount of the sheep manure is 30-35 square/mu;
the grain size of the fifth mudstone is less than 5cm, the grain size of the second siltstone is more than 5cm, and the ratio of the rock lumps is less than 50%.
Optionally, in the step (c), the thickness of the artificial soil layer is equal to that of the improvement layer, and the material and the proportion of the artificial soil layer are the same as those of the improvement layer; the upper surface of the artificial soil layer has a slope of 1-2 degrees and inclines towards the direction of the ecological intercepting and draining branch ditch;
the upper surface of the artificial soil layer forms a 4-5cm deep vein network with wavy drop height fluctuation through an artificial rake plough, and the vein network is used for conserving water sources.
Optionally, in the step (d), the vertical section of the ecological intercepting and draining branch trench is in an inverted trapezoid shape, the bottom width is 0.3-0.4m, the top width is 0.5-0.6m, and the depth is 0.6m;
after the ecological intercepting and draining branch trench is dug and formed, backfilling the water conservation section, wherein the thickness of the water conservation section is half of the depth of the ecological intercepting and draining branch trench; the water conservation section comprises sixth mudstone, fourth sandstone, sandy soil and salts; relative to 100 parts by mass of the fourth sandstone, the volume ratio of the sixth mudstone is 30-50 parts, the sand is 7-17 parts, and the salts are 4-13 parts;
the grain diameters of the sixth mudstone and the fourth sandstone are both 5-10cm, and the salts are the same as those of the permeable layer;
the upper surface of the water conservation section has a slope of 1-2 degrees and inclines towards the direction of the ecological water intercepting and draining main ditch.
Optionally, in the step (e), the vertical section of the ecological intercepting and draining main canal is in an inverted trapezoid shape, the bottom width is 0.5-0.8m, the top width is 0.8-1.2m, and the depth is 0.5m; the bottom surface of the ecological intercepting and draining main ditch has a gradient of 2-3 degrees.
Optionally, after the step (e), sowing green grass seeds on the artificial soil layer, the water conservation section of the ecological water interception and drainage branch ditch and the ecological water interception and drainage main ditch, and further improving the water source conservation capacity. The grass seeds are selected from plateau grass, moss or lichen.
Optionally, the ecological intercepting and draining branch ditches and the water-retaining dark ridges can be parallel, inclined or vertical to each other; the ecological water cutting and draining branch ditch is vertical to the ecological water cutting and draining main ditch.
The invention utilizes the original or peripheral basic geological data of the area to be repaired, and then by means of remote sensing, shallow drilling, channel exploration, hydrogeology and ecological environment special geological survey, on the basis of recognizing the characteristic information of the peripheral soil and shallow hydrology of the excavated area of the earth surface, an artificial reconstruction soil profile original model is established by imitating the underground water occurrence characteristics and soil layer characteristics of the original soil and shallow hydrology layers, namely, the bottom layer position, the top layer position and the thickness of each layer of the soil layer of the area to be repaired are determined, and the composition of each layer of artificial reconstruction material is determined.
Then, through construction measures such as layered backfilling, laying, compacting, digging of drainage channels and the like, the method is matched with a surface vein system, an ecological intercepting drainage channel, vegetation planting, water-retaining dark ridges and a layered structure design, the reconstructed structure and the function are similar to the functions of the surrounding original soil, the effects of conserving water sources, retaining water and soil, inhibiting ineffective evaporation and water passing are achieved by controlling and allocating slope water flow and seepage and side flow in the soil, and the growth of the re-green vegetation and the recovery of the ecological system are better supported. In addition, the method replaces the traditional method of covering soil with foreign soil, all the used soil such as rock soil, sandy soil and the like are the waste slag stones stripped in the mine, the waste is changed into valuable by screening the slag stones, the manpower, material resources and financial resources for restoration and treatment are greatly reduced, and the secondary soil and vegetation damage possibly caused by the foreign soil is also avoided.
And the regional edge of the artificial soil layer is provided with a water-retaining hidden ridge to prevent water loss of the artificial soil layer, and redundant water on the artificial soil layer is discharged into the ecological water-intercepting and draining branch ditch and then is converged into the ecological water-intercepting and draining main ditch to be uniformly drained away. The improvement layer below is the alternative setting of water barrier layer and permeable bed, and artificial soil layer and improvement layer unnecessary unable water of keeping are mostly removed by ecological cutting drainage ditch, can't permeate the water barrier layer downwards, have caused the loss of partial moisture.
Optionally, in the step (d), a plurality of vertically arranged water permeable pipes are uniformly embedded in the ecological intercepting and draining branch trench, the water conservation section is divided into a plurality of sections in the length direction by the plurality of water permeable pipes, the upper surface of one water conservation section between two adjacent water permeable pipes has a slope of 1-2 degrees, and the inclination directions of all the segmented water conservation sections are the same;
the pipe of permeating water establishes in the lower one end of every section of culvert water section, and the top mouth of pipe of permeating water flushes with the upper surface of the culvert water section that corresponds, and the bottom mouth of pipe of permeating water seals and is in the thin permeable bed of bottommost, and the position that the pipe of permeating water corresponds every thin permeable bed all is equipped with the opening for with the unnecessary moisture guide in the ecological branch ditch of cutting the drainage and discharge thin permeable bed.
When the thickness of one or a plurality of permeable layers at the top is thinner, the permeable layer is called as thin permeable layer, the thickness of the thin permeable layer is less than 0.7m, the plurality of thin permeable layers and the waterproof layer therein are collectively called as water permeable belt, the shallower the underground depth is, the more easily the thin permeable layer appears, and the water content of the thin permeable layer is less. The thick permeable layer is arranged below the permeable belt, the thickness of the thick permeable layer is 0.7-1m relative to the thin permeable layer, and the capacity of conserving water sources is stronger. The permeable pipe penetrates through the thin permeable layers and the waterproof layer, the bottom pipe opening extends into the bottommost thin permeable layer, and ground rainwater or accumulated water is guided into each thin permeable layer to be supplied to the ground plant root system for growth, and meanwhile, the permeable layer below the permeable belt and the underground water communication and circulation of the peripheral original permeable layer are not influenced.
Further optionally, the water permeable pipe is of a hollow rigid structure, at least water permeable soil is filled in the water permeable pipe, and a filter screen is arranged at a pipe orifice at the top of the water permeable pipe to prevent rock soil of the water conservation section from falling into the water permeable pipe;
the area inside the permeable pipe and corresponding to the uppermost waterproof layer is not filled with permeable soil, and water entering the permeable pipe is allowed to directly pass through the uppermost waterproof layer and reach the uppermost thin permeable layer;
the permeable soil material includes 100 parts by mass of a second sandstone and 40-60 parts by mass of a second mudstone.
Further optionally, the opening that corresponds thin permeable layer of pipe that permeates water is the round fretwork of the pipe lateral wall that permeates water, and this open-ended girth is less than the girth of the pipe lateral wall that permeates water, the opening is established on the upper portion on the thin permeable layer that corresponds, is convenient for flow down the moisture along the pipe that permeates water through the opening and flows in the upper portion on the thin permeable layer that corresponds, resumes to the inside infiltration of thin permeable layer again.
Further optionally, a layer of water-proof soil is arranged below each opening, and the thickness of the water-proof soil is 0.2-0.3m; the material of water proof soil includes third mudstone and third sandstone of part by mass for the permeation rate of water in water proof soil part is less than the permeation rate in the part of permeable soil, and then reserves the time for the infiltration of water to thin permeable stratum through the opening, is favorable to water to thin permeable stratum fully permeate the back, the downward next opening that flows down again.
The water permeable pipe is used for guiding the redundant water quantity on the water conservation section of the ecological intercepting and draining branch trench downwards and permeating into each thin water permeable layer of the water permeable belt below, so that the water conservation performance of the whole soil layer is improved. Use the pipe of permeating water as the sign, equally divide into a plurality of sections with the water conservation section, the pipe of permeating water is in the lower one end of every section water conservation section, is convenient for hold the water. The upper surface of the ecological intercepting and draining branch ditch is basically flush with the upper surface of the artificial soil layer, the water conservation section basically corresponds to the uppermost part of the water-resisting layer, and water directly flows through the part corresponding to the uppermost water-resisting layer, so that the whole permeation time is shortened.
Fill the soil of permeating water in the permeable pipe, the constitution of the soil of permeating water is the same with the permeable bed, nevertheless does not include the salt on permeable bed for the soil of permeating water is roughly the same with the water permeability on permeable bed, and the downflow speed of water can be delayed in the infiltration of soil of permeating water to moisture, avoids intraductal water to descend too fast, can't fully permeate moisture to every thin permeable bed.
In the preferred scheme, set up one section water-proof soil below every opening, can further reduce the infiltration speed of water, strive for the time for the infiltration of water to thin permeable stratum for every thin permeable stratum can both permeate fully, can know by the constitution of water-proof soil, and the water-proof ability of water-proof soil is between permeable soil and water-proof layer, can effectively reduce the infiltration speed of water, can not seriously hinder the infiltration of water simultaneously again.
When the intraduct of permeating water was vacant, the rainwater got into and directly flowed to the bottom of permeating water the pipe behind the pipe of permeating water to preferential thin permeable layer to the lowest floor permeates, and the thin permeable layer of lowest floor absorbs water nearly saturation back, permeates to the thin permeable layer of inferior lower floor again, so by supreme thin permeable layer infiltration down, but the stratum pressure of the thin permeable layer of below is great, leads to water permeation rate lower. When the inside of the permeable pipe is filled with permeable soil, rainwater enters the permeable pipe and permeates to the thin permeable layer on the uppermost layer, the thin permeable layer on the uppermost layer absorbs water to be nearly saturated and then permeates to the thin permeable layer on the next upper layer, so that the thin permeable layer permeates from top to bottom, the stratum pressure of the thin permeable layer above the top is lower, and the water permeation speed is higher.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic process flow diagram of an artificial reconstruction and remediation method for underground soil layers in alpine regions;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the ecological intercepting and draining lateral ditches and the water permeable pipes of example 5;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the water permeable pipe of example 6;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a water permeable pipe according to example 7.
In the attached figure, 1-permeable pipe, 2-water barrier layer, 3-thin permeable layer, 4-opening, 5-permeable soil, 6-water barrier soil and 7-water conservation section.
Detailed Description
The following examples and comparative examples are all small-scale artificial simulation experiments conducted in alpine mines, and the area of the area to be repaired is 20m 2 。
Example 1
The artificial reconstruction and restoration method for the underground soil layer in the alpine region, as shown in fig. 1, includes the following steps:
(1) Carrying out basic geological data collection on original or peripheral soil of the area to be repaired and hydrographic soil geological conditions occurring in shallow groundwater, carrying out investigation on occurrence characteristics of a soil layer and the groundwater, and determining occurrence characteristics and soil layer characteristics of the area to be repaired;
the basic geological data comprise climatic conditions, vegetation types, land types, soil profile layering and composition, distribution and bottom boundary depth of seasonal frozen soil, and hydrogeological characteristics of aquifers in frozen layers of the to-be-repaired area, wherein the climatic conditions comprise rainfall and temperature, and the hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifers comprise the water content of the aquifers, water quality types, structures of the aquifers and a water-resisting layer and position of the layer;
the investigation of occurrence characteristics of the soil layer and the underground water comprises the steps of performing hydrogeology and ecological environment special geological investigation, remote sensing, shallow drilling and trench exploration on the area to be repaired;
the underground water occurrence characteristics are diving water level depth and hydrological characteristics of hydrological soil geological stratification; the soil layer characteristics are characteristic layer position, composition and depth of a hydrological soil geological stratification, vegetation root depth, bottom boundary depth of seasonal frozen soil, bottom boundary depth and thickness;
(2) Determining the bottom layer position, the top layer position and the thickness of each layer of the soil layer of the area to be repaired according to the underground water occurrence characteristics and the soil layer characteristics determined in the step (1), and determining the composition of the artificial reconstruction materials of each layer;
determining the positions of the permeable layer and the waterproof layer of the area to be repaired according to the positions of the permeable layer and the waterproof layer of the peripheral original soil, so that the permeable layer of the area to be repaired is correspondingly connected with the positions and the thicknesses of the permeable layer of the peripheral original soil, the waterproof layer of the area to be repaired is correspondingly connected with the positions and the thicknesses of the waterproof layer of the peripheral original soil, and the top is finished by the waterproof layer;
(3) After the pit backfilling and leveling of the area to be repaired are finished, compacting the backfilled area and cleaning unstable rock masses;
before the mine or the pit of the mine area to be repaired is repaired by adopting the artificial reconstruction repairing method, the traditional backfilling and leveling are firstly carried out, and the distance between the backfilled ground surface and the bottom boundary depth of the seasonal frozen soil at the periphery is 2m;
compacting the backfill region, wherein the compaction coefficient is 0.85 +/-0.01;
cleaning unstable rock mass, namely cleaning out rock mass which is still easy to loosen, shift or collapse after compaction, and backfilling and compacting vacant positions obtained again;
(4) Paving a substrate layer with the thickness of 2m above the backfill region, compacting, wherein the compaction coefficient is 0.85 +/-0.01, and uniformly applying water;
the material of the substrate layer comprises first mudstone, clay and first sandstone; 30 parts of clay and 27 parts of first sandstone relative to 100 parts by mass of first mudstone; the grain size of the first sandstone is 5-10cm, and the grain size of the first mudstone is less than 5cm; uniformly mixing the materials of the substrate layer, and backfilling and paving;
(5) Alternately laying 20 permeable layers and 20 waterproof layers from bottom to top, compacting again, and uniformly applying water, wherein the compaction coefficient is 0.80 +/-0.01;
the thickness of the permeable layer is 1m, the thickness of the waterproof layer is 0.5m, the total thickness of the permeable layer and the waterproof layer is equal to the thickness (30 m) of seasonal frozen soil around the area to be repaired, and the alternate laying is finished by taking the permeable layer as a bottom layer and the waterproof layer as a top layer;
the material of the permeable layer comprises second mudstone, salts and second sandstone; relative to 100 parts by mass of the second sandstone, 40 parts of second mudstone and 5 parts of salts are adopted, and the grain diameters of the second mudstone and the second sandstone are both 5-10cm;
the salts are calcium chloride, potassium chloride and quaternary ammonium salt with equal mass;
the material of the water-resisting layer comprises third mudstone and third sandstone; relative to 100 parts by mass of the third mudstone, 56 parts of the third sandstone, 5 parts of salt in volume ratio, and 5-10cm of the third mudstone and the third sandstone;
(6) Reconstructing a soil and water conservation layer above the uppermost water-resisting layer, and specifically comprising the following steps:
(a) Paving a modified layer with the thickness of 0.15m, wherein the material of the modified layer comprises fourth mudstone and first siltstone; relative to 100 parts by mass of the fourth mudstone, the first siltstone accounts for 35 parts, the granularity of the fourth mudstone and the granularity of the first siltstone are both larger than 5cm, and the proportion of the rock blocks is smaller than 50%;
(b) Laying ten mutually parallel water-retaining dark ridges, wherein the distance between every two adjacent water-retaining dark ridges is 10m, and then uniformly applying water;
the vertical section of the water-retaining dark ridge is trapezoidal, the bottom width is 0.3m, the top width is 0.2m, and the thickness (namely the height) is 0.15m;
the materials of the water-retaining dark ridges comprise fifth mudstone, second siltstone, sandy soil, organic fertilizer and sheep manure, wherein relative to 100 parts by mass of the fifth mudstone, the second siltstone is 30 parts, the sandy soil is 23 parts, the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 1500 kg/mu, and the application amount of the sheep manure is 30 square/mu; the grain size of the fifth mudstone is less than 5cm, the grain size of the second siltstone is more than 5cm, and the proportion of the rock lumps is less than 50%;
(c) Paving an artificial soil layer with the thickness of 0.15m above the improved layer between the adjacent water-retaining dark ridges, and then uniformly applying water;
the material and the proportion of the artificial soil layer are the same as those of the improvement layer; the upper surface of the artificial soil layer has a slope of 1-2 degrees and inclines towards the direction of the ecological intercepting and draining branch ditch;
the upper surface of the artificial soil layer forms a 4-5cm deep vein network with wavy drop height fluctuation through an artificial rake plough;
(d) Five mutually parallel ecological intercepting and draining branch ditches are dug above the artificial soil layer, the ecological intercepting and draining branch ditches are parallel to the water-retaining hidden ridges, and the distance between every two adjacent ecological intercepting and draining branch ditches is 20m;
the vertical section of the ecological intercepting and draining branch trench is in an inverted trapezoid shape, the bottom width is 0.3m, the top width is 0.5m, and the depth is 0.6m;
backfilling the culvert water section after the ecological intercepting and draining branch trench is dug and formed, wherein the thickness of the culvert water section is half of the depth of the ecological intercepting and draining branch trench; the water conservation section comprises sixth mudstone, fourth sandstone, sandy soil and salts; relative to 100 parts by mass of the fourth sandstone, the volume ratio of the sixth mudstone is 30 parts, the sand is 7 parts, and the salts are 4 parts;
the grain diameters of the sixth mudstone and the fourth sandstone are both 5-10cm, and the salts are the same as those of the permeable layer;
the upper surface of the water conservation section has a slope of 1-2 degrees and inclines towards the direction of the ecological water interception and drainage main ditch;
(e) Digging an ecological intercepting and draining main ditch above the artificial soil layer, wherein the ecological intercepting and draining main ditch is vertical to the ecological intercepting and draining branch ditch;
the vertical section of the ecological intercepting and draining main ditch is in an inverted trapezoid shape, the bottom width is 0.5m, the top width is 0.8m, and the depth is 0.5m; the bottom surface of the ecological intercepting and draining main ditch has a gradient of 2-3 degrees.
After the step (e), sowing green grass seeds on the artificial soil layer, the water conservation section of the ecological water interception and drainage branch ditch and the ecological water interception and drainage main ditch, and further improving the water source conservation capacity. The grass seeds are plateau forage grass, moss and lichen.
Comparative example 1
The method for repairing the underground soil layer in the alpine region through artificial reconstruction is the same as that in the embodiment 1, and the difference is that in the step (5), the permeable layers and the waterproof layers are not alternately laid, after the thickness of the artificial soil layer is deducted from the thickness of the base layer, the permeable layers and the waterproof layers with half seasonal frozen soil thickness are sequentially laid respectively, namely, only one permeable layer and one waterproof layer are laid, and water is uniformly applied after the permeable layers and the waterproof layers are compacted once again after the permeable layers and the waterproof layers are laid.
The cumulative thickness of the permeable and water barriers of example 1 and comparative example 1 corresponds to the seasonal frozen soil layer, the recovery time of the frozen soil layer of example 1 is 5 months and the recovery time of the frozen soil layer of comparative example 1 is 13 months.
The recovery standard of the seasonal frozen soil is winter frozen soil season and summer frozen soil ablation season, when the frozen soil is excavated in the winter frozen soil season, a cavity or a gap structure can be seen on the section of the frozen soil, and ice particles or frozen fillers can be seen in the cavity or the gap; as a supplement, the surface layer is a conventional soil layer when the soil is excavated in the summer ablation season, and the soil layer is a seasonal frozen soil layer with higher humidity.
Example 2
The method for artificially reconstructing and repairing the underground soil layer in the alpine region provided by the embodiment is the same as the embodiment 1, and is different from the method in that the step (b) is not carried out, namely, the water-retaining dark ridges are not laid, and the artificial soil layer is directly laid on the improved layer.
Example 3
The method for artificially reconstructing and restoring the underground soil layer in the alpine region provided by the embodiment is the same as that in the embodiment 1, and is different from the method in that the step (d) is not performed, namely, the ecological intercepting and draining branch trench is not dug, the ecological intercepting and draining main trench is directly dug on the artificial soil layer, and the ecological intercepting and draining main trench is perpendicular to the water-retaining hidden ridge.
Example 4
The method for artificially reconstructing and repairing the underground soil layer in the alpine region provided by the embodiment is the same as the embodiment 1, and the difference is that in the step (d), a water conservation section is not laid in the ecological intercepting and draining branch trench.
Example 5
The method for repairing the underground soil layer in the alpine region through artificial reconstruction provided by the embodiment is the same as the embodiment 1, and is different from the method in that as shown in fig. 2, in the step (d), three vertically arranged water permeable pipes 1 are uniformly pre-embedded in one ecological intercepting and draining branch trench, the three water permeable pipes 1 divide the water conservation section 7 into four sections in the length direction, the upper surface of one water conservation section 7 between two adjacent water permeable pipes 1 has a slope of 1-2 degrees, and the inclination directions of all the segmented water conservation sections 7 are the same; the height of the higher end of each culvert water section 7 is the same, and the height of the lower end is the same;
the pipe 1 of permeating water establishes in the lower one end of every section of culvert water section 7, and the top mouth of pipe of permeating water 1 flushes with the upper surface of the culvert water section 7 that corresponds, and the bottom mouth of pipe of permeating water 1 seals and is in the thin permeable layer of bottommost, and the position that the pipe 1 of permeating water corresponds every thin permeable layer 3 all is equipped with opening 4 for cut the unnecessary moisture guide in the water branch ditch with the ecology and discharge thin permeable layer 3.
The pipe 1 of permeating water is hollow rigid structure, and top mouth of pipe department is equipped with the filter screen, prevents that the ground of culvert water section 7 from dropping and getting into the pipe 1 of permeating water. The opening 4 of the thin permeable layer 3 corresponding to the permeable pipe 1 is a round hollow of the side wall of the permeable pipe 1, the perimeter of the opening 4 is smaller than the perimeter of the side wall of the permeable pipe 1, the opening 4 is arranged on the upper portion of the thin permeable layer 3 corresponding to the opening, and a filtering screen is arranged.
Example 6
The method for repairing underground soil layers in alpine regions by artificial reconstruction provided by this embodiment is the same as that in embodiment 5, except that, as shown in fig. 3, permeable soil 5 is filled in the permeable pipe 1, and the permeable soil 5 is not filled in the permeable pipe 1 and the region corresponding to the uppermost water-resisting layer 2;
the material of the permeable soil 5 includes 100 parts by mass of the second sandstone and 40 parts by mass of the second mudstone. The opening 4 is not provided with a filter screen.
Example 7
The method for artificially reconstructing and repairing the underground soil layer in the alpine region provided by the embodiment is the same as that in the embodiment 6, and the difference is that as shown in fig. 4, a layer of water-proof soil 6 is arranged below each opening 4, and the thickness of the water-proof soil 6 is 0.2m; the material of the water-proof soil 6 comprises third mudstone and third sandstone in equal parts by mass.
And after the restoration is finished, after the seasonal frozen soil layer formed by the permeable layer and the waterproof layer is restored, manually and uniformly sprinkling water on the restoration area for simulating rainfall, wherein the simulated rainfall per hour is equal to the rainfall of the highest peak in 5 years before the alpine mining area. Specifically, the recovery time of the seasonal frozen soil layers of examples 1 to 7 was approximately the same, all being 5 months, and the recovery time of the seasonal frozen soil layer of comparative example 1 was 13 months; the peak of rainfall generally occurs in summer, and therefore, the simulated rainfall is also performed in summer (8 months).
TABLE 1 comparison of Water-retaining Effect of examples and comparative examples
The time of obvious water accumulation on the earth surface is the time of obvious water accumulation on the earth surface under the conditions of continuous peak rainfall and the same water discharge of the ecological intercepting and draining main channel.
Under the condition that the rainfall and the rainfall are the same, the longer the obvious water accumulation appears on the ground surface, the stronger the absorption energy of the ground surface to rainfall, namely the stronger the water conservation capacity. According to the method for artificially reconstructing and restoring the underground soil layer in the alpine region, the water-retaining hidden ridges, the ecological intercepting and draining main channel, the ecological intercepting and draining branch channel and the water-permeable pipes have positive effects on the water permeability and water absorption of the ground soil layer, and can rapidly permeate water and absorb water, retain rainfall in the soil layer and restore water sources.
Claims (10)
1. The artificial reconstruction and restoration method for the underground soil layer in the alpine region is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Carrying out basic geological data collection on original or peripheral soil of the area to be repaired and hydrographic soil geological conditions occurring in shallow groundwater, carrying out investigation on occurrence characteristics of a soil layer and the groundwater, and determining occurrence characteristics and soil layer characteristics of the area to be repaired;
(2) Determining the bottom layer position, the top layer position and the thickness of each layer of the soil layer of the area to be repaired according to the underground water occurrence characteristics and the soil layer characteristics determined in the step (1), and determining the composition of the artificial reconstruction materials of each layer;
(3) After the pit backfilling and leveling of the area to be repaired are finished, compacting the backfilled area and cleaning unstable rock masses;
(4) Laying a substrate layer above the backfill region, and compacting;
(5) Alternately laying a plurality of permeable layers and a plurality of waterproof layers from bottom to top, and compacting once again;
(6) And reconstructing the soil and water conservation layer above the uppermost water-resisting layer.
2. The artificial reconstruction restoration method for the underground soil layer in the alpine region according to the claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the basic geological data comprise the climatic conditions, the vegetation type, the land type, the soil profile layering and composition, the distribution and bottom boundary depth of seasonal frozen soil, and the hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer in the frozen layer of the region to be restored;
the investigation of occurrence characteristics of the soil layer and the underground water comprises the steps of performing hydrogeology and ecological environment special geological investigation, remote sensing, shallow drilling and trench exploration on the area to be repaired;
the underground water occurrence characteristics are diving water level depth and hydrological characteristics of hydrological soil geological stratification; the soil layer characteristics are characteristic horizon position, composition and depth of the hydrological soil geological stratification, vegetation root depth, and bottom boundary depth, bottom boundary depth and thickness of seasonally frozen soil.
3. The artificial reconstruction restoration method for the underground soil layer in the alpine region according to the claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the mine or the pit of the mining area in the area to be restored is subjected to traditional backfilling and leveling before being restored by the artificial reconstruction restoration method, and the distance between the backfilled ground surface and the bottom boundary depth of the surrounding seasonally frozen soil is 2-3m.
4. The artificial reconstruction restoration method for the underground soil layer in the alpine region according to the claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the thickness of the substrate layer is 2-3m; the material of the base layer comprises first mudstone, clay and first sandstone; 30-50 parts of clay and 27-49 parts of first sandstone relative to 100 parts by mass of first mudstone; the grain size of the first sandstone is 5-10cm, and the grain size of the first mudstone is less than 5cm.
5. The artificial reconstruction method for the underground soil layer in the alpine region according to claim 1, wherein in the step (5), the thickness of the permeable layer is 0.5-1.0m, the thickness of the waterproof layer is 0.3-0.5m, the total thickness of the permeable layer and the waterproof layer is equal to the thickness of the seasonally frozen soil around the region to be repaired, the waterproof layer is used as a top layer to finish the alternate laying, and water is uniformly applied after one-time compaction.
6. The artificial reconstruction restoration method for the subsurface soil layer in the alpine region according to claim 5, wherein the material of the permeable layer comprises a second mudstone, salts and a second sandstone; relative to 100 parts by mass of the second sandstone, 40-60 parts of second mudstone, 5-15 parts of salts, and 5-10cm of grain diameter of the second mudstone and the second sandstone;
the material of the water-resisting layer comprises third mudstone and third sandstone; relative to 100 parts by mass of the third mudstone, the third sandstone is 56-90 parts, the volume ratio of the salts is 5-16 parts, the grain diameter of the third mudstone is less than 5cm, and the grain diameter of the third sandstone is 5-10cm.
7. The artificial reconstruction restoration method for the underground soil layer in the alpine region according to the claim 1, wherein the step (6) specifically comprises the following steps:
(a) Laying an improved layer with the thickness of 0.10-0.15m, wherein the material of the improved layer comprises fourth mudstone and first siltstone;
(b) Paving a plurality of mutually parallel water-retaining dark ridges, wherein the distance between every two adjacent water-retaining dark ridges is 10-15m, and then uniformly applying water;
(c) Paving an artificial soil layer above the improved layer between the adjacent water-retaining dark ridges, and then uniformly applying water;
(d) Digging a plurality of mutually parallel ecological intercepting and draining branch ditches above the artificial soil layer, wherein the distance between adjacent ecological intercepting and draining branch ditches is 20-25m;
(e) An ecological water intercepting and draining main ditch is dug above the artificial soil layer and is vertical to the ecological water intercepting and draining branch ditches.
8. The artificial reconstruction method for the subsurface soil layer in the alpine region according to claim 7, wherein in the step (a), the first siltstone is 35 to 46 parts by mass, the particle sizes of the fourth and first siltstones are both greater than 5cm, and the proportion of the rock lumps is less than 50% relative to 100 parts by mass of the fourth mudstone;
in the step (b), the materials of the water-retaining dark ridges comprise fifth mudstone, second siltstone, sandy soil, organic fertilizer and sheep manure, wherein the second siltstone is 30-55 parts, the sandy soil is 23-36 parts, the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 1500-2000 kg/mu, and the application amount of the sheep manure is 30-35 square/mu, relative to 100 parts by mass of the fifth mudstone;
the grain size of the fifth mudstone is less than 5cm, the grain size of the second siltstone is more than 5cm, and the ratio of the rock lumps is less than 50%.
9. The artificial reconstruction method for the underground soil layer in the alpine region according to claim 7, wherein in the step (c), the thickness of the artificial soil layer is equal to that of the improvement layer, and the material and the proportion of the artificial soil layer are the same as those of the improvement layer; the upper surface of the artificial soil layer has a slope of 1-2 degrees and inclines towards the ecological intercepting and draining branch ditch.
10. The artificial reconstruction method for the underground soil layer in the alpine region according to claim 7, wherein in the step (d), the culvert water section is backfilled after the ecological intercepting and draining branch trench is dug and formed, and the thickness of the culvert water section is half of the depth of the ecological intercepting and draining branch trench; the water conservation section comprises sixth mudstone, fourth sandstone, sandy soil and salts; relative to 100 parts by mass of the fourth sandstone, the volume ratio of the sixth mudstone is 30-50 parts, the sand is 7-17 parts, and the salts are 4-13 parts; the grain diameters of the sixth mudstone and the fourth sandstone are both 5-10cm.
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