CN115710146A - Fine-adjustment formula organic fertilizer combination for planting tobacco in viscous red soil - Google Patents
Fine-adjustment formula organic fertilizer combination for planting tobacco in viscous red soil Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a fine-adjustment formula organic fertilizer combination for planting tobacco in viscous red soil, which comprises the following raw materials: peat; and (2) raw material II: rapeseed oil cake; raw materials III: selecting mulberry branches or vinasse or bagasse; the organic fertilizer combination comprises: organic fertilizer A: raw material I: grass peat; and (2) raw material II: rapeseed oil cake; raw materials III: mulberry branch; and (3) organic fertilizer B: raw material I: peat; and (2) raw material II: rapeseed oil cake; raw material III: vinasse; and (3) organic fertilizer C: raw material I: grass peat; and (2) raw material II: rapeseed oil cake; raw material III: bagasse. The organic fertilizer specially prepared from three different organic materials provided by the invention is applied to the cohesive red soil, so that the pH value and the soil fertility of the soil can be effectively improved, the growth and development of tobacco plants are promoted to different degrees, the yield and the output value of tobacco leaves are increased, the total nitrogen and nicotine content of flue-cured tobacco is reduced, the total sugar, reducing sugar and potassium ion content are improved, the chemical quality of the tobacco leaves is further coordinated, and the utilization rate of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers of the tobacco plants is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field, and particularly relates to the technical field of fine-adjustment formula organic fertilizer combination for planting tobacco in viscous red soil.
Background
With the improvement of living standard and consumption standard of people, the demand of high-quality and high-grade tobacco is continuously increased. As one of the main production areas of fresh and sweet fragrant flue-cured tobacco, qujing City has been an important way for increasing local finance and tax and enriching farmers locally. However, for a long time, some tobacco areas and farmers have pursued unilateral yield and economic benefit, and the increase in the intensity of fertilizer application has also led to a deterioration in soil quality, including soil acidification, salinization, soil nutrient imbalance, and soil nitrate accumulation, agricultural surface source pollution of ground water and surface water, and a decrease in flue-cured tobacco fertilizer utilization and tobacco quality. The selection of commercial organic fertilizer for partial replacement of fertilizer is a key measure for solving the problem and realizing green development of tobacco agriculture. In most cases, the application of a proper amount of organic fertilizer is beneficial to improving the quality of flue-cured tobacco and the fragrance of tobacco leaves. The organic fertilizer can provide comprehensive nutrition for flue-cured tobacco, promote the propagation of microorganisms, improve the soil structure, obviously improve the content of large aggregates in the soil and the water stability thereof, is beneficial to cultivation and root growth and development, enhances the fertilizer retention, fertilizer supply and buffer capacity of the soil, and improves the drought resistance and waterlogging resistance. Acidic substances and physiological active substances generated after the organic fertilizer is decomposed can stimulate the growth of the flue-cured tobacco, promote the dissolution of mineral nutrients in soil and the fertilizer, and improve the utilization rate of the fertilizer. Meanwhile, by applying the chemical fertilizer and the organic fertilizer, the nutrient supply can be more comprehensive and lasting, the fertilizer efficiency is improved, the nutrient loss is reduced, the soil structure is improved, and the soil nutrient is increased.
In recent years, there have been many problems in the application of organic fertilizers. Some organic fertilizers have certain limitations in transportation and transfer due to special physical properties and total amount; the crop straws are stacked, discarded, burned and wasted seriously; the production technology is lagged behind, and the organic fertilizer can only be applied after degumming and maturation. However, in conventional agricultural production, the accumulation and application of organic fertilizers are time consuming and laborious, and lack of labor. At present, farmers have low dependence on land income, and are reluctant to spend more cost on organic fertilizers; enterprises pursue high profit, and most organic fertilizer products are high in price. The effect of applying the organic fertilizer in a short period is slow, and the popularization is limited. Research shows that compared with the traditional organic fertilizer, the commercial organic fertilizer has the functions of rich organic matters, complete nutrients, slow effect and the like, and can improve the stability of the soil structure, the microbial activity, the comprehensive soil fertility and the comprehensive quality of tobacco leaves after being applied for a long time, so that the application of the commercial organic fertilizer in the production of flue-cured tobacco is continuously expanded. The special commercial organic fertilizer overcomes the defects of innocuity and low decomposition and conversion level of the common organic fertilizer by utilizing the self technology and processing advantages. However, organic fertilizers made from different organic raw materials have different physical and chemical characteristics, such as carbon to nitrogen ratio and inorganic salts. Their decomposition and transformation in soil, release rate and utilization efficiency, and the influence on soil structure, flue-cured tobacco growth and development, yield and quality are different.
Ramulus mori (mulberry branches) is the largest quantity of by-products in the production of silkworm mulberry. Except for trimming a small part of mulberry branches used as firewood every year, most of the mulberry branches are discarded in the field, which is both wasteful and environmental-pollution. Composting is one of the more common and efficient methods for treating organic solid waste. The composted mulberry twigs are clean and environment-friendly, have high organic matter content, complete nutrient elements and less pollution components. After being degraded and fermented by microorganisms, the humic acid is converted into humus which is easily absorbed by crops, and the soil fertility can be obviously improved. China is a big country for producing and consuming white spirit. With the increasing of the yield, the waste vinasse of the white spirit causes great pollution to the environment. At present, incineration is the main mode of harmless treatment of vinasse, but the energy consumption is high, the cost is high, and the resource utilization rate is low. The vinasse is rich in organic matters and various nutrient elements and is a potential source of high-quality organic fertilizer. The organic fertilizer is produced by taking the vinasse as the raw material, so that the nutrient resources of the vinasse can be fully utilized, and the harmless treatment and resource utilization of brewing wastes are realized. The production of sugarcane is taken as the support industry of agricultural production, and the enlargement of the production scale brings about the accumulation of a large amount of bagasse waste resources, thereby causing the pollution of the agricultural environment in the production area. The bagasse is prepared into the organic fertilizer, so that the ecological environment can be protected, and resources can be saved. Bagasse is rich in cellulose, lignin and other organic matters which are difficult to decompose. In production, the decomposition process can be accelerated by adjusting the carbon-nitrogen ratio and adding microbial agents. The application of the turf can improve the soil activity and the root system activity, and the rapeseed oil cake has good effects of improving the yield of tobacco leaves, improving the appearance quality of the tobacco leaves and increasing the fragrance content.
Finally, the skilled person considers that the efficacy significance of different organic fertilizers for different crops can be predicted when fine-tuned, but after the intensive research of the researchers, the effect of the organic fertilizers is not consistent with the expected prediction, and when a golden ratio appears, the efficacy of one aspect of the organic fertilizers can be remarkably changed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the defects of the problems and provides a fine-adjustment formula organic fertilizer combination for planting tobacco in viscous red soil. The invention aims to provide three organic fertilizers specially made of different organic materials, which are applied to the sticky red soil, can effectively improve the pH value and the soil fertility of the soil, promote the growth and development of tobacco plants to different degrees, increase the yield and the output value of tobacco leaves, reduce the total nitrogen and nicotine content of flue-cured tobacco, improve the content of total sugar, reducing sugar and potassium ions, further coordinate the chemical quality of the tobacco leaves and improve the utilization rate of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers of the tobacco plants.
The invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme.
A fine-adjustment formula organic fertilizer combination for planting tobacco in cohesive red soil is characterized by comprising the following raw materials: grass peat; and (2) raw material II: carrying out rapeseed oil drying; raw material III: selecting mulberry branches or vinasse or bagasse; the organic fertilizer combination comprises:
and (3) organic fertilizer A: raw material I: peat; and (2) raw material II: carrying out rapeseed oil drying; raw material III: mulberry branch;
and (3) organic fertilizer B: raw material I: peat; and (2) raw material II: rapeseed oil cake; raw material III: vinasse;
and (3) organic fertilizer C: raw material I: peat; and (2) raw material II: rapeseed oil cake; raw material III: bagasse.
Further, the organic fertilizer A of the invention: raw material I: peat; and (2) raw material II: rapeseed oil cake; raw material III: the parameters of the mulberry branches are as follows: contains 53.82% of organic matter, 2.31% of N and P in percentage by mass 2 O 5 1.76％、K 2 O2.32 percent and pH6.39; and (3) the organic fertilizer B: raw material I: peat; and (2) raw material II: carrying out rapeseed oil drying; raw material III: the parameters of the vinasse are as follows: the material comprises 51.71% of organic matter, 2.24% of N and P in percentage by mass 2 O 5 1.70％、K 2 O 2.48％、pH6.31；
And (3) organic fertilizer C: raw material I: peat; and (2) raw material II: rapeseed oil cake; raw material III: the bagasse parameters were: contains 52.98 percent of organic matter, 2.27 percent of N and P in percentage by mass 2 O 5 1.85％、K 2 O 2.43％、pH6.28。
Further, the application method of the organic fertilizer combination provided by the invention comprises the following steps of combining the organic fertilizer and the conventional fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 3; the conventional fertilizer is as follows: pure nitrogen 97.5kg/hm 2 Phosphorus P 2 O 5 146.25kg/hm 2 Potassium, K 2 O 292.50kg/hm 2 。
The application of the fine-tuning formula organic fertilizer combination is to use the organic fertilizer B to improve the pH value of soil.
The application of the fine-adjustment formula organic fertilizer combination is that the organic fertilizer B is used for improving and increasing soil organic matters; or the content ratio of the hydrolyzable nitrogen is improved by using the organic fertilizer B; or the organic fertilizer B is used for improving the effective phosphorus content of the soil or the organic fertilizer B is used for reducing the conductivity of the soil.
The application of the fine-adjustment formula organic fertilizer combination is to increase the content of large-particle-size aggregates larger than 5mm and 2-5 mm in soil by using the organic fertilizer B.
The application of the fine-adjustment formula organic fertilizer combination is that the organic fertilizer B is used for increasing the plant height, the stem circumference and the leaf number of the flue-cured tobacco.
The application of the fine-adjustment formula organic fertilizer combination is that the organic fertilizer C is used for increasing the leaf area and the leaf area coefficient of the flue-cured tobacco.
The application of the fine-tuning formula organic fertilizer combination is that the organic fertilizer B or the organic fertilizer C is used for increasing the availability index of the chemical components of the tobacco leaves in the upper middle part.
The application of the fine-adjustment formula organic fertilizer combination is that the organic fertilizer B is used for increasing the apparent utilization rate and the physiological utilization rate of nitrogen.
The beneficial effect of the invention is that,
1. the three organic fertilizers are beneficial to improving the pH value and the fertility of soil and reducing the conductivity of the soil. Compared with the dosage of the conventional fertilizer, the three organic fertilizers can obviously improve the pH value of the soil by 0.14-0.31 unit, the organic matter content is respectively improved by 15.56%, 31.27% and 20.16%, the hydrolysate content is respectively obviously improved by 7.97%, 26.81% and 12.87%, the soil conductivity is obviously reduced by 20.03%, and the effect of the organic fertilizer B (organic materials are vinasse, turf and rapeseed oil cake) is more obvious. Research shows that the fertilizing method is a key factor influencing the physicochemical property of soil under the condition of similar planting system, texture and environment. Compared with a single-application fertilizer, the invention uses different organic fertilizers to replace 30 percent of fertilizers, can improve the pH value of soil, obviously improves the contents of organic matters, hydrolyzed nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus and quick-acting potassium in the soil, and reduces the conductivity of the soil. This is because: on the one hand, nitrogen in the fertilizer releases a large amount of protons (H) in the soil ammoniation and nitration processes + ) Resulting in a decrease in soil pH. Compared with the single application of the fertilizer, the application of the organic fertilizer can obviously reduce NO in the soil 3 - The content and the net proton yield are increased, the utilization rate of organic carbon is increased, the balance of the content and the utilization of carbon and nitrogen nutrients of soil is effectively adjusted, the denitrification of reduced nitrate and the neutralization of high-alkalinity ash in organic matters are promoted, and the pH value of the soil is increased. On the other hand, the application of the organic fertilizer can supplement effective carbon sources of soil microorganisms andmultiple substrates promote the metabolism and the propagation of soil microorganisms, so that the activity of soil enzymes is improved; meanwhile, the organic matter improves the physical and chemical properties of soil and the growth environment of soil microbial populations, increases the abundance of microbes and further accelerates the decomposition of the organic matter.
2. After the three organic fertilizers are applied, the contents of large-particle-size aggregates (5 mm, 2-5 mm) in the soil are respectively and remarkably increased by 69.28%,172.67%,90.89%, 42.79%,94.97% and 81.04%, wherein the effect of the organic fertilizer B is most obvious; the content of the aggregates with other particle sizes is obviously reduced by 4.61-23.94 percent. The content of powder agglomerates (< 0.25 mm) was reduced to 50.09%, 45.30% and 48.64%, respectively. Compared with the treatment without fertilization, the conventional fertilization obviously increases the aggregate contents of medium particle size (1-2 mm) and particle size (< 0.25 mm), which are respectively 35.53% and 7.10%. It can be seen that the application of the fertilizer is not beneficial to the formation of large aggregates, the application of the organic fertilizer can promote the cementation of medium and large particle size aggregates, promote the conversion of water-stable aggregates with the particle sizes of R <0.25mm, R (0.25-0.5 mm) and R (0.5-1 mm) to aggregates with the particle sizes of more than 5mm and 2-5 mm, and then improve the structure and the stability of soil. Compared with the single application of the fertilizer, the application of the organic fertilizer promotes the formation of soil micro-aggregates into large aggregates, and the content of aggregates with smaller particle sizes is reduced, thereby indicating that the water stability is enhanced and the soil structure is stable. Firstly, the pH value and electrolyte concentration of soil can be changed by applying the fertilizer, so that the structure of soil aggregates is influenced, and the stability of the soil aggregates is reduced; on the contrary, after the organic fertilizer is applied, the soil organic matter is increased, so that the cohesion and tensile strength among the aggregates are enhanced, the phenomena that air in pores of the aggregates is compressed, expanded and crushed in the wetting process are reduced, the spatial distribution of soil nutrients in the pores of the tobacco field is changed, and the storage of the soil nutrients is promoted. According to the aggregate forming theory, soil particles promote the conversion of the clay particles to micelles and macro aggregates under the action of cementing substances, microorganisms, root systems and the like. The experiment shows that the treatment of the organic fertilizer special for the vinasse is more beneficial to the formation of large aggregates (> 2 mm) than mulberry twig and bagasse organic fertilizers, the water stability of the aggregates is stronger, the aggregates possibly have hydrophobicity with certain organic substances in the organic fertilizer for the vinasse, the hydrophobic groups in the aggregates are increased, and the organic fertilizer for the vinasse can improve the abundance of soil microorganisms.
The organic fertilizer B and the organic fertilizer C are applied on the basis of 70% of the conventional fertilizer, so that the growth and development of the flue-cured tobacco can be promoted, and the structure grade, the yield and the output value of the tobacco are improved. The height, stem circumference and leaf number of the flue-cured tobacco applied with the organic fertilizer B are respectively and obviously higher than 8.99%, 4.76% and 12.09% of those applied with the conventional fertilizer, and are obviously higher than those of flue-cured tobacco applied with the organic fertilizers A and C and flue-cured tobacco not applied with the organic fertilizer. Compared with the conventional fertilizer, the leaf area and the leaf area coefficient of the organic fertilizers B and C are respectively and obviously increased by 8.33%, 7.72%, 15.55% and 10.60%. From the economic character, the proportion, the yield and the output value of the high-quality tobacco leaves of the organic fertilizers B and C are respectively and obviously improved by 12.10 percent, 8.92 percent, 13.19 percent, 9.09 percent, 25.49 percent and 20.35 percent compared with the conventional fertilization. These indexes of fertilizer a are not significantly different from conventional fertilization. Compared with single fertilizer application, the method has the advantages that the area of flue-cured tobacco leaves, the proportion of high-quality tobacco leaves, the yield and the output value are obviously improved by the matched application of the vinasse bagasse organic fertilizer, and the average content is respectively improved by 13.08%, 10.51%, 11.14% and 22.92%. The reason is as follows: on one hand, the two organic fertilizers can effectively coordinate the balanced supply of organic and inorganic nutrients, improve the effective nutrients of soil, promote the growth and development of tobacco plants and root systems, and improve the area and dry matter accumulation of tobacco leaves, thereby improving the yield of the tobacco leaves and the proportion and the yield of high-quality leaves. On the other hand, the organic fertilizer increases the mineralized organic nitrogen reservoir and soil microbial community of soil, so that the conversion rate, the productivity and the continuous nitrogen supply capability of the soil nitrogen reservoir are kept stable, and the degradation of chlorophyll in the later growth stage of flue-cured tobacco and the yellowing of tobacco leaves in the mature stage are facilitated.
The application of the organic fertilizer obviously reduces the content of total nitrogen and nicotine in the middle tobacco leaves, increases the content of total sugar, reducing sugar and potassium ions, and enables the chemical components of the tobacco leaves to be more coordinated. Compared with the conventional fertilization, the nitrogen content in the middle part is obviously reduced by 7.51 to 15.81 percent after 3 organic fertilizers are applied; the nicotine content of the middle tobacco leaves is remarkably reduced by 10.44% -14.81%; the potassium content of the middle tobacco leaves is obviously improved by 8.84-16.87%; the total sugar content of the upper and middle leaves is respectively increased by 0.41-15.81 percent and 4.47-10.80 percent, the reducing sugar content is remarkably increased by 7.78-17.09 percent and 21.68-35.03 percent. Compared with the single application of the fertilizer, the application of the organic fertilizer increases the total sugar, reducing sugar and potassium ions of the tobacco leaves, reduces the content of total nitrogen and nicotine, and ensures that the chemical components of the tobacco leaves are more coordinated. This is probably because potassium in the organic fertilizer promotes NO 3 The absorption and transportation of N in tobacco plants improve the nutrition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, improve the enzyme activity of tobacco roots, accelerate the conversion of organic nutrition and carbon and nitrogen metabolism of soil, ensure that the release rate of soil nutrients more conforms to the nutrient absorption rule of flue-cured tobacco, and promote the conversion of various substances in tobacco leaves, thereby improving the quality of the tobacco leaves. After the organic fertilizer is applied, nitrogen and nicotine in the tobacco leaves are obviously reduced, and the influence on the middle tobacco leaves is greater than that on the upper tobacco leaves. The possible reason is that the organic nitrogen of the soil is improved by the organic fertilizer, so that the nitrogen accumulation rate of the upper tobacco leaves is higher than that of the middle tobacco leaves, and the nitrogen transfer rate of the upper tobacco leaves is lower than that of the middle tobacco leaves.
The decrement fertilization is matched with the organic fertilizer, so that the utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers of the flue-cured tobacco can be obviously improved, and the effect of the organic fertilizer B is most obvious. The apparent nitrogen utilization rate and the physiological nitrogen utilization rate of the three organic fertilizers are respectively and obviously improved by 13.48 to 27.46 percent and 5.42 to 17.81 percent compared with the control; the apparent utilization rate of phosphorus is 6.72-8.14%, which is respectively and obviously improved by 21.13%, 35.44% and 11.81%, and the physiological utilization rate of phosphorus is respectively and obviously improved by 28.11%, 36.07% and 33.83%; the apparent utilization rate of the potassium is 37.49-40.67%, the obvious improvement is 6.29%, 12.16% and 3.39%, and the physiological utilization rate of the potassium is respectively 5.72%, 13.08% and 5.07% higher than that of the contrast. The apparent utilization rate and the physiological utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium treated by the compound application of the vinasse and bagasse organic fertilizer and the fertilizer are obviously higher than those of mulberry organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer. On one hand, after the organic fertilizer is applied, a carbon source is supplemented to promote the reproduction and growth of tobacco rhizosphere microorganisms, and the adsorption and the conversion of N, P and K of the fertilizer are improved; meanwhile, the organic fertilizer is applied to promote the growth of crop roots, increase the biomass of the roots and root secretions, and improve the solubility of insoluble phosphorus and potassium in soil, thereby improving the absorption of plants on nutrients. On the other hand, the vinasse and bagasse organic fertilizer contains a large amount of beneficial bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phosphorus-potassium bacteria can be enriched, the leaching loss of nutrients is reduced, the colonization of harmful fungi and bacteria is inhibited, and the rhizosphere environment is optimized, so that the utilization rate of the flue-cured tobacco fertilizer is improved.
The invention will be further explained and illustrated with reference to specific embodiments.
Detailed Description
1. Materials and methods
1.1 Basic outline of the test site
The test site is located in Daqing village and Daqing village (103 DEG 32'E,25 DEG 44' N, elevation 1922.6 m) in the Zhajing Yiqu district, the average rainfall is 926.9mm in the field period of flue-cured tobacco at 4-9 months, and the annual average air temperature is 16.7 ℃. The soil type of the test field is red soil, soil texture clay and winter fallow of previous stubbles. Soil basic nutrients of a plough layer (0-20 cm) before flue-cured tobacco transplanting: pH 6.23, organic matter 30.29g/kg, total nitrogen 1.88 g/kg, hydrolytic nitrogen 112.51mg/kg, available phosphorus 32.61mg/kg, quick-acting potassium 237.82mg/kg, water-soluble chloride ion (Cl) - )6.24 mg/kg。
1.2 test materials
The test flue-cured tobacco variety is Yunyan 100.
Fertilizer: special compound fertilizer (N: P) for tobacco 2 O 5 :K 2 O =15%:8%: 25%), potassium nitrate (containing 13.5% of N and K) 2 O46.5%), ordinary calcium superphosphate (containing P) 2 O 5 16%) and potassium sulfate (containing K) 2 O 50％)。
Organic fertilizer A (organic materials mainly comprise mulberry branches, peat and rapeseed oil cake, and contains 53.82% of organic matter, 2.31% of N, and P 2 O 5 1.76％、K 2 O2.32%, pH6.39, yunnan chen tong biotechnology limited, yunnan agro-fertilizer (2020) No. 0168);
organic fertilizer B (main organic materials including distiller's grains, peat and rapeseed oil cake, and containing organic matter 51.71%, N2.24%, and P 2 O 5 1.70％、 K 2 O2.48%, pH6.31, guizhou Bijieling fertilizer Limited, qian nong fei (2018) No. 1145)
Organic fertilizer C (organic materials mainly including bagasse, peat and rapeseed oil cake, containing organic matter 52.98%, N2.27%, and P 2 O 5 1.85％、K 2 O2.43%, pH 6.28, yunan Green manure industry Co., ltd, microbial fertilizer (201)9) Standard character (No. 7106)).
Indexes such as pathogenic bacteria and heavy metals of the 3 tobacco organic fertilizers meet the standard of NY/T525-2021 organic fertilizer.
1.3 design of the experiment
5 treatments are set, namely the conventional fertilizer dosage (T1, CK) and 70 percent of the conventional fertilizer dosage are respectively distributed with the organic fertilizer A (T2), the organic fertilizer B (T3) and the organic fertilizer C (T4) and are not applied with fertilizer (T5).
Cell area 60m 2 80 tobacco plants are planted in each cell, repeated for 3 times, and arranged in random blocks.
Floating seedling culture is adopted, transplanting is carried out in 2021 year 4 month and 23 days, the plant-row spacing is 0.6m multiplied by 1.2m, and film covering is carried out after flue-cured tobacco transplanting until the flue-cured tobacco harvesting and curing are finished.
Tobacco plant field period organic fertilizer and N, P 2 O 5 、K 2 The amount of O added is shown in Table 1, N 2 O 5 :K 2 O is 1.
Wherein the organic fertilizer (A, B, C), nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer are all applied basal; 70% of potash fertilizer is applied as base, 30% of potash fertilizer is applied by watering when the 8 th and 12 th new leaves grow on the tobacco plant, and the rest is the same as the local high-quality tobacco production.
TABLE 1 application rates of the fertilizers treated in the tests
Table 1 The amount of fertilizers application of different treatments
1.4 sample Collection and measurement indices
1.4.1 soil in 9-month late 2021 (after flue-cured tobacco harvesting), selecting uniformly distributed and strong-representativeness points according to cells, removing about 0.5cm of soil surface layer, collecting rhizosphere soil by using a soil auger and marking, mixing the same sample, taking the same back to a laboratory, air drying, preparing a sample, and measuring soil nutrients. Meanwhile, slightly stripping large soil blocks in the root zone into small soil blocks with the diameter of 0-20 cm, removing stones, naturally drying root systems, and reserving the soil blocks as soil water-stable aggregate determination samples. Reference Bowden [16] The method is used for measuring the content of soil nutrients; soil water-stable aggregate determination by wet sieve method [4] 。
1.4.2 agronomic traits of tobacco plants when cured tobacco is mature, 8 healthy cured tobacco plants are randomly selected according to a cell and according to the YC/T142-2010 standard [17] And measuring the plant height, stem circumference, leaf number, leaf length and width to obtain the leaf area and leaf area coefficient of the tobacco leaves.
1.4.3 when the flue-cured tobacco is mature, the flue-cured tobacco is harvested and baked according to the district brand, and GB2635-92 is adopted [18] And (4) classifying and weighing the flue-cured tobacco leaves according to the standard division to obtain the first-class tobacco proportion, the yield and the output value.
1.4.4 tobacco leaf chemical components and availability indexes B2F (second upper orange) and C3F (third middle orange) samples of tobacco leaves in each cell are collected. Determination of Total sugar and reducing sugar in tobacco leaves by means of continuous flow Analyzer (AA 3 type) (YC/T159-2002) [19] Total nitrogen (YC/T161-2002) [20] Nicotine (YC/T468-2013) [21] Potassium (YC/T217-2007) [22] And water-soluble chlorine content (YC/T162-2011) [23] . Press for residual fragrance, etc [3] The method calculates the availability index (CCUI) of the chemical components of the tobacco leaves.
1.4.5 measurement of Nitrogen, phosphorus and Potassium content of tobacco plants when cured tobacco is mature, 6 tobacco plants are fixed in each cell, and upper, middle and lower tobacco leaves are harvested for 3 times. Finally, 1 time, the roots, the stems and the leaves are collected together, and the tobacco plants are cleaned by clear water. Deactivating enzyme at 105 deg.C for 30min, oven drying at 80 deg.C, weighing, pulverizing, mixing to obtain sample to be tested, and treating with H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O 2 After digestion of the sample, the sample is digested according to the standard NY/T2017-2011 [24] Total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were measured for each organ. Reference to complementary fin, etc [3] The method calculates the apparent utilization rate and the physiological utilization rate of the fertilizer.
1.5 data processing
Data processing and analysis were performed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS 19.0 software, with the test for significance of differences between treatments using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) method.
2 results and analysis
2.1 Effect of different treatments on the nutrient content of the rhizosphere soil of tobacco plants
As can be seen from Table 2, the pH and soil nutrients were lowest without T5 fertilization treatment.
The pH value of CK is 6.40, the soil is neutral, the pH value of organic fertilizers T2, T3 and T4 is obviously increased by 0.14-0.31 unit compared with that of CK, and the increase is maximum by T3.
Compared with CK, the organic matter content of T2, T3 and T4 soil is respectively increased by 15.56%, 31.27% and 20.16%.
The content of hydrolyzable nitrogen of T2, T3 and T4 is respectively improved by 7.97 percent, 26.81 percent and 12.87 percent compared with CK, and the difference among the contents is obvious. The contents of the available phosphorus and the available potassium in the soil of T2 and T3 are respectively and obviously improved by 27.68 percent, 37.28 percent, 42.79 percent and 6.47 percent compared with CK. Compared with CK, the soil conductivity of T2, T3 and T4 is respectively reduced by 20.03%, 26.73% and 22.37%.
Therefore, the application of the 3 organic fertilizers is beneficial to improving the pH and the fertility of the soil and reducing the conductivity of the soil, and the effect of the organic fertilizer B (organic materials are vinasse, turf and rapeseed oil cake) is more obvious.
TABLE 2 influence of organic fertilizer replacing partial fertilizer on available nutrient content of tobacco planting soil
Table 2 Effect of commercial organic fertilizer replacing partial chemical fertilizer on soil nutrients of planting tobacco soil
Note: different lower case letters after the same column of data indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) between different treatments, and the data in the table are mean and standard deviation. The same applies below.
Note:Values in the same column followed by different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at the 0.05level,and the date in the table are mean and standard deviation.The same as below.
2.2 distribution of Water-stable aggregates of differently treated soils
As can be seen from Table 3, the content of the micro-aggregates (< 0.25 mm) in each treatment is the highest, and the composition of the soil water-stable aggregates is changed remarkably after the organic fertilizer is applied (T1, T2 and T3).
Compared with CK, the contents of medium-large particle size aggregates (larger than 5mm and 2-5 mm) of T2, T3 and T4 are respectively and obviously increased by 69.28 percent, 172.67 percent, 90.89 percent, 42.79 percent, 94.97 percent and 81.04 percent, and the T3 effect is most obvious; and the content of the aggregates of other particle grades is obviously reduced by 4.61-23.94%.
Wherein, the content of T2, T3 and T4 powder particles (< 0.25 mm) is respectively reduced to 50.09%, 45.30% and 48.64%. Compared with the treatment without fertilization (T5), T1 obviously increases the content of aggregates with medium size fraction (1-2 mm) and powder fraction (< 0.25 mm) by 35.53 percent and 7.10 percent.
Therefore, the fertilizer is applied to be not beneficial to the formation of large aggregates, the application of the organic fertilizer can promote the cementation of the aggregates with medium and large particle sizes, and the water-stable aggregates with the particle sizes of R (less than 0.25 mm), R (0.25-0.5 mm) and R (0.5-1 mm) are driven to be converted into the aggregates with the particle sizes of more than 5mm and 2-5 mm, so that the soil structure and the stability are improved.
TABLE 3 Effect of organic fertilizers in place of partial fertilizers on the distribution of soil water-stable aggregates
Table 3 Effects of commercial organic fertilizer replacing partial chemical fertilizer on the distribution of water-stable aggregates in soils
Note: and R represents the particle size of the soil aggregate. Note is R index soil aggregation size.
2.3 Effect of different treatments on growth, yield and output of flue-cured tobacco
As can be seen from Table 4, the tobacco plants were grown less well without fertilization treatment (T5), and the yield and output of tobacco leaves were the lowest.
The plant height, stem circumference and leaf number of the T3 flue-cured tobacco are respectively and obviously improved by 8.99 percent, 4.76 percent and 12.09 percent compared with CK, and the plant height, stem circumference and leaf number of the T3 flue-cured tobacco are obviously higher than T2, T4 and T5.
Compared with CK, the leaf area and the leaf area coefficient of T3 and T4 are respectively and obviously improved by 8.33%, 7.72%, 15.55% and 10.60%.
From the economic characters, the first-class smoke proportion, the yield and the yield of T3 and T4 are respectively and remarkably increased by 12.10%, 8.92%, 13.19%, 9.09%, 25.49% and 20.35% compared with CK, and the indexes of T2 are not remarkably different from CK.
Therefore, on the basis of 70% of the conventional fertilizer dosage, the organic fertilizer B (T3) and the organic fertilizer C (T4) are applied in a matched manner, so that the growth and development of the flue-cured tobacco can be promoted, and the effects of improving the structure grade, the yield and the output value of the tobacco leaf are remarkable.
TABLE 4 Effect of organic fertilizers in place of partial fertilizers on tobacco plant growth, yield and yield value
Table 4 Effects of commercial organic fertilizer replacing partial chemical fertilizer on growth,yield,and output value of flue-cured tobacco
2.4 Effect of treatments on tobacco chemical composition
As can be seen from Table 5, the total sugar and reducing sugar contents of the upper and middle tobacco leaves were significantly higher than those of the other fertilization treatments without fertilization treatment (T5).
In the treatment of T2, T3 and T4 for applying organic fertilizer, the total sugar content of the upper and middle tobacco leaves is 31.95-36.85 percent and 32.02-33.96 percent respectively, the average value is 34.58 percent and 32.77 percent respectively, the reducing sugar content of the tobacco leaves is 19.88-23.77 percent and 23.51-25.98 percent respectively, and the average value is 21.99 percent and 24.54 percent respectively; compared with CK, the total sugar content of tobacco leaves at the upper part and the middle part of the 3 treatments of applying the organic fertilizer is respectively increased by 0.41-15.81 percent and 4.47-10.80 percent, and the content of reducing sugar is obviously increased by 7.78-17.09 percent and 21.68-35.03 percent.
The total nitrogen content of the upper tobacco leaves and the middle tobacco leaves of T2, T3 and T4 is 2.11-2.58 percent and 2.13-2.34 percent, the average values are 2.34 percent and 2.33 percent respectively, wherein the total nitrogen content of the middle tobacco leaves of T2, T3 and T4 is reduced by 7.51-15.81 percent compared with CK.
The nicotine content of tobacco leaves at the upper part and the middle part of each fertilization treatment is respectively 2.43-2.83% and 2.53-2.93%, the average value is 2.58% and 2.68%, and the nicotine content of tobacco leaves at the middle parts of T2, T3 and T4 is obviously reduced by 10.44-14.81% compared with CK.
The potassium content of the upper and middle tobacco leaves in the fertilization treatment is respectively 2.15% -2.34% and 2.49% -2.91%, the average value is 2.24% and 2.72%, the potassium content of the upper tobacco leaves in T3 is the highest, which is obviously improved by 8.84% compared with CK, and the potassium content of the middle tobacco leaves in T2, T3 and T4 is obviously increased by 8.84% -16.87% compared with CK.
The water-soluble chlorine content of the upper and middle tobacco leaves is not obviously different between different treatments.
From the chemical composition availability index (CCUI), the CCUI of the upper and middle tobacco leaves is the highest in T3 and T4, the difference with CK is obvious, and the CCUI of T5 is the lowest. The analysis shows that compared with the single fertilizer application, the application of the organic fertilizer obviously reduces the total nitrogen and nicotine content of the middle tobacco leaves, improves the total sugar, reducing sugar and potassium ion content and enables the chemical components of the tobacco leaves to be more coordinated.
TABLE 5 influence of organic fertilizer replacing part of fertilizer on chemical composition of tobacco leaf
Table 5 Effect of commercial organic fertilizer replacing partial chemical fertilizer on main chemical components of tobacco leaves
Note: CCUI: a chemical composition availability index; B2F: a second tangerine peel; C3F: and (5) adding tangerine peel, tangerine peel and tangerine peel.
Note:CCUI:Chemical components usability index；B2F:Upper orange leaf 2；C3F:Middle orange leaf 3.
2.5 Effect of Each treatment on utilization ratio of flue-cured tobacco Fertilizer
As can be seen from Table 6, the apparent nitrogen utilization rates and the physiological nitrogen utilization rates of T2, T3 and T4 are respectively and remarkably improved by 13.48-27.46% and 5.42-17.81% compared with CK, and the difference between the two nitrogen utilization rates of T2 and T3 is not remarkable.
The apparent utilization rates of the T2, T3 and T4 phosphorus are 6.72-8.14%, and are respectively and obviously increased by 21.13%, 35.44% and 11.81% compared with CK.
Compared with CK, the physiological utilization rates of the phosphorus of T2, T3 and T4 are obviously improved by 28.11%, 36.07% and 33.83%.
The apparent utilization rate of potassium of T2, T3 and T4 is variable by 37.49-40.67%, and is obviously increased by 6.29%, 12.16% and 3.39% compared with CK;
the physiological utilization rates of the T2, T3 and T4 potassium are respectively and obviously improved by 5.72 percent, 13.08 percent and 5.07 percent compared with the CK.
Therefore, the fertilizer is reduced and the organic fertilizer is applied, so that the utilization rate of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer of the flue-cured tobacco can be obviously improved, and the treatment effect is most obvious when the organic fertilizer B is applied.
TABLE 6 influence of partial fertilizer substitution by organic fertilizer on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer utilization rate of flue-cured tobacco
Table 6 Effect of commercial organic fertilizer replacing partial chemical fertilizer on N,P and K fertilizer utilization rate of flue-cured tobacco
And (4) conclusion: the 3 special organic fertilizers can effectively improve the pH value and the soil fertility of soil by replacing 30% of chemical fertilizers, promote the growth and development of tobacco plants to different degrees, increase the yield and the output value of tobacco leaves, reduce the total nitrogen and nicotine content of flue-cured tobacco, improve the total sugar, reducing sugar and potassium ion content, further coordinate the chemical quality of the tobacco leaves, and improve the utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers of the tobacco plants, wherein the organic fertilizers produced by taking vinasse, turf and rapeseed oil cake as main organic materials have the best effects of improving the quantity of soil macro-aggregates (R is more than 5mm and the grain diameter of 2-5 mm) and soil nutrients, improving the fertilizer utilization rate and the yield and quality of the flue-cured tobacco, and are worthy of popularization and application. In the red soil region of Jingjing, the current inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium application amount (N97.5 kg/hm) 2 、P 2 O 5 146.25kg/hm 2 、K 2 O 292.5kg/hm 2) On the basis of reducing the application by 30 percent and applying 1500 kg/hm of organic fertilizer in a matching way 2 Has obvious effect of improving quality and enhancing effect on the flue-cured tobacco.
The foregoing is only a part of the specific embodiments of the present invention, and the specific contents or common general knowledge in the schemes are not described herein too much (including but not limited to the shorthand, abbreviation, units commonly used in the art). It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments do not limit the present invention in any way, and all technical solutions obtained by means of equivalent substitution or equivalent transformation for those skilled in the art are within the protection scope of the present invention. The scope of the claims of the present application shall be determined by the contents of the claims, and the description of the embodiments and the like in the specification shall be used to explain the contents of the claims.
Claims (10)
1. The fine-adjustment formula organic fertilizer combination for planting tobacco in viscous red soil is characterized by comprising the following raw materials: grass peat; and (2) raw material II: rapeseed oil cake; raw materials III: selecting mulberry branches or vinasse or bagasse; the organic fertilizer combination comprises:
and (3) organic fertilizer A: raw material I: grass peat; and (2) raw material II: carrying out rapeseed oil drying; raw material III: mulberry branch;
and (3) organic fertilizer B: raw material I: peat; and (2) raw material II: rapeseed oil cake; raw material III: vinasse;
and (3) organic fertilizer C: raw material I: peat; and (2) raw material II: rapeseed oil cake; raw material III: bagasse.
2. The fine-tuning formula organic fertilizer combination for planting tobacco in viscous red soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the organic fertilizer A: raw material I: peat; and (2) raw material II: carrying out rapeseed oil drying; raw material III: the parameters of the mulberry branches are as follows: contains 53.82% of organic matter, 2.31% of N and P in percentage by mass 2 O 5 1.76％、K 2 O2.32 percent and pH6.39; and (3) the organic fertilizer B: raw material I: grass peat; and (2) raw material II: rapeseed oil cake; raw material III: the parameters of the vinasse are as follows: the material comprises 51.71% of organic matter, 2.24% of N and P in percentage by mass 2 O 5 1.70％、K 2 O2.48%, pH6.31; and (3) organic fertilizer C: raw material I: grass peat; and (2) raw material II: carrying out rapeseed oil drying; raw material III: the bagasse parameters are as follows: contains 52.98 percent of organic matter, 2.27 percent of N and P in percentage by mass 2 O 5 1.85％、K 2 O 2.43％、pH6.28。
3. The fine-adjustment formula organic fertilizer combination for planting tobacco in viscous red soil according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the organic fertilizer combination is used by combining an organic fertilizer and a conventional chemical fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 3; the conventional fertilizer is as follows: pure nitrogen 97.5kg/hm 2 Phosphorus P 2 O 5 146.25kg/hm 2 Potassium, K 2 O 292.50kg/hm 2 。
4. The use of the fine-tuning formula organic fertilizer combination for planting tobacco in viscous red soil according to claim 3 is characterized in that the organic fertilizer B is used for increasing the pH value of soil.
5. The use of the fine-tuning formula organic fertilizer combination for planting tobacco in viscous red soil according to claim 3 is characterized in that the use of organic fertilizer B is used for improving and increasing soil organic matters; or the content ratio of the hydrolyzable nitrogen is improved by using the organic fertilizer B; or the organic fertilizer B is used for improving the effective phosphorus content of the soil or the organic fertilizer B is used for reducing the conductivity of the soil.
6. The use of the fine-tuning formula organic fertilizer combination for planting tobacco in viscous red soil according to claim 3 is characterized in that the organic fertilizer B is used for increasing the content of large-particle-size aggregates in soil by more than 5mm and 2-5 mm.
7. The use of the fine-adjustment formula organic fertilizer combination for planting tobacco in cohesive red soil according to claim 3 is characterized in that the organic fertilizer B is used for increasing the plant height, the stem circumference and the leaf number of flue-cured tobacco.
8. The use of the fine-adjustment formula organic fertilizer combination for planting tobacco in viscous red soil according to claim 3 is characterized in that organic fertilizer C is used for increasing the leaf area and leaf area coefficient of flue-cured tobacco.
9. The use of the fine-tuning formula organic fertilizer combination for planting tobacco in viscous red soil according to claim 3 is characterized in that an organic fertilizer B or an organic fertilizer C is used for increasing the availability index of chemical components of upper and middle tobacco leaves.
10. The use of the fine-adjustment formula organic fertilizer combination for planting tobacco in viscous red soil according to claim 3 is characterized in that organic fertilizer B is used for increasing the apparent utilization rate and the physiological utilization rate of nitrogen.
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