CN115428798A - Seed treatment agent, preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Seed treatment agent, preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN115428798A CN115428798A CN202211045981.2A CN202211045981A CN115428798A CN 115428798 A CN115428798 A CN 115428798A CN 202211045981 A CN202211045981 A CN 202211045981A CN 115428798 A CN115428798 A CN 115428798A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N51/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds having the sequences of atoms O—N—S, X—O—S, N—N—S, O—N—N or O-halogen, regardless of the number of bonds each atom has and with no atom of these sequences forming part of a heterocyclic ring
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/06—Coating or dressing seed
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
- A01P21/00—Plant growth regulators
Abstract
The invention discloses a seed treatment agent, a preparation method and an application thereof, wherein the seed treatment agent is a thioglycoside solution with the concentration of 100mg/L-1000mg/L, and is suitable for the seed treatment agent for improving the rape emergence rate, promoting the development of seedling root systems and enhancing the seedling vitality under the conditions of normal temperature and low temperature.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of seed pretreatment, in particular to a seed treating agent, and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
The rape seeds contain rich unsaturated fatty acid, which is an important source of plant oil, and the improvement of the yield of the rape is a technical problem which needs to be overcome by related technical personnel for a long time, and the reason is that the traditional seedling raising and transplanting technology is gradually replaced by mechanical direct seeding in China, the rape seeds are small, the mechanical direct seeding is difficult to realize uniform and strong seedlings, and the main planting modes of 80 percent of rape production areas of Yangtze river valley are rice-oil rotation, including rice-oil triple cropping and rice-oil double cropping, the stubble contradiction is prominent in the mode, so that the rape sowing period is continuously delayed, particularly, the low temperature appears in late sowing seasons (10 th days and 11 th days) of the rape in the Yangtze river valley, the lowest temperature is only 13.05 ℃, in addition, the low temperature cold injury is a common meteorological disaster in the middle and downstream areas of the Yangtze river, even if the rape in the normal sowing period is subjected to low temperature stress, the seedlings are uneven in emergence, the germination is slow, and the full-seedling and strong seedlings are difficult to realize.
Related technicians can pretreat the rape seeds to overcome the technical problems, wherein the seed treatment means that measures such as physical, chemical and biological treatment are taken on the seeds before sowing so as to break seed dormancy, promote germination, improve seed vitality and germination capacity under adverse circumstances, prevent diseases and insect pests at a seedling stage and increase seedling nutrition, so that crop growth and development are promoted, and yield is improved; common pretreatment methods include: physical methods (magnetic fields, ultrasound, radiation, microwaves, etc.), chemical methods (inorganic chemical agents, plant growth regulating substances), biological methods, seed priming and seed coating techniques (seed pelleting and seed coating), etc. The most widely used method at home and abroad is a chemical method, which mainly uses insecticides, bactericides, plant growth regulators, inorganic chemical reagents and the like to treat seeds: fungicides and insecticides are mostly used for seed dressing and coating, and inorganic chemical agents and plant growth regulators are mainly used for seed soaking treatment.
The effective action ranges and the side effects of different types of chemical reagents used as seed treatment agents are different, so that the selection range of the seed treatment agent is enlarged, the seed treatment agent with simple components and effectiveness is provided, the germination and seedling emergence of rape seeds and the growth and development of seedlings are promoted, and the problems of slow seedling emergence, irregular seedling emergence and weak seedlings caused by environmental influence, particularly low air temperature in the germination and seedling emergence period of the seeds under the delayed sowing condition are solved.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, the application provides a seed treatment agent, a preparation method and an application thereof, which are suitable for improving the emergence rate of the rape, promoting the root development of seedlings and enhancing the vitality of the seedlings under normal temperature and low temperature conditions.
In order to achieve the technical purpose, the following technical scheme is adopted in the application:
in a first aspect, the present application provides a seed treatment agent which is a thioglycoside solution having a concentration of 100mg/L to 1000 mg/L.
Preferably, the concentration of the thioglycoside solution is 200mg/L to 400mg/L.
Preferably, the glucosinolate is glucoraphanin.
In a second aspect, the present application provides a method for preparing a seed treatment agent, wherein a mixture of thioglycoside and water is subjected to ultrasonic crushing under an ice bath condition to obtain the seed treatment agent.
Preferably, the power of ultrasonic crushing is 250W, and the crushing time is 10-15min.
In a third aspect, the present application provides a seed treatment method, comprising the steps of: and (2) disinfecting the seeds, soaking the seeds in a seed treatment agent in a dark place, cleaning, airing and sowing, wherein the dosage ratio of the seeds to the seed treatment agent is 1g.
Preferably, the seeds are canola seeds.
Preferably, the rape seed is a late-sown rape seed.
Preferably, the seed soaking treatment time is 10-12h, and the seed soaking treatment is carried out in a shaking table with the rotating speed of 120-150 rpm.
In a fourth aspect, the application provides an application of a seed treatment agent in improving the emergence rate of rape seeds and the seedling vigor of the rape seeds.
Preferably, the application provides the application of the seed treatment agent in improving the emergence rate of rape seeds and the seedling vigor of the rape seeds under the condition of the environmental temperature of 10-20 ℃.
The beneficial effect of this application is as follows: the seed treatment agent is the glucosinolate with a certain concentration, can obviously improve the rape emergence rate, the seedling root length, the root dry weight and the seedling vitality index under normal temperature and low temperature conditions, solves the problems of slow emergence, irregular emergence, weak seedlings, low seedling rate, poor seedling individual and slow growth and development caused by environmental influence, particularly low temperature during the germination and emergence of the seeds under the delayed sowing condition, has great significance for stabilizing and developing the planting area of winter rape areas in Yangtze river basin and promoting the development and utilization of winter fallow fields, and has the characteristics of simple operation, low investment and high benefit.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and do not limit the invention.
In order to improve the emergence rate of the rapes under the conditions of normal temperature and low temperature, promote the root development of seedlings and enhance the vitality of the seedlings, the application provides a seed treating agent which is a thioglycoside solution with the concentration of 100mg/L-1000 mg/L; preferably, the concentration of the thioglycoside solution is 200mg/L-400mg/L; more preferably, the concentration of the glucosinolate solution is 200mg/L, the used glucosinolate is glucoraphanin, the CAS number is 21414-41-5, and the glucosinolate solution is suspension.
The seed treatment agent is convenient to use, solves the problem of difficulty in aligning and strengthening the rape seedlings, particularly solves the problems of low emergence rate, slow growth and development of seedlings and poor seedling quality of the rape seedlings under the delayed sowing condition or the low temperature condition, and lays a foundation for increasing the yield of the rape seedlings in alignment and strengthening the rape seedlings when being normally sown and resisting stress and stabilizing the yield of the rape seedlings after being sown.
The application provides a preparation method of a seed treatment agent, which comprises the following steps: crushing the aqueous solution of the glucosinolate by an ultrasonic crusher under the ice bath condition to obtain a glucosinolate suspension as a seed treating agent, wherein the crushing power of the ultrasonic crusher is 250W, and the crushing time is 10-15min.
The seed treatment method using the seed treatment agent comprises the following steps: soaking and disinfecting the seeds in a 1wt% sodium hypochlorite solution for 15min, taking out, soaking the seeds according to a ratio of the weight (g) of the seeds to the volume (mL) of the soaking liquid of 1. Then taking out the soaked seeds, washing the seeds with distilled water for three times, placing the seeds in a room for airing, and immediately sowing the seeds;
in the scheme, the seeds are rape seeds, such as No. 11 rape seeds (selected by oil crop research institute of Chinese academy of agricultural sciences), and 199 soil (selected by oil crop research institute of Chinese academy of agricultural sciences, new oil science and technology industries, inc. in Wuhan, oil soil hope for seed industry, inc. in Wuhan).
In addition, the application provides the application of the seed treatment agent in improving the emergence rate of the rape seeds and the seedling vigor of the rape seeds, preferably, the application provides the application of the seed treatment agent in improving the emergence rate of the rape seeds and the seedling vigor of the rape seeds under the condition of the environmental temperature of 10-20 ℃.
As used herein, low temperature means an ambient temperature of 10 ℃ to 20 ℃; normal temperature means that the ambient temperature is 20-25 ℃.
The following description will be made by specific examples.
Example 1
Germination box test of Zhongshuang No. 11
The test is carried out in an intelligent illumination incubator (GDN-300B-4), and the experimental material is No. 11 of rape varieties (selected by oil crop research institute of Chinese academy of agricultural sciences). Selecting full rape seeds with proper particle size, disinfecting the seeds for 15min by using 1wt% of sodium hypochlorite, and naturally airing the seeds indoors for later use.
Weighing thioglycoside according to preset concentration (100 mg/L, 200mg/L, 400mg/L, 600mg/L, 800mg/L, 1000 mg/L) and placing into a 50mL centrifuge tube, adding H 2 And O, crushing for 10min by using an ultrasonic crusher 250W, wherein a centrifugal tube needs to be placed in a beaker filled with ice blocks because a large amount of heat is generated in the crushing process. Weighing the same weight of each group of disinfected seeds, placing the seeds in 50mL conical flasks with uniform specifications, soaking the seeds in a condition that the weight (g) of the seeds and the volume (mL) of the seed soaking liquid are 1. Then the seeds after soaking are taken out and washed by distilled water for three times, and then the seeds are placed indoors for airing.
Adding 10mL of distilled water into a germination box (12cm x 6 cm), laying three layers of germination paper, and neatly placing 100 seeds with 10 x 10 of dried seeds; then the germination box was placed in an incubator for germination with day/night illumination setting of 13000/0lx, temperature setting of 25 ℃/20 ℃ (16 h/8 h) at normal temperature (control), and 15 ℃/10 ℃ (16 h/8 h) at low temperature, each treatment was repeated 3 times. Adding 1mL of H2O every day, and keeping the germination box moist. The germination and emergence numbers are counted every day, the standard of germination is that the bud length is larger than 1mm, and the standard of emergence is that young stems are upright, cotyledons are flat, and the color of the leaves is changed from light yellow to light green. After sowing, continuously investigating for 7d in a normal temperature control group, continuously investigating for 14d in a low temperature group, then sampling and measuring the root length and the stem length, and putting the mixture into an oven to bake for about 48h at 85 ℃ to obtain the dry weight. And counting and calculating the germination rate, the emergence rate, the average germination time, the average emergence time, the seedling vitality index and the like.
Germination rate = the number of germinated seeds/total number of test seeds × 100%;
emergence rate = number of normal seedlings/total number of test seeds × 100%;
average germination time = ∑ (Gt × Dt)/∑ Gt, (Gt means number of seeds germinated on day t, dt means day after sowing);
average time of emergence = ∑ (St × Dt)/∑ St, (St means number of seeds emerging on day t, dt means day after sowing);
stem dry weight = aerial part dry weight;
root dry weight = underground part dry weight;
total dry weight = above ground part dry weight + below ground part dry weight;
stem length = length from root neck to seedling tip growing point;
root length = length from root neck to root cap;
total length = root length + stem length;
seedling vigor index = germination rate × total length.
Control group (CK): replacing the erucic acid suspension with clear water for seed soaking treatment, and carrying out the same experiment group on other conditions.
The influence of the glucosinolate seed soaking treatment on the germination and emergence characteristics of rape seeds and the seedling morphology at normal temperature and low temperature is researched through the test steps, and the results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 Effect of thioglycoside treatment on germination and emergence characteristics of rape seeds and seedling morphology at Normal and Low temperatures (Zhongshuang No. 11)
As can be seen from the table 1, under the normal temperature condition, the treatment of 100mg/L, 200mg/L, 400mg/L and 600mg/L thioglycoside can obviously improve the emergence rate of the rapes, which are respectively increased by 21.03%, 17.76%, 15.42% and 19.16% compared with the control, wherein the average germination time of 400mg/L is prolonged by 10.23% compared with the control; the treatment of the glucosinolates with various concentrations can obviously increase the root length of seedlings, wherein 200mg/L, 400mg/L and 1000mg/L respectively increase 27.17 percent, 25.54 percent and 21.74 percent compared with a control; except 100mg/L, the treatment of the thioglycoside with other concentrations can obviously increase the dry weight of the roots of the seedlings, wherein 200mg/L and 400mg/L are respectively increased by 20.00 percent and 16.61 percent compared with a control; the dry weight and the total dry weight of seedlings can be obviously increased by treating the glucosinolates with various concentrations; the vitality indexes of the seedlings treated by the glucosinolates at all concentrations are obviously different from those of a control, wherein 200mg/L, 400mg/L and 1000mg/L are respectively increased by 22.94%, 23.39% and 21.10% compared with the control. The average seedling emergence time, the germination rate and the seedling length have no obvious difference from the control.
Under the condition of low temperature, the treatment of the glucosinolates with various concentrations can obviously improve the emergence rate of the rape, wherein 200mg/L, 400mg/L and 600mg/L are respectively increased by 13.79 percent, 13.36 percent and 12.93 percent compared with a control; the 200mg/L and 400mg/L thioglycoside treatment can obviously improve the germination rate of the rape, and the germination rate is respectively increased by 6.59 percent and 5.49 percent compared with a control; except 100mg/L, the treatment of the thioglycoside with other concentrations can obviously increase the root length of seedlings, wherein 200mg/L, 400mg/L, 600mg/L and 1000mg/L are respectively increased by 19.75%, 22.29%, 25.48% and 22.93% compared with a control; the treatment of 200mg/L and 400mg/L thioglycoside can obviously increase the dry weight of the seedling root by 21.65 percent and 20.18 percent respectively compared with a control; the vitality indexes of the seedlings treated by the glucosinolates at different concentrations are obviously different from those of a control, wherein the vitality indexes of the seedlings treated by the glucosinolates at different concentrations are respectively increased by 22.09%, 25.00%, 26.74%, 20.93% and 23.84% compared with the control at 200mg/L, 400mg/L, 600mg/L, 800mg/L and 1000 mg/L. The average germination time, the average emergence time, the seedling length, the dry weight of the seedlings and the total dry weight of the seedlings have no significant difference with a control.
In conclusion, 200mg/L and 400mg/L thioglycoside treatment can increase the emergence rate, root length, root dry weight and seedling vitality index of Zhongshuang No. 11 under the conditions of normal temperature and low temperature, and the comprehensive performance is optimal.
Example 2
Middle double No. 11 pot culture test
The test is carried out in an intelligent illumination incubator (GDN-300B-4), and the experimental material is No. 11 of rape varieties. Selecting full rape seeds with proper particle size, disinfecting the seeds for 15min by using 1wt% of sodium hypochlorite, and naturally airing the seeds indoors for later use.
The seed soaking liquid is prepared according to the optimal available concentrations of 200mg/L, 300mg/L and 400mg/L screened out in the example 1, and the processing method is consistent with the example 1. Weighing the same weight of each group of disinfected seeds, placing the seeds in 50mL conical flasks with uniform specifications, soaking the seeds in a condition that the weight (g) of the seeds and the volume (mL) of the seed soaking liquid are 1. Then the seeds after soaking are taken out and washed by distilled water for three times, and then the seeds are placed indoors for airing.
150g of soil (the volume ratio of common soil to nutrient soil is about 1: 3) is filled in a germination box (12cm × 6cm, and the mixture is uniformly mixed, 100mL of H2O is added for soaking, 25 seeds are neatly placed in each box in 5 × 5 mode, soil is spread on the seeds until the seeds are completely covered, and water is uniformly sprayed for wetting. The rate of emergence is counted every day, and the standard of emergence is that young stems are upright, cotyledons are flat and the color of leaves is changed from light yellow to light green. After sowing, continuously investigating for 7d in a normal temperature control group, continuously investigating for 14d in a low temperature group, then sampling and measuring the root length and the stem length, and putting the mixture into an oven to bake for about 48h at 85 ℃ to obtain the dry weight. And counting and calculating the emergence rate and the average emergence time.
Through the steps, the influence of the glucosinolate seed soaking treatment on the emergence characteristics of potted rape seeds and the seedling morphology at normal temperature and low temperature is researched, and the result is shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 Effect of thioglycoside treatment on emergence characteristics and seedling morphology of potted oilseed rape seeds at Normal and Low temperatures (Zhongshuang No. 11)
As can be seen from Table 2, the treatment of 200mg/L, 300mg/L and 400mg/L thioglycoside at normal temperature can obviously improve the rate of emergence of the rape, and the rates are respectively increased by 12.88%, 12.88% and 12.12% compared with the control; the treatment of 200mg/L, 300mg/L and 400mg/L can obviously increase the root length of the seedling by 10.05 percent, 8.61 percent and 15.82 percent respectively compared with the control, and simultaneously, the dry weight of the root of the seedling increases by 15.90 percent, 21.41 percent and 18.35 percent respectively compared with the control. Average time of emergence, seedling length, dry weight of seedlings and total dry weight were not significantly different from the control.
Under low temperature, the treatment of 200mg/L, 300mg/L and 400mg/L thioglycoside can obviously improve the emergence rate of the rape, and the emergence rates are respectively increased by 16.41 percent, 16.41 percent and 15.63 percent compared with the control; the root length of 200mg/L, 300mg/L and 400mg/L thioglycoside treated seedlings is obviously different from that of a control, and is respectively increased by 14.45%, 14.21% and 21.87% compared with the control, and meanwhile, the dry weight of the roots of the seedlings is also obviously increased by 18.55%, 15.41% and 19.50% compared with the control; 200mg/L, 300mg/L and 400mg/L of thioglycoside treatment can obviously increase the dry weight and the total dry weight of seedlings, wherein the dry weight of the seedlings is respectively increased by 22.07 percent, 20.70 percent and 24.54 percent compared with a control, and the total dry weight is respectively increased by 21.72 percent, 20.21 percent and 24.07 percent compared with the control. The average emergence time and the seedling length have no significant difference from the control.
In conclusion, 200mg/L, 300mg/L and 400mg/L thioglycoside treatment can obviously increase the emergence rate, the root length and the root dry weight of the Zhongshuang No. 11 under the conditions of normal temperature and low temperature, and the conclusion is consistent with the experimental conclusion of the germination box.
Example 3
Potting test of the Earth 199
The experiment is carried out in an intelligent illumination incubator (GDN-300B-4), the experimental material is rape variety land 199 (oil crop research institute of Chinese agricultural academy of sciences, new oil science and technology industries GmbH in Wuhan and oil land hope for planting industry GmbH in Wuhan), and the experimental setup is consistent with that of example 2.
Through the above steps, the influence of the glucosinolate seed soaking treatment on the emergence characteristics of potted rape seeds and the seedling morphology at normal and low temperatures was studied, and the results are shown in table 3.
TABLE 3 Effect of the thioglycoside treatment on the emergence characteristics and seedling morphology of potted canola seeds at ambient and low temperatures (Earth 199)
As can be seen from Table 3, under normal temperature conditions, the emergence rates of thioglycoside treatment at 200mg/L, 300mg/L and 400mg/L are significantly different from those of the control, and are respectively increased by 3.45%, 3.45% and 2.76% compared with the control; the seedling root length and the root dry weight can be obviously increased by 200mg/L, 300mg/L and 400mg/L, the root length is respectively increased by 19.78%, 18.84% and 14.00% compared with a control, and the root dry weight is respectively increased by 33.91%, 25.57% and 20.40% compared with the control. The average emergence time, the seedling length, the dry weight of the seedlings and the total dry weight have no significant difference.
The emergence rates of the thioglycoside treatments at 200mg/L, 300mg/L and 400mg/L at low temperature are obviously different from those of a control, and are respectively increased by 13.74%, 12.21% and 11.45% compared with the control, wherein the average emergence time of 200mg/L is obviously shortened by 16.86% compared with the control; the root length and the root dry weight of seedlings at 200mg/L, 300mg/L and 400mg/L are obviously different from those of a control, the root length is respectively increased by 22.29%, 15.07% and 16.90% compared with the control, and the root dry weight is respectively increased by 9.23%, 7.94% and 12.31% compared with the control. The seedling length, the seedling dry weight and the total dry weight of the seedlings have no obvious difference from the contrast.
In conclusion, the germination rate, the root length and the root dry weight of the ground 199 can be increased under the conditions of normal temperature and low temperature by 200mg/L, 300mg/L and 400mg/L thioglycoside treatment, and the conclusion is consistent with that of the Zhongshuang No. 11 germination box experiment and the pot experiment.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are also within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A seed treatment agent, characterized in that it is a thioglycoside solution with a concentration of 100mg/L to 1000 mg/L.
2. The seed treatment agent according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the thioglycoside solution is 200mg/L to 400mg/L.
3. The seed treatment according to claim 1, wherein the glucosinolate is glucoraphanin.
4. A method for preparing a seed treatment agent according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a mixture of glucoraphanin and water is subjected to ultrasonication under ice bath conditions to obtain the seed treatment agent.
5. The preparation method of claim 4, wherein the power of the ultrasonic disruption is 250W, and the disruption time is 10-15min.
6. A seed treatment method using the seed treatment agent according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising the steps of: and after the seeds are disinfected, soaking the seeds in the seed treatment agent in a dark place, cleaning, airing and sowing, wherein the use amount ratio of the seeds to the seed treatment agent is 1g.
7. The treatment method according to claim 6, wherein the seeds are rape seeds.
8. The treatment method according to claim 6, wherein the rape seed is a delayed-sown rape seed.
9. The process according to claim 6, wherein the seed soaking treatment is carried out in a shaker rotating at 120-150rpm for 10-12 h.
10. Use of a seed treatment according to any one of claims 1 to 4 for increasing the rate of emergence of oilseed rape seeds and the vigor of seedlings thereof.
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Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20050193448A1 (en) * | 2004-02-09 | 2005-09-01 | Regents Of The University Of Minnesota | Methods for increasing one or more glucosinolates in a plant |
| CN109527299A (en) * | 2018-12-26 | 2019-03-29 | 北京市农林科学院 | A kind of synchronic preparation method of the blue and white vegetable juice for being effectively retained glucorphanin and blue and white vegetable powder |
| CN111317751A (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2020-06-23 | 大汉酵素生物科技股份有限公司 | Anticancer composition containing thioglycoside compound and application thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20050193448A1 (en) * | 2004-02-09 | 2005-09-01 | Regents Of The University Of Minnesota | Methods for increasing one or more glucosinolates in a plant |
| CN111317751A (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2020-06-23 | 大汉酵素生物科技股份有限公司 | Anticancer composition containing thioglycoside compound and application thereof |
| CN109527299A (en) * | 2018-12-26 | 2019-03-29 | 北京市农林科学院 | A kind of synchronic preparation method of the blue and white vegetable juice for being effectively retained glucorphanin and blue and white vegetable powder |
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