CN1156044C - 用于锂蓄电池的正极活性材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
用于锂蓄电池的正极活性材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 17
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000004087 circulation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910014909 LiaNi1-x-yCoxMyO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 60
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 8
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910015645 LiMn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910014689 LiMnO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013292 LiNiO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910017044 Ni0.89Co0.1La0.01(OH)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910017709 Ni Co Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013522 chelant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007766 curtain coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001004 secondary ion mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012916 structural analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于锂蓄电池的正极活性材料,其耐久性和放电容量特性高,尤其涉及一种粉末LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZFZ和LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZSZ(其中,M为一种选自Al,Mg,Sr,La,Ce,V和Ti的金属,0≤X<0.99,0.01≤Y≤0.1,0.01≤Z≤0.1,1.00≤a≤1.1),所述粉末是将LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2中的氧用F或S取代。因而,本发明的正极活性材料具有高的耐久性,放电容量和结构安全性。
Description
本专利申请基于1999年6月17日向韩国工业产权局提交的申请号为No.99-22764的专利申请,可参见该申请的技术内容。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于锂蓄电池的活性材料及其制备方法,尤其是一种用于锂蓄电池的活性材料,该材料是将LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2中的氧(O)用F或者S代替,还涉及制备该活性材料的方法。
背景技术
随着应用技术的发展,各种以电池供电的便携式电器用具,如摄像机,个人电话,个人电脑,它们的体积都变得越来越小,质量越来越轻,而功能却越来越强大,同时,使用这些电器用具所需的电能却不断增加。特别是,全球都在开发和研究可充电的锂蓄电池并取得进展,人们都希望电池具有高的能量密度。
一种锂蓄电池,其在正极和负极材料中嵌入和脱嵌锂离子,并且在负极和正极之间填充有机物的或者聚合物的电解质以运载锂离子。当锂离子在负极和正极上嵌入和脱嵌时,由于氧化还原反应而使电池产生电能。
锂蓄电池使用碳材料或锂金属作为正极,使用可嵌入/可脱嵌的含硫化合物作为负极。用碳材料代替锂金属作正极,因为后者具有一些缺陷,如,会离析出树枝晶并伴随爆炸和降低充电效率。
另一方面,人们正在研究使用诸如LiCoO2、LiMn2O4、LiNi-XCoXO2、(0<X<1)和LiMnO2这样的复合金属氧化物作为负极,因为先前使用的铬氧化物,MnO2等,都具有充电效率和安全性低的问题。
人们已经开发出如LiMn2O4、LiMnO2等含锰的正极活性材料,或者,如LiCoO2等含钴的正极活性材料。但是,当充电电压为4.3V时,它们的放电容量分别局限在120mAh/g和160mAh/g。同时,由于在外界温度下具有高的电压,良好的电极特性和10-2至1S/cm的导电系数,LiCoO2已经被广泛使用,但是,当在高电流比的情况下充放电时,其稳定性却较低。
人们在正极镍活性材料方面的研究取得了很大进展,镍正极活性材料比钴正极活性材料的放电容量高20%。
使用镍正极活性材料的锂蓄电池成为高能电池是很具有潜力的,因为它们具有高的放电容量。现在,人们正进一步研制镍活性材料,以便克服LiNi1-XCoXO2(0<X<1)的耐久性低和结构不稳定的缺陷。
一种在整个工序中都使用固态的合成方法,共沉淀方法,聚合物螯合剂,等等,这些都已经被人们研究和开发出来,将LiNi1-XMXO2(0<X<1)粉末中的一些Ni用Co,Mn等来代替,以改进基于碱性镍的负极化合物LiNiO2的结构安全性能,放电容量,以及使用寿命等特性。
LiNiO2的缺陷表现在,它难于合成,又因耐久性低而未被应用于电池,而且,在反复的充放电循环中,因其结构不断从单晶变为六方晶又变回单晶,导致其稳定性降低,因而使其放电容量减少,尽管在1.0℃时,它的放电容量能达到200mAh/g。
为了解决上述问题,将Co加入LiNiO2之中以改善其结构,然而,这又导致LiNiO2的放电容量因Co的加入量而降低,而Co的加入量又必须超过30mol%。
为改善其结构的稳定性,人们正在研制LiNi1-XMXO2(其中M为一种金属,如Co或Mn等,0<X<1)和LiNi1-XCoXMYO2(其中M为一种金属,如Al,Mg,Sr,La,或Ce等,0<X<1,0.01<Y<0.1)。然而,这些镍正极活性材料又具有结构不稳定的缺陷,这一缺陷导致锂蓄电池的稳定性降低。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种用于锂蓄电池的正极活性材料,其中合成LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZFZ和LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZSZ(其中,M为一种选自Al,Mg,Sr,La,Ce,V和Ti的金属,0≤X<0.99,0.01≤Y≤0.1,0.01≤Z≤0.1,1.00≤a≤1.1)的粉末合成,以改善电池的耐久性,放电容量和结构稳定性,上述粉末是将LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2中的氧(O)用F或者S取代了。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种上述用于锂蓄电池的正极活性材料的制备方法。
为实现这些其它目的,本发明提供一种用于锂蓄电池的活性材料,其中将LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2(其中,M为一种选自Al,Mg,Sr,La,Ce,V和Ti的金属,0≤X<0.99,0.01≤Y≤0.1,0.01≤Z≤0.1,1.00≤a≤1.1)中的氧用F或者S取代了,也就是说,所述正极活性材料选自下列通式1和2:
LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZFZ (通式1)
LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZSZ (通式2)
其中,M为一种选自Al,Mg,Sr,La,Ce,V和Ti的金属,其中0≤X<0.99,0.01≤Y≤0.1,0.01≤Z≤0.1,1.00≤a≤1.1。
本发明还提供一种选自上述通式1和2的正极活性材料的制备方法。
所述方法包括下列步骤:
(a)将Ni1-X-YCoXMY(OH)2,LiOH与LiF或NaS粉末按照相等的比率在一个研钵搅拌器中混合10-30分钟;
(b)在一个气体气氛控制的加热炉中热处理上述粉末,并用干燥空气循环吹,以制取LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZFZ或者LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZSZ粉末,其中,M为一种选自Al,Mg,Sr,Lap,Ce,V和Ti的金属,和其中0≤X<0.99,0.01≤Y≤0.1,0.01≤Z≤0.1,1.00≤a≤1.1。其中Ni1-X-YCoXMY(OH)2是通过共沉淀法合成的。
附图说明
根据下面的详细描述,并参考说明书附图,将有助于加深对本发明的全面理解,同时也有助于理解本发明所带来的诸多优点。
图1所示是用a)Li1.02Ni0.89Co0.1La0.01O1.95F0.05和b)Li1.02Ni0.89Co0.1La0.01O2制成的扣式电池经过1次循环时的再充电特性图。
图2所示是用a)Li1.02Ni0.89Co0.1La0.01O1.95F0.05和b)Li1.02Ni0.89Co0.1La0.01O2制成的扣式电池经过50次循环时的再充电特性图。
具体实施方式
下面将参照附图介绍本发明的优选实施方案。
本发明涉及一种选自下列通式1和2的化合物:
LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZFZ (通式1)
LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZSZ (通式2)
其中,M为一种选自Al,Mg,Sr,La,Ce,V和Ti的金属,其中0≤X<0.99,0.01≤Y≤0.1,0.01≤Z≤0.1,1.00≤a≤1.1。
优选通过将选自Al,Mg,Sr,La,Ce,V和Ti中的金属共沉淀,制得的球形或者类似球形Ni1-X-YCoXMY(OH)2粉末,用于制取上述通式1或2的化合物。
Ni1-X-YCoXMY(OH)2是通过共沉淀的方法合成的。制备包括选自Al-盐,Mg-盐,Sr-盐,La-盐,Ce-盐,V-盐,Ti-盐,Ni-盐和Co-盐的金属盐溶液。金属盐的浓度优选接近2.5M,并用水作为溶剂。
NH4OH作为粘合剂,NaOH作为沉淀剂,两者被不断加入到装有上述金属盐溶液的可溢流的反应器中。
这时,反应器中的温度优选保持在50℃左右,pH值优选保持在11至12。加入到NH4OH中的金属的摩尔比范围优选在1∶0.4至1∶1之间,将反应器中的各组分在以900rpm的速度搅拌下反应。
用水或者稀释的酸性溶液漂洗上述溢流-反应的反应沉淀剂,直到使其中和,然后烘干,便得到了球形的或类球形的Ni1-X-YCoXMY(OH)2粉末。
通过在一个研钵搅拌器中,将等比例的Ni1-X-YCoXMY(OH)2粉末与LiF或NaS粉末,搅拌10-30分钟,制得均匀混合物。
接着,在一个气体气氛控制的加热炉中将上述粉末混合物在600至1000℃之间进行加热处理10-30小时,并用干燥空气吹,这样便制得上述通式1和通式2的正极活性粉末。
上述热处理步骤中,温度以1至5℃/min的速度升高,在热处理温度保持一段规定的时间之后,让粉末自然冷却。
优选在室温条件下,再混合上述通式1和2的化合物粉末,使锂盐均匀分布。
结合下列实施例,本发明将被更详细地介绍。
实施例1
首先,通过共沉淀方法合成Ni0.89Co0.1La0.01(OH)2以制取Li1.02Ni0.89Co0.1La0.01O1.95F0.05。
为制备Ni0.89Co0.1La0.01(OH)2,要制备包括选自La-盐,Ni-盐,Co-盐的金属盐溶液。这里,金属的总浓度接近2.5M,用水作为溶剂。
NH4OH作为粘合剂,NaOH作为沉淀剂,两者被不断加入到装有上述金属盐溶液的可溢流的反应器中。
反应器中的温度保持在50℃左右,pH值保持在11至12之间。NH4OH与所加入的金属的摩尔比范围在1∶0.4至1∶1之间,将反应器中的各组分在以900rpm的速度搅拌下反应。
用水或者稀释的酸性溶液漂洗上述溢流-反应的反应沉淀剂,直到使其中和,然后烘干,便得到了球形的或类球形的Ni0.89Co0.1La0.01(OH)2粉末。
按照相等的比率称取LiOH和LiF粉末,放在一个研钵搅拌器中搅拌10-30分钟,制得均匀混合物
在一个气体气氛控制的加热炉中,在700℃温度下,将上述粉末混合物热处理20小时,循环使用干燥空气吹,可制得Li1.02Ni0.89Co0.1La0.01O1.95F0.05。
实施例2
用与实施例1所述的制取正极活性材料相同的方法和条件,可以制得Li1.02Ni0.88Co0.1La0.02O1.95F0.05,只是正极活性材料中La的比例从实施例1中的0.01变为0.02。
实施例3
用与实施例1所述的制取正极活性材料相同的方法和条件,可以制得Li1.02Ni0.89Co0.1Mg0.01O1.95F0.05,只是本实施例使用的是Ni0.89Co0.1Mg0.01(OH)2粉末。
实施例4
用与实施例3所述的制取正极活性材料相同的方法和条件,可以制得Li1.02Ni0.88Co0.1Mg0.02O1.95F0.05,只是正极活性材料中Mg的摩尔比从实施例3中的0.01变为0.02。
比较实施例1
与实施例1所制取的材料相比较,用与实施例1相同的方法和条件,制取Li1.02Ni0.89Co0.1La0.01O2正极活性材料,只是混合Ni0.89Co0.1La0.01(OH)2粉末时只用LiOH粉末而不用LiF粉末。
比较实施例2
用与比较实施例1相同的方法和条件制取Li1.02Ni0.89Co0.1La0.02O2正极活性材料,只是La的摩尔比从0.01变为0.02。
比较实施例3
用与实施例3相同的方法和条件制取Li1.02Ni0.89Co0.1Mg0.01O2正极活性材料,只是混合Ni0.89Co0.1Mg0.01(OH)2粉末时只用LiOH粉末而不用LiF粉末。
比较实施例4
用与比较实施例3相同的方法和条件制取Li1.02Ni0.88Co0.1Mg0.02O2正极活性材料,只是Mg的摩尔比从0.01变为0.02。
按照实施例1、2、3、4和比较实施例1、2、3、4的方法制取的粉末,经过X-线衍射(XRD)对其进行结构分析,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观测其粉末微粒,通过次级离子质谱法和透射显微镜术证实了所述粉末的特性。
放电性能的评价
用按照实施例1、2、3、4和比较实施例1、2、3、4的方法制取的正极活性材料制成的扣式半电池,对其放电性能进行了评估。
为了制作半电池,用重量比为3%的碳(产品名称:Super P)作导体,用重量比为3%的聚偏二氟乙烯(产品名称:KF-1300)作粘合剂。
扣式半电池由通过用N-甲基吡咯烷(NMP)将活性材料、导体、粘合剂带式流延于Al-箔上制成的极板以及作为另一极板的锂金属组成。
按照本发明所述的方法制成的活性材料,对其容量特性和耐久性特性进行了测试。
为了测试其放电容量特性,对半电池进行测试的条件是,在2.75V和4.3V之间按照0.1C,0.2C,0.5C和1C的恒量放电1至100次。
图1和图2示出了对放电特性的测试结果。
图1示出了用a)Li1.02Ni0.89Co0.1La0.01O1.95F0.05和b)Li1.02Ni0.89Co0.1La0.01O2制成的扣式半电池经过1次循环的放电特性测试结果。而图2所示是用图1的化合物(a)和(b)制成的扣式半电池经过50次循环的放电特性测试结果。
如图1所示,LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2中的氧(O)被F取代而制成的LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZFZ,对扣式半电池的第一次放电容量进行测试,发现其容量减少约1-3%。然而,如图2所示,当在1C的高电流强度条件下充放电循环50次以后,LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2的耐久性为约60%,而LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZFZ的耐久性为约74%。因而,LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZFZ的耐久性提高了近14%。
将LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2中的氧(O)用F取代而制成的LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZFZ,尽管其首次放电特性比LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2的稍低,但是,经过一段长时间(如50次的循环)的测试后,发现LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZFZ的耐久性提高了14%。由于LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZFZ比LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2具有更高的耐久性和放电容量。因此,LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZFZ将被广泛应用于锂蓄电池。
Claims (2)
1.一种用于锂蓄电池的正极活性材料,其特征在于,所述正极活性材料选自:
LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZFZ和
LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZSZ,
其中,M为一种选自Al,Mg,Sr,La,Ce,V和Ti的金属,和其中0≤X<0.99,0.01≤Y≤0.1,0.01≤Z≤0.1,1.00≤a≤1.1。
2.一种制备用于锂蓄电池的正极活性材料的方法,包括下列步骤:
(a)将包含Ni-盐、Co-盐和M-盐的金属溶液作为起始物质与水混匀,通过共沉淀法制备Ni1-X-YCoXMY(OH)2,式中M为一种选自Al,Mg,Sr,La,Ce,V和Ti的金属,和其中0≤X<0.99,0.01≤Y≤0.1;
(b)将Ni1-X-YCoXMY(OH)2,LiOH与LiF或NaS粉末按照相等的比率在一个研钵搅拌器中混合10-30分钟,得到一种混合物;及
(c)在一个气体气氛控制的加热炉中将上述混合物在600-1000℃下热处理10-30小时,并用干燥空气循环吹,以制取LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZFZ或者LiaNi1-X-YCoXMYO2-ZSZ粉末,式中M为一种选自Al,Mg,Sr,La,Ce,V和Ti的金属,和其中0≤X<0.99,0.01≤Y≤0.1,0.01≤Z≤0.1,1.00≤a≤1.1。
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