CN115581170A - Hypsizygus marmoreus cultivation method taking macadamia shell as substrate - Google Patents
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/20—Culture media, e.g. compost
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Mushroom Cultivation (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a hypsizygus marmoreus cultivation method using macadamia shell as a substrate, which belongs to the technical field of edible mushroom cultivation. According to the invention, raw materials such as macadamia nut shells, mulberry branch crumbs, cottonseed hulls, wood chips, wheat bran, bagasse and palm meal are scientifically matched, and factors such as temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide content and illumination conditions in each cultivation period are reasonably controlled, so that the biological conversion rate of the hypsizygus marmoreus is improved, and the yield and quality of the hypsizygus marmoreus are improved. The invention also solves the problems of waste of macadamia shell resources and environmental pollution, provides a new high-quality cultivation material formula for the cultivation of hypsizygus marmoreus and provides a new direction for the development and utilization of the macadamia shells.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of edible mushroom cultivation, and particularly relates to a hypsizygus marmoreus cultivation method taking macadamia shell as a substrate.
Background
Seafood mushroom, school name: hypsizygus marmoreus (Peck) H.E.Bigelow, also known as Hypsizygus marmoreus, is crisp and tender in texture, delicious in taste, and has sea crab flavor. Hypsizygus marmoreus belongs to Tricholomataceae and Hypsizygus marmoreus, and has medium to large fruiting body. Nowadays, two strains of light grey and pure white are cultivated, the white strains are also called white beech mushroom and yulong mushroom, most of the white strains are industrially cultivated, and the diameter of a pileus is 3-15cm. The seafood mushroom has high nutritive value and medicinal value, fleshy mushroom, delicate taste, fragrant smell and delicious taste. The protein of the hypsizygus marmoreus contains various amino acids, including 8 kinds of amino acids necessary for human body, and also contains a plurality of polysaccharides, and the extract of the fruiting body has the function of eliminating free radicals of the human body, so that the hypsizygus marmoreus has the effects of resisting and preventing cancers, improving immunity, preventing aging and prolonging life when being eaten frequently, and has wide cultivation prospect and market potential.
At present, the price of the raw materials for cultivating the edible fungi is increased due to the influence of the conditions such as production areas, transportation and the like, so that the cultivation cost is increased, and the raw materials become important factors for restricting the development of the edible fungi industry. Therefore, the development of more edible fungus cultivation raw materials with lower cost is necessary for the development of industry.
Macadamia nut (Latin name: macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche), alternative name: kunzea chestnut, macadamia walnut, macadamia nut and Kunzea fruit are tree nuts native to macadamia. The macadimia nuts have high economic value, the nuts are crisp, smooth, tender and delicious, and have unique cream fragrance, so the macadimia nuts are edible nuts with better quality in the world, and are entitled to the king of dried nuts. The macadimia nuts have good ecological benefit and economic benefit, rich nutrition, unique flavor, high market demand and good market prospect. The planting area of the nuts in China exceeds 300 ten thousand mu, is the first place in the world and is mainly cultivated in Yunnan, guangdong, guangxi and other places.
The macadamia nut can be divided into 3 parts, namely a green tangerine orange peel, a shell and a kernel, and the macadamia nut shell is an outer hard shell wrapping the kernel of the macadamia nut. Macadamia nut produces a large amount of by-products such as shells and peels during the processing process. Currently, macadamia shell is commonly used for preparing biochar, activated carbon, adsorbent, friction agent and the like, and no relevant research report about the edible fungi cultivation by using the macadamia shell is found. Chinese patent CN201410319061.4 disclosesThe preparation method of the amino modified macadamia shell adsorbent comprises the steps of taking macadamia shells as raw materials, cleaning, crushing and sieving the raw materials, adding diethylenetriamine, and stirring the mixture for 1 to 5 hours at a constant temperature of between 50 and 70 ℃ to obtain the amino modified macadamia shell adsorbent which can be applied to printing and dyeing wastewater treatment. Chinese patent CN202111185874.5 discloses a preparation method of macadamia shell biochar, which comprises performing nano-magnesia modification treatment on the macadamia shell biochar to obtain nano-magnesia loaded biochar, wherein the biochar is used for treating Pb in an aqueous solution 2+ And Cd 2+ Has high adsorption capacity.
The prior art recycles macadamia nut shells, but the utilization direction is single, so that the macadamia nut shells are rarely applied to the treatment of macadamia nut byproducts, or effective components in the macadamia nut shells are directly extracted and utilized. However, the recycling process is complicated, requires a special processing plant for production, and requires a large cost for extracting and applying the effective components, so that a large-scale industrial chain has not yet been formed. At present, most macadimia nutshells cannot be fully recycled, and some macadimia nutshells are used for direct composting and have low utilization efficiency or are directly discarded, so that not only resources are wasted, but also the surrounding environment is polluted, and therefore, more channels of development and utilization of the macadimia nutshells are required.
Aiming at the current situation of the industry, in order to improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of wastes such as macadamia nut shells and mulberry twigs and promote the development of the edible mushroom industry, the invention applies the wastes such as the macadamia nut shells and the mulberry twigs to the cultivation of the hypsizygus marmoreus and provides a high-yield, low-cost and environment-friendly cultivation method of the hypsizygus marmoreus.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a hypsizygus marmoreus cultivation method using macadimia nutshells as a substrate, which improves the biotransformation rate of the hypsizygus marmoreus, the yield and the nutritional value of the hypsizygus marmoreus, solves the problems of resource waste and environmental pollution of the macadimia nutshells and improves the comprehensive utilization efficiency of the macadimia nutshells by reasonably controlling factors such as temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide content and illumination conditions in each cultivation period.
In order to achieve the purpose, the scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
a hypsizygus marmoreus cultivation method using macadamia shell as a substrate comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparing materials: weighing the following raw materials in parts by weight for proportioning: 600-800 parts of cottonseed hulls, 200-600 parts of macadamia shell, 200-400 parts of mulberry twig crumbs, 100-300 parts of bagasse, 60-100 parts of palm meal, 80-120 parts of wheat bran and 80-100 parts of sawdust, and then 20-25 parts of lime is weighed for later use;
(2) Stirring materials: adding cottonseed hull, macadamia shell, ramulus Mori bits, sawdust, wheat bran, bagasse and palm meal into a blender in proportion, adding water, adjusting water content to 60-70%, adding lime powder, stirring, and adjusting pH to 10-12 to obtain cultivation material;
(3) Bagging and inoculating: filling the cultivation material into a mushroom stick bag, then performing high-temperature sterilization, cooling, and inoculating the seafood mushroom strain under the aseptic condition to obtain a cultivation bag; wherein the pH value of the sterilized cultivation material is 7.0-8.5;
(4) Spawn running: transferring the culture bag to a culture room for spawn running culture, controlling the temperature of the culture room to be 20-22 ℃ and the air humidity to be 60-65%, ventilating for 3-4 times every day, and culturing for 30-40min each time in a shading mode for 45-50d, wherein the bag can be filled with hyphae;
(5) After-ripening of hyphae: after the bag is filled with hypha, the post maturation stage is carried out, the temperature of the culture room is controlled to be 23-25 ℃, the air humidity is 70-75%, scattered light is given every day, indoor ventilation is carried out once every 1-2h, the ventilation time is 10-15min every time, the carbon dioxide concentration is controlled to be below 0.3%, the culture is carried out for 30-40 days until the hypha turns gray or earthy yellow, and the post maturation stage is finished;
(6) Scratching bacteria: opening a fungus bag by using a fungus scratching machine to scratch fungus, removing old fungus seed blocks and fungus skin, spraying nutrient solution on the surface of the fungus bag material, placing for 1-2h, and then moving the fungus bag to a fungus discharging chamber;
(7) And (3) fruiting management: fruiting management comprises two stages of bud forcing and fruiting harvesting;
bud forcing: the temperature of the fruiting chamber is controlled at 12-16 ℃, the air humidity is 90-95%, the carbon dioxide concentration is controlled below 0.2%, and the bud forcing time is 10-15 days; spraying nutrient solution 2-5cm above the mycelium for 1-2 times every day, preferably wetting the surface of the mycelium, and irradiating with combined light of white light, red light, yellow light and blue light for 5-6 hr every day;
fruiting and harvesting: after inducement to bud, controlling the temperature of the fruiting chamber at 14-16 ℃, the air humidity at 85-90%, the carbon dioxide concentration below 0.1%, irradiating with scattered light for 10-12 hours every day, starting harvesting when the length of stipe reaches 5cm and the diameter of pileus reaches 2cm, and harvesting 2-3 times of mushrooms every year.
Preferably, the macadamia shell and mulberry branch crumbs are further pretreated by: pulverizing macadamia shell to particle size of 1-3mm, soaking in water for 2-3 days, adding ramulus Mori powder, and fermenting for 3-5 days.
Preferably, the cottonseed hulls, macadamia shells, bagasse, palm meal, wheat bran and wood chips in the step (1) are wet materials soaked in water; wherein the water content of the cottonseed hulls, the palm meal and the wheat bran is 15-20%, and the water content of the macadamia nut shells, the mulberry branch scraps, the wood chips and the bagasse is 65-70%.
Preferably, the weight parts of the raw materials in the step (1) are as follows: 600 parts of cottonseed hulls, 350 parts of macadamia shell, 350 parts of mulberry twig chips, 250 parts of bagasse, 80 parts of palm meal, 100 parts of wheat bran, 100 parts of wood chips and 25 parts of lime.
Preferably, the carbon-nitrogen ratio C/N of the cultivation material in the step (2) is 33-35.
Preferably, the material of the fungus stick bag in the step (3) is polyethylene or polypropylene, the specification is 17 x 33cm, and the wet material weight after each bag is filled is 1.1-1.5kg.
Preferably, the inoculation in the step (3) is carried out, and 30-50ml of the hypsizygus marmoreus strain is inoculated in each bag.
Preferably, the preparation method of the nutrient solution comprises the following steps: adding water 20-50 times the weight of fresh stigma Maydis, boiling for 1-2 hr, removing stigma Maydis, adding brown sugar with the same weight as stigma Maydis, and stirring to obtain nutritional liquid.
Preferably, the illumination intensity of white light in the combined light of step (7) is 100 to 200lx, the illumination intensity of red light is 50 to 100lx, the illumination intensity of yellow light is 50 to 80lx, and the illumination intensity of blue light is 20 to 50lx.
Preferably, the light intensity of the scattered light in the step (5) is 200lx to 250lx, and the light intensity of the scattered light in the step (7) is 250lx to 300lx.
The raw materials used in the invention are as follows:
macadamia shell as used herein refers to the outer hard shell that surrounds the kernel of macadamia nuts. Studies of macadamia nutshells have shown that the main constituents of macadamia nutshells are cellulose and acid-insoluble lignin, with a cellulose content of 34.65%, a lignin content of 39.75%, and a moisture content of 8.45%. Macadamia nut shells contain rich cellulose and lignin, and also contain rich elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the like, and are particularly suitable for cultivating hypsizygus marmoreus. The invention uses the crushed macadamia shell as the culture medium of the hypsizygus marmoreus after composting and fermentation.
The mulberry branch crumbs used in the invention are obtained by crushing mulberry branches into 100-120 meshes and fully drying the crushed mulberry branches. The mulberry twig contains more nutrient substances such as crude protein, lignin, pentosan, cellulose and the like, and has unique advantages when being used for cultivating the hypsizygus marmoreus. The mulberry branch consists of three major parts, namely cortex, xylem and medulla, wherein the phloem of the mulberry branch accounts for about 27 percent, the xylem accounts for about 72 percent, and the medulla accounts for about 1 percent. According to detection, the mulberry twig contains 25.3% of cellulose, 19.1% of hemicellulose, 24.3% of lignin and 4.56% of crude protein, and the carbon-nitrogen ratio (C: N) is 66.2, so that the mulberry twig can be used as a carbon source substance in the culture substrate. In addition, because the mulberry needs silkworm rearing, pesticide is not generally applied, and the hypsizygus marmoreus cultivated by mulberry branch crumbs has no risk of pesticide residue.
China is a silkworm and mulberry origin place and a silk main production place in the world, mulberry trees cannot be planted in the silkworm and mulberry industry, and the mulberry branches in many rural areas cannot be fully utilized at present. According to statistics, the area of the mulberry field in China reaches 8000km 2 Above, 18-22 tons of mulberry branches can be produced in the mulberry field every hectare in forest, and the total yield in China can reach 1440-1800 million tons. The mulberry twig is used as a large byproduct in the silkworm industry, is used as a raw material for cultivating edible fungi, and has the advantages of rich resources and low cost. The mulberry twig has high fiber content, low density and high toughnessThe branch scraps have more sharp edges and corners, so the invention piles and ferments the mulberry branch scraps and macadamia nut shells for reuse.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. according to the method, the macadimia nutshells and the mulberry branch scraps are used as the culture medium and applied to the cultivation production of the hypsizygus marmoreus, so that the hypsizygus marmoreus with unique flavor and rich nutrition can be harvested, the pollution of the macadimia nutshells to the environment can be reduced, the additional value of the mulberry branches is improved, and the development of multiple industries such as the edible fungus industry, the macadimia nut industrial chain, the silkworm mulberry industry and the like is promoted.
2. The culture medium is scientifically matched with raw materials such as macadamia nut shells, mulberry branch scraps, cottonseed hulls, mulberry branch scraps, wood chips, wheat bran, bagasse, palm meal and the like, and has the characteristics of rich raw material sources, low cost, simple preparation method, rich and comprehensive nutrition after matching, and 33-35 carbon-nitrogen ratio, and is suitable for cultivating the hypsizygus marmoreus. The invention not only solves the problems of waste of macadamia shell resources and environmental pollution, but also provides a new high-quality cultivation material formula for the cultivation of hypsizygus marmoreus, provides a new direction for the development and utilization of the macadamia shells, and improves the comprehensive utilization efficiency of the macadamia shells.
3. The method for cultivating the hypsizygus marmoreus by using the macadamia shell as the matrix improves the biotransformation rate of the hypsizygus marmoreus and improves the yield and the quality of the hypsizygus marmoreus by reasonably controlling factors such as temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide content, illumination conditions and the like in each cultivation period.
1) The invention strictly controls the temperature and humidity of the culture room: controlling the temperature of the culture room to be 20-22 ℃ and the air humidity to be 60-65% during spawn running, and preventing the rotting condition caused by excessive air humidity from influencing the growth of hyphae; during the post-maturation of the hyphae, slightly increasing the temperature of the culture room to 23-25 ℃, increasing the air humidity to 70-75%, and providing scattered light, which can effectively promote the number of the hyphae and increase the accumulation of hypha nutrient substances, so as to achieve the purpose of high yield of the hypsizygus marmoreus.
2) In the invention, during the spawn running and hypha after-ripening period, the culture chamber is properly ventilated every day, thereby ensuring that the oxygen supply of the hypha is not influenced and ensuring the growth and development requirements of the hypha. Aerobic respiration is an important basis for promoting the accumulation of organic matters of edible mushrooms, and the hypsizygus marmoreus can release a certain amount of carbon dioxide in the growth process, so that proper ventilation is maintained, the air environment in a culture room is favorably adjusted, and the normal growth of hypsizygus marmoreus hyphae is met.
3) The nutrient solution is sprayed on hyphae in the stages of scratching and bud forcing, the raw materials for preparing the nutrient solution are corn stigma and brown sugar, the corn stigma contains active ingredients such as polysaccharide, saponin, flavone, sterol, amino acid and alkaloid, the brown sugar contains abundant vitamins such as vitamin B1, B2, B6, vitamin C and the like, and trace elements such as iron, zinc, manganese, chromium and the like, and active ingredients such as anthocyanin, anthoxanthin (flavonoid), catechin and the like besides sugar; the trace elements and the micromolecular active substances contained in the nutrient solution can provide sufficient nutrient components for the fruiting stage of the hypsizygus marmoreus, can promote the growth speed of the hypsizygus marmoreus, promote the accumulation of protein and mineral elements of the hypsizygus marmoreus, and improve the nutrient value and the biotransformation rate of the hypsizygus marmoreus. Compared with the seafood mushroom which is not sprayed with the nutrient solution, the seafood mushroom which is cultivated by spraying the nutrient solution has stronger fruiting body under the condition of the same cultivation time; after differential analysis, the content of nutrient components such as total flavone, protein, fat and the like in the hypsizygus marmoreus sprayed with nutrient solution in the cultivation process is higher, and the yield and the biotransformation rate of the hypsizygus marmoreus are improved.
4) In the fruiting management stage, the combined light consisting of white light, red light, yellow light and blue light is adopted for irradiation, so that the accumulation of contents of mineral elements such as calcium, copper, zinc, iron, potassium and the like and vitamins in the hypsizygus marmoreus can be promoted, and the nutritive value of the hypsizygus marmoreus is improved.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the following examples:
example 1
A hypsizygus marmoreus cultivation method using macadamia shell as a substrate comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparing materials: weighing the following raw materials in parts by weight for proportioning: 600 parts of cottonseed hulls, 350 parts of macadamia shell, 350 parts of mulberry twig chips, 250 parts of bagasse, 80 parts of palm meal, 100 parts of wheat bran and 100 parts of wood chips, and then 25 parts of lime is weighed for later use;
wherein, macadamia shell and mulberry branch crumbs are also pretreated by the following steps: pulverizing macadamia shell to particle size of 2mm, soaking in water for 3 days, adding ramulus Mori scraps, and fermenting for 5 days; the cottonseed hulls, macadamia nut shells, bagasse, palm meal, wheat bran and wood chips are wet materials soaked in water; the water content of the cottonseed hulls, the palm meal and the wheat bran is 15%, and the water content of the macadamia nut shells, the mulberry branch crumbs, the wood chips and the bagasse is 65%.
(2) Mixing materials: adding cottonseed hull, macadamia shell, ramulus Mori bits, sawdust, wheat bran, bagasse and palm meal into a blender in proportion, adding water, adjusting water content to 65%, adding lime powder, stirring, and adjusting pH to 10.5 to obtain cultivation material; the carbon-nitrogen ratio C/N of the obtained cultivation material is 33;
(3) Bagging and inoculating: filling the cultivation material into a fungus stick bag, wherein the material of the fungus stick bag is polypropylene, the specification is 17 x 33cm, the weight of wet material after each bag of material is 1.1kg, then performing high-temperature sterilization, cooling, inoculating the seafood mushroom strains under the aseptic condition, and inoculating 30ml of the seafood mushroom strains into each bag to obtain a cultivation bag;
(4) Spawn running: transferring the culture bag to a culture room for spawn running culture, controlling the temperature of the culture room to be 20 ℃ and the air humidity to be 65%, ventilating for 3 times every day, and culturing for 45d in a shading mode, wherein hyphae can fill the bag;
(5) Postripening of hyphae: and (3) after the bag is filled with hypha, entering a post maturation stage, controlling the temperature of the culture room to be 23 ℃, controlling the air humidity to be 72%, giving scattered light with illumination intensity of 200lx every day, ventilating and ventilating the room once every 2h, wherein the ventilation time is 15min every time, controlling the carbon dioxide concentration to be below 0.3%, culturing for 40 days until the hypha turns gray or earthy yellow, and ending the post maturation stage.
(6) Scratching fungi: opening a fungus bag by using a fungus scratching machine to scratch fungus, removing old fungus seed blocks and fungus skin, spraying nutrient solution on the surface of the fungus bag material, standing for 1 hour, and moving the fungus bag to a fungus discharging chamber; the preparation method of the nutrient solution comprises the following steps: adding water 50 times the weight of fresh stigma Maydis, boiling for 2 hr, removing stigma Maydis, adding brown sugar with the same weight as stigma Maydis, and stirring to obtain nutritional liquid.
(7) And (3) fruiting management: the fruiting management comprises two stages of bud forcing and fruiting harvesting;
bud forcing: the temperature of the fruiting chamber is controlled at 15 ℃, the air humidity is 95%, the carbon dioxide concentration is controlled below 0.2%, and the bud forcing time is 10 days; spraying nutrient solution 2cm above the hyphae for 1 time every day, preferably wetting the hyphae surface, and irradiating with combined light of white light, red light, yellow light and blue light for 6 hr every day; the illumination intensity of white light in the combined light is 150lx, the illumination intensity of red light is 80lx, the illumination intensity of yellow light is 60lx, and the illumination intensity of blue light is 20lx;
fruiting and harvesting: after inducement of primordium, controlling the temperature of a fruiting room at 16 ℃, the air humidity at 90% and the carbon dioxide concentration below 0.1%, irradiating scattered light for 12 hours every day, wherein the illumination intensity of the scattered light is 250lx, when the length of stipe reaches 5cm and the diameter of pileus reaches 2cm, harvesting can be started, and harvesting 3 lines of mushrooms every year.
Example 2
A hypsizygus marmoreus cultivation method using macadamia shell as a substrate comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparing materials: weighing the following raw materials in parts by weight for proportioning: 700 parts of cottonseed hulls, 400 parts of macadamia nut shells, 300 parts of mulberry twig scraps, 200 parts of bagasse, 60 parts of palm meal, 80 parts of wheat bran and 80 parts of wood chips, and then 22 parts of lime is weighed for later use;
wherein, macadamia shell and mulberry branch crumbs are also pretreated by the following steps: pulverizing macadamia shell to particle size of 1mm, soaking in water for 2 days, adding ramulus Mori scraps, and fermenting for 5 days; cottonseed hull, macadamia shell, bagasse, palm meal, wheat bran and wood dust are wet materials soaked in water; the water content of the cottonseed hulls, the palm meal and the wheat bran is 18 percent, and the water content of the macadamia nut shells, the mulberry branch crumbs, the wood chips and the bagasse is 70 percent.
(2) Mixing materials: adding cottonseed hull, macadamia shell, mulberry twig chips, wood chips, wheat bran, bagasse and palm meal into a blender according to a proportion, adding water, adjusting the water content to 68%, then adding lime powder, stirring uniformly, and adjusting the pH to 11 to obtain a cultivation material; the carbon-nitrogen ratio C/N of the obtained cultivation material is 34;
(3) Bagging and inoculating: filling the cultivation material into a fungus stick bag, wherein the material of the fungus stick bag is polyethylene, the specification is 17 x 33cm, the weight of wet material after each bag of material is 1.2kg, then performing high-temperature sterilization, cooling, inoculating the seafood mushroom strains under the aseptic condition, and inoculating 40ml of the seafood mushroom strains into each bag to obtain a cultivation bag;
(4) Spawn running: transferring the culture bag to a culture room for spawn running culture, controlling the temperature of the culture room to be 21 ℃, the air humidity to be 63%, ventilating for 4 times every day, and culturing for 35min every time, wherein the bag can be filled with hyphae after shading culture for 46 d;
(5) After-ripening of hyphae: and (3) after the bag is filled with hypha, entering a post maturation stage, controlling the temperature of the culture room to be 24 ℃, the air humidity to be 73%, giving scattered light with the illumination intensity of 250lx every day, ventilating and ventilating the room once every 1h, wherein the ventilation time is 10min each time, the carbon dioxide concentration is controlled to be below 0.3%, culturing for 35 days until the hypha turns to gray or earthy yellow, and ending the post maturation stage.
(6) Scratching bacteria: opening the fungus bags by using a fungus scratching machine to scratch fungus, removing old fungus seed blocks and fungus skins, spraying nutrient solution on the material surfaces of the fungus bags, standing for 2 hours, and then moving the fungus bags to a fruiting chamber; the preparation method of the nutrient solution comprises the following steps: adding water 30 times the weight of fresh stigma Maydis, boiling for 1.5 hr, removing stigma Maydis, adding brown sugar with the same weight as stigma Maydis, and stirring to obtain nutritional liquid.
(7) And (3) fruiting management: fruiting management comprises two stages of bud forcing and fruiting harvesting;
bud forcing: the temperature of the fruiting chamber is controlled at 12 ℃, the air humidity is 92%, the carbon dioxide concentration is controlled below 0.2%, and the bud forcing time is 15 days; spraying nutrient solution 5cm above the hyphae for 2 times every day, preferably wetting the hyphae surface, and irradiating with combined light of white light, red light, yellow light and blue light for 5.5 hr every day; the illumination intensity of white light in the combined light is 100lx, the illumination intensity of red light is 90lx, the illumination intensity of yellow light is 50lx, and the illumination intensity of blue light is 30lx;
fruiting and harvesting: after inducement to primordium, controlling the temperature of a fruiting chamber at 14 ℃, the air humidity at 85% and the carbon dioxide concentration below 0.1%, irradiating scattered light for 11 hours every day, wherein the illumination intensity of the scattered light is 280lx, when the length of a stipe reaches 5cm and the diameter of a pileus reaches 2cm, harvesting can be started, and harvesting 3 times of mushrooms every year.
Example 3
A hypsizygus marmoreus cultivation method using macadamia shell as a substrate comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparing materials: weighing the following raw materials in parts by weight for proportioning: 800 parts of cottonseed hulls, 200 parts of macadamia nut shells, 400 parts of mulberry twig chips, 300 parts of bagasse, 80 parts of palm meal, 120 parts of wheat bran and 90 parts of wood chips, and then 25 parts of lime is weighed for later use;
wherein, macadamia shell and mulberry branch crumbs are also pretreated by the following steps: crushing macadamia shell to a particle size of 3mm, adding water, soaking for 3 days, adding mulberry twig dust, and composting and fermenting for 5 days to obtain the macadamia shell; the cottonseed hulls, macadamia nut shells, bagasse, palm meal, wheat bran and wood chips are wet materials soaked in water; the water content of the cottonseed hulls, the palm meal and the wheat bran is 20%, and the water content of the macadamia nut shells, the mulberry branch crumbs, the wood chips and the bagasse is 70%.
(2) Stirring materials: adding cottonseed hull, macadamia shell, ramulus Mori bits, sawdust, wheat bran, bagasse and palm meal into a blender in proportion, adding water, adjusting water content to 60%, adding lime powder, stirring, and adjusting pH to 12 to obtain cultivation material; the carbon-nitrogen ratio C/N of the obtained cultivation material is 35;
(3) Bagging and inoculating: filling the cultivation material into a mushroom bag, wherein the mushroom bag is made of polyethylene and has the specification of 17 x 33cm, the weight of wet materials is 1.3kg after each bag is filled, then performing high-temperature sterilization, cooling, inoculating the seafood mushroom strains under the aseptic condition, and inoculating 40ml of the seafood mushroom strains into each bag to obtain a cultivation bag;
(4) Spawn running: transferring the culture bag to a culture room for spawn running culture, controlling the temperature of the culture room to be 22 ℃ and the air humidity to be 65%, ventilating for 4 times every day, and culturing for 50d in a shading mode, wherein hyphae can fill the bag;
(5) After-ripening of hyphae: and (3) after the bag is filled with hypha, entering a post maturation stage, controlling the temperature of the culture room to be 25 ℃, the air humidity to be 75%, giving scattered light with illumination intensity of 220lx every day, ventilating the room once every 1h, wherein the ventilation time is 12min each time, controlling the carbon dioxide concentration to be below 0.3%, culturing for 30 days until the hypha turns to gray or earthy yellow, and ending the post maturation stage.
(6) Scratching fungi: opening the fungus bags by using a fungus scratching machine to scratch fungus, removing old fungus seed blocks and fungus skins, spraying nutrient solution on the material surfaces of the fungus bags, standing for 2 hours, and then moving the fungus bags to a fruiting chamber; the preparation method of the nutrient solution comprises the following steps: adding water 40 times the weight of fresh stigma Maydis, boiling for 2 hr, removing stigma Maydis, adding brown sugar with the same weight as stigma Maydis, and stirring to obtain nutritional liquid.
(7) And (3) fruiting management: the fruiting management comprises two stages of bud forcing and fruiting harvesting;
bud forcing: the temperature of the fruiting chamber is controlled at 14 ℃, the air humidity is 95%, the carbon dioxide concentration is controlled below 0.2%, and the bud forcing time is 12 days; spraying nutrient solution 2 times per day 2cm above the mycelium, preferably wetting the surface of the mycelium, and irradiating with combined light composed of white light, red light, yellow light and blue light for 5 hr per day; the illumination intensity of the white light in the combined light is 120lx, the illumination intensity of the red light is 70lx, the illumination intensity of the yellow light is 80lx, and the illumination intensity of the blue light is 40lx;
fruiting and harvesting: after inducement of primordium, controlling the temperature of a fruiting room at 16 ℃, the air humidity at 90% and the carbon dioxide concentration below 0.1%, irradiating scattered light for 10 hours every day, wherein the illumination intensity of the scattered light is 300lx, when the length of stipe reaches 5cm and the diameter of pileus reaches 2cm, harvesting can be started, and harvesting 3 lines of mushrooms every year.
Example 4
A hypsizygus marmoreus cultivation method using macadamia shell as a substrate comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparing materials: weighing the following raw materials in parts by weight for proportioning: 600 parts of cottonseed hulls, 600 parts of macadamia nut shells, 400 parts of mulberry twig crumbs, 150 parts of bagasse, 60 parts of palm dregs, 110 parts of wheat bran and 80 parts of wood chips, and then 25 parts of lime is weighed for later use;
wherein, macadamia shell and mulberry branch crumbs are also pretreated by the following steps: pulverizing macadamia shell to particle size of 1mm, soaking in water for 3 days, adding ramulus Mori scraps, and fermenting for 5 days; cottonseed hull, macadamia shell, bagasse, palm meal, wheat bran and wood dust are wet materials soaked in water; the water content of the cottonseed hulls, the palm meal and the wheat bran is 20%, and the water content of the macadamia nut shells, the mulberry branch crumbs, the wood chips and the bagasse is 65%.
(2) Mixing materials: adding cottonseed hull, macadamia shell, ramulus mori crumbs, sawdust, wheat bran, bagasse and palm meal into a blender according to a proportion, adding water, adjusting the water content to 70%, then adding lime powder, stirring uniformly, and adjusting the pH to 11.5 to obtain a cultivation material; the carbon-nitrogen ratio C/N of the obtained cultivation material is 33.5;
(3) Bagging and inoculating: filling the cultivation material into a mushroom bag, wherein the mushroom bag is made of polypropylene and has the specification of 17 x 33cm, the wet material weight of each bag is 1.4kg, then performing high-temperature sterilization, cooling, inoculating the seafood mushroom strains under the aseptic condition, and inoculating 50ml of the seafood mushroom strains into each bag to obtain a cultivation bag;
(4) Spawn running: transferring the culture bag to a culture room for spawn running culture, controlling the temperature of the culture room to be 22 ℃ and the air humidity to be 65%, ventilating for 4 times every day, and culturing for 48d in a shading mode, wherein hyphae can fill the bag;
(5) Postripening of hyphae: and (3) after the bag is filled with hypha, entering a post maturation stage, controlling the temperature of the culture room to be 24 ℃, the air humidity to be 72%, giving scattered light with the illumination intensity of 250lx every day, ventilating and ventilating the room once every 1h, wherein the ventilation time is 15min every time, the carbon dioxide concentration is controlled to be below 0.3%, culturing for 36 days until the hypha turns gray or earthy yellow, and ending the post maturation stage.
(6) Scratching fungi: opening the fungus bags by using a fungus scratching machine to scratch fungus, removing old fungus seed blocks and fungus skins, spraying nutrient solution on the material surfaces of the fungus bags, standing for 2 hours, and then moving the fungus bags to a fruiting chamber; the preparation method of the nutrient solution comprises the following steps: adding water 20 times the weight of fresh stigma Maydis, boiling for 1 hr, removing stigma Maydis, adding brown sugar, and stirring to obtain nutritional liquid.
(7) And (3) fruiting management: the fruiting management comprises two stages of bud forcing and fruiting harvesting;
bud forcing: the temperature of the fruiting chamber is controlled at 13 ℃, the air humidity is 90%, the carbon dioxide concentration is controlled below 0.2%, and the bud forcing time is 15 days; spraying nutrient solution 5cm above the mycelium for 2 times every day, preferably wetting the surface of the mycelium, and irradiating with combined light composed of white light, red light, yellow light and blue light for 5 hr every day; the illumination intensity of white light in the combined light is 100lx, the illumination intensity of red light is 100lx, the illumination intensity of yellow light is 60lx, and the illumination intensity of blue light is 50lx;
fruiting and harvesting: after inducement to primordium, controlling the temperature of the fruiting chamber at 15 ℃, the air humidity at 85% and the carbon dioxide concentration below 0.1%, irradiating the scattered light for 10 hours every day, wherein the illumination intensity of the scattered light is 300lx, when the length of a stipe reaches 5cm and the diameter of a pileus reaches 2cm, harvesting can be started, and harvesting 3 times of mushrooms every year.
Comparative example 1
The difference from example 1 is: the formula of the cultivation material of comparative example 1 does not contain macadimia nutshell and mulberry branch dust, the macadimia nutshell and the mulberry branch dust are replaced by cottonseed shell with the same weight, and the other cultivation steps are the same as those of example 1.
Comparative example 2
The difference from example 1 is: the formula of the cultivation material of the comparative example 2 does not contain macadamia shell and mulberry twig crumbs, the macadamia shell and the mulberry twig crumbs are replaced by cottonseed shells with the same weight, combined light irradiation is not adopted in the fruiting management stage, and the combined light is replaced by natural scattered light; the other cultivation steps were the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 3
The difference from example 1 is: the formula of the cultivation material of comparative example 3 does not contain macadamia shell and mulberry branch chips, the macadamia shell and the mulberry branch chips are replaced by cottonseed shells with the same weight, no nutrient solution is sprayed in the stages of scratching and bud forcing, and other cultivation steps are the same as those of example 1.
Comparative example 4
The difference from example 1 is: the formula of the cultivation material of the comparative example 3 does not contain macadamia shell and mulberry twig crumbs, and the macadamia shell and the mulberry twig crumbs are replaced by cottonseed shells with the same weight; in the fruiting management stage, combined light irradiation is not adopted, and the combined light is replaced by natural scattered light; and no nutrient solution is sprayed in the stages of mycelium stimulation and bud forcing, and other cultivation steps are the same as those of the embodiment 1.
The nutrient contents of the hypsizygus marmoreus produced according to the methods of examples 1-4 and comparative examples 1-4 were examined. Wherein, the content of crude protein is measured according to GB5009.5-2016 & lt & gt determination of protein in food & gt, the content of vitamin C is measured by a 2, 6-dichloroindophenol titration method, and the contents of calcium, iron and zinc are respectively measured according to GB5009.92 & lt & gt determination of calcium in food & gt, GB5009.90-2016 & lt & gt determination of iron in food & gt and GB5009.14-2017 & lt & gt determination of zinc in food & gt. The results are shown in table 1 below.
TABLE 1 nutrient contents of Hypsizygus marmoreus of each group
Wherein, the biological efficiency refers to the ratio of the weight of the fresh edible fungi to the weight of the dry substances in the culture medium; according to detection, the water content of the fungus bag is kept at about 60%, so that the weight of dry substances of the culture medium is calculated according to 40% of the total weight of the fungus bag. The detection results of crude protein, vitamin C, calcium content, iron content and zinc content are calculated by the weight of fresh hypsizygus marmoreus per 1 kg.
As can be seen from Table 1, the yield, biological efficiency and various nutritional ingredients of the hypsizygus marmoreus cultivated in the examples 1-4 of the present invention are higher than those of the comparative examples 1-4. The yield of the fresh mushrooms in the single-bag fungus bags is 530-700g, while the yield in the single bag of the single-bag fungus bags in the comparative examples 1-4 is only about 400-450g, and the yield in the comparative example 1 is increased by more than 17.8%; the biological efficiency of the invention reaches more than 120 percent, while the highest biological efficiency of the comparative example is only 102.3 percent; the crude protein content of the invention in the embodiment 1-4 reaches 30.5-31.3 g/kg, compared with the comparative example, the content is improved by more than 28%; the content of the vitamin C in the embodiments 1-4 reaches 143.2-145.7mg/kg, and compared with the comparative example, the content is improved by more than 3.5%; the mineral content of the invention in the examples 1-4 is higher than that of the comparative example, the calcium content reaches more than 22.4mg/kg, the iron content reaches more than 3.14mg/kg, and the zinc content reaches more than 6.58 mg/kg. Therefore, the nutritive value of the hypsizygus marmoreus cultivated in the application is higher than that of the comparative example, and the nutritive value of the hypsizygus marmoreus can be effectively improved by combining the steps of spraying a nutrient solution, irradiating combined light and the like after macadamia nut shells and mulberry branch scraps are added into the cultivation matrix.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to the specific embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A hypsizygus marmoreus cultivation method taking macadamia shell as a substrate is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) Preparing materials: weighing the following raw materials in parts by weight for proportioning: 500-800 parts of cottonseed hulls, 200-600 parts of macadamia nut shells, 200-400 parts of mulberry twig crumbs, 100-300 parts of bagasse, 60-100 parts of palm dregs, 80-120 parts of wheat bran and 80-100 parts of wood chips, and then 20-25 parts of lime is weighed for later use;
(2) Mixing materials: adding cottonseed hull, macadamia shell, ramulus Mori bits, sawdust, wheat bran, bagasse and palm meal into a blender in proportion, adding water, adjusting water content to 60-70%, adding lime powder, stirring, and adjusting pH to 10-12 to obtain cultivation material;
(3) Bagging and inoculating: filling the cultivation material into a mushroom stick bag, then performing high-temperature sterilization, cooling, and inoculating the seafood mushroom strain under the aseptic condition to obtain a cultivation bag;
(4) Spawn running: transferring the culture bag to a culture room for spawn running culture, controlling the temperature of the culture room to be 20-22 ℃ and the air humidity to be 60-65%, ventilating for 3-4 times every day, and culturing for 30-40min each time in a shading mode for 45-50d, wherein the bag can be filled with hyphae;
(5) After-ripening of hyphae: after the bag is filled with hyphae, the post maturation period is started, the temperature of the culture room is controlled to be 23-25 ℃, the air humidity is 70-75%, scattered light is given every day, indoor ventilation is carried out once every 1-2h, the ventilation time is 10-15min every time, the carbon dioxide concentration is controlled to be below 0.3%, the culture is carried out for 30-40 days until the hyphae are turned into gray or earthy yellow, and the post maturation period is finished;
(6) Scratching fungi: opening the fungus bags by using a fungus scratching machine to scratch fungus, removing old fungus seed blocks and fungus peels, spraying nutrient solution on the material surface of the fungus bags, standing for 1-2h, and then moving the fungus bags to a fruiting chamber;
(7) And (3) fruiting management: fruiting management comprises two stages of bud forcing and fruiting harvesting;
bud forcing: the fruiting chamber temperature is controlled at 12-16 deg.C, air humidity is 90-95%, carbon dioxide concentration is controlled below 0.2%, and bud forcing time is 10-15 days; spraying nutrient solution 2-5cm above the hyphae for 1-2 times per day, preferably moistening hyphae surface, and irradiating with combined light of white light, red light, yellow light and blue light for 5-6 hr per day;
fruiting and harvesting: after inducement to bud, controlling the temperature of the fruiting chamber at 14-16 ℃, the air humidity at 85-90%, the carbon dioxide concentration below 0.1%, irradiating with scattered light for 10-12 hours every day, starting harvesting when the length of stipe reaches 5cm and the diameter of pileus reaches 2cm, and harvesting 2-3 times of mushrooms every year.
2. The method for cultivating hypsizygus marmoreus using macadamia shell as substrate according to claim 1, wherein: the macadamia shell and mulberry branch scraps are also pretreated by the following steps: pulverizing macadamia shell to particle size of 1-3mm, soaking in water for 2-3 days, adding ramulus Mori powder, and fermenting for 3-5 days.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: the cottonseed hulls, the macadamia shells, the bagasse, the palm meal, the wheat bran and the wood chips in the step (1) are wet materials soaked in water; wherein the water content of the cottonseed hulls, the palm meal and the wheat bran is 15-20%, and the water content of the macadamia nut shells, the mulberry branch scraps, the wood chips and the bagasse is 65-70%.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: the weight parts of the raw materials in the step (1) are as follows: 600 parts of cottonseed hulls, 350 parts of macadamia shell, 350 parts of mulberry twig chips, 250 parts of bagasse, 80 parts of palm meal, 100 parts of wheat bran, 100 parts of wood chips and 25 parts of lime.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: the carbon-nitrogen ratio C/N of the cultivation material in the step (2) is 33-35.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: the material of the fungus stick bag in the step (3) is polyethylene or polypropylene, the specification is 17 x 33cm, and the wet material weight after each bag is filled is 1.1-1.5kg.
7. The method for cultivating hypsizygus marmoreus using macadamia shell as substrate according to claim 1, wherein: and (3) inoculating 30-50ml of hypsizygus marmoreus strains in each bag.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: the preparation method of the nutrient solution comprises the following steps: adding water 20-50 times the weight of fresh stigma Maydis, boiling for 1-2 hr, removing stigma Maydis, adding brown sugar with the same weight as stigma Maydis, and stirring to obtain nutritional liquid.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: the illumination intensity of the white light in the combined light in the step (7) is 100-200lx, the illumination intensity of the red light is 50-100lx, the illumination intensity of the yellow light is 50-80lx, and the illumination intensity of the blue light is 20-50lx.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: the intensity of the scattered light in the step (5) is 200lx to 250lx, and the intensity of the scattered light in the step (7) is 250lx to 300lx.
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