CN115380135A - 透明复合纳米纤维基多层纺织品 - Google Patents

透明复合纳米纤维基多层纺织品 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN115380135A
CN115380135A CN202180023155.5A CN202180023155A CN115380135A CN 115380135 A CN115380135 A CN 115380135A CN 202180023155 A CN202180023155 A CN 202180023155A CN 115380135 A CN115380135 A CN 115380135A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
layer
textile
multilayer textile
patterned
layers
Prior art date
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Pending
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CN202180023155.5A
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English (en)
Inventor
D·巴拉纳
G·福图纳托
A·G·盖克斯
R·罗西
T·皮莱
K·舍恩伯格
S·西德扬斯基
D·巴塔德
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Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne EPFL
Eidgenoessische Materialprufungs und Forschungsanstalt EMPA
Original Assignee
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne EPFL
Eidgenoessische Materialprufungs und Forschungsanstalt EMPA
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Publication of CN115380135A publication Critical patent/CN115380135A/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
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    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/0007—Electro-spinning
    • D01D5/0061—Electro-spinning characterised by the electro-spinning apparatus
    • D01D5/0076—Electro-spinning characterised by the electro-spinning apparatus characterised by the collecting device, e.g. drum, wheel, endless belt, plate or grid
    • D01D5/0084—Coating by electro-spinning, i.e. the electro-spun fibres are not removed from the collecting device but remain integral with it, e.g. coating of prostheses
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
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    • B01D39/1607—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous
    • B01D39/1623—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous of synthetic origin
    • B01D39/163—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of organic material, e.g. synthetic fibres the material being fibrous of synthetic origin sintered or bonded
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62B—DEVICES, APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR LIFE-SAVING
    • A62B23/00—Filters for breathing-protection purposes
    • A62B23/02—Filters for breathing-protection purposes for respirators
    • A62B23/025—Filters for breathing-protection purposes for respirators the filter having substantially the shape of a mask
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Abstract

一种复合多层纺织品(1)，包括具有直径低于100nm的纳米纤维的至少一个纳米纤维层(11)及具有直径低于3微米的微纤维的一个支撑层(12)，其中层(11、12)通过电纺丝生产，并且多层纺织品(1)显示大于60％的在λ＝550nm处的总体透射率(T％)，纺织品显示与透明度、可呼吸性和强韧性有关的改进特性。纺织品通过以下实现：至少一个纳米纤维层(11)和支撑层(12)在生产过程中使用的图案的闭合区域处熔合，从而在多层纺织品(1)中形成固体域(Ds)，其中固体域(Ds)彼此分离或连接，显示具有规则或不规则空间分布的限定形状，而在固体域(Ds)旁边的开放区域的顶部上，纳米纤维层(11)的纳米纤维和支撑层(12)的微纤维的纤维形态得以保留，从而实现比单独层(11、12)的总和给出的透射率大的总体透射率。

Description

透明复合纳米纤维基多层纺织品
技术领域
本发明描述了一种复合多层纺织品，其包括具有直径低于100nm的纳米纤维的至少一个纳米纤维层及具有直径低于5微米的微纤维的一个支撑层，其中所述层通过电纺丝生产，并且所述多层纺织品显示出大于60％的在λ＝555nm处的总透射率；一种用于生产透明多层纺织品的方法；以及多层纺织品作为面罩的一部分的用途。
背景技术
多层纺织品长期以来一直用于各种应用。一种感兴趣的应用是用作透明且可呼吸的口罩或面罩。此类高性能纺织品正在不断发展，以便具有最佳的透明度和呼吸特性。最近，已引入呈纳米纤维形式的纳米技术。理据是以下众所周知的事实：纳米纤维通过达到最大透气性可用于合成具有优异过滤效率的过滤层。但由于极小的纤维直径和弱纳米纤维，必须增加所得多层纺织品的稳定性，以达到更强韧的多层纺织品。
从WO2016128844已知使用电纺丝来生产所得透明复合多层纺织品的至少一层。在电纺丝具有纳米纤维的至少一层之后，将此层放置在用作覆盖层的两个纺织层之间。覆盖层应当是非织造层并且纳米纤维层应当被电纺丝到覆盖层上。电纺丝在WO2016128844中有详细描述，并且甚至将纳米纤维层涂覆在覆盖层上的步骤也通过电纺丝进行。
关于科学文献，在科学文献中找到了关于通过电纺丝制备半透明空气过滤器的可能性的若干著作。在Xia等人的[Xia T,Bian Y,Zhang L,Chen C.Relationship betweenpressure drop and face velocity for electrospun nanofibre filters.EnergyBuild.2018；158:987-999]中提出了制备透明纳米纤维薄膜的可能性，并论证了使用此类元件将高颗粒去除效率与相对低的空气阻力相结合的可能性。用于扩大纳米纤维基透明空气过滤器生产的早期方法报告于Xu等人的[Xu J,Liu C,Hsu PC等人Roll-to-RollTransfer of Electrospun Nanofibre Film for High-Efficiency Transparent AirFilter.Nano Lett.2016；16(2):1270-1275]中。
然而，尚未提出一种用于成本有效地合成在诸如过滤、透明度、可呼吸性和强韧性等所有相关方面具有足够特性的透明面罩的令人信服的解决方案。
发明内容
本发明的主题是提供一种透明复合纳米纤维基多层纺织品、用于生产这种多层纺织品的方法以及这种多层纺织品作为面罩的一部分的用途。
所述透明复合纳米纤维基多层纺织品必须经过设计，以便稍后制造例如具有足够机械稳定性并符合欧洲法规EN 14683或EN149:2001+A1:2009(欧洲个人防护装备标准)的透通面罩。尚未公开用于实现成本有效的在所有上述关键特征(即过滤效率、防飞溅性和舒适度)方面具有良好性能的透明面罩的技术解决方案。
本发明本质上提供一种作为透明聚合物过滤器的多层纺织品，所述多层纺织品由于其小孔隙大小和可调节的纤维表面特性而对微米颗粒和纳米颗粒也具有很大的过滤潜力，其中主要目标是范围在0.5微米至3微米之间的细菌。所述材料可用于制造不同种类的透明过滤器，能够从空气和其他流体中去除广泛范围的有害微生物和污染物。
附图说明
通过参考以下结合在下面简要描述的相关联附图的详细描述，可获得对本发明的各个方面的进一步理解。
应当指出的是，在不同描述的实施方案中，相同的部分设置有相同的参考符号或相同的部件名称，整个说明书中所包含的公开内容能够类似地应用于具有相同参考符号或相同部件符号的相同部分。
下面结合附图描述本发明的主题的优选示例性实施方案。
图1a示出通过在图案化收集器上进行电纺丝和连续热/压力处理以及冷却步骤进行的电纺丝纳米纤维层和包括微纤维的支撑层的生产方法的示意图，其示出示意性设置，而
图1b示出利用根据图1a的方法与两个层得到的图案化多层纺织品的示意性剖视图，而
图1c示出在一个纳米纤维层夹置在两个支撑层之间的情况下的多层纺织品的示意性剖视图，而
图1d示出作为我们实验室根据图1c的样品合成的示例的顶视图的扫描电子显微镜图像。
图2a示出利用示意性设置的不同生产方法的示意图，而
图2b示出利用根据图2a的方法与两个层得到的图案化多层纺织品的示意性剖视图，所述图案化多层纺织品具有纳米纤维层、支撑层和图案化层的固体域，而
图2c示出在纳米纤维层和支撑层的两个双层夹置有图案化层的情况下的多层纺织品的示意性剖视图，而
图2d和图2e以增加的放大倍数示出作为根据图2a中示出的方法合成的示例的顶视图的扫描电子显微镜图像。
图3a示出测量设置的示意图，而
图3b示出所得透明复合纳米纤维基多层纺织品的照片和在300nm与800nm之间的波长范围内的透射率曲线。
具体实施方式
公开了透明复合多层纺织品1，所述透明复合多层纺织品包括至少一个纳米纤维层11和至少一个半透明支撑层12的夹层结构，所述纳米纤维层具有直径至少低于100nm、特别地低于50nm的超薄纳米纤维，所述支撑层包括优选地直径在1μm至5μm之间的更大、更强韧的微纤维。使用纳米纤维层11和支撑层12的至少一个单层，在电纺丝步骤I中，每个层在生产设置0的带2上被电纺丝在彼此上方。
构成层11、层12的纤维的大小被优化以减少光散射并提高透明度。已根据使用米氏光散射理论详尽阐述的预测选择最佳纤维大小。对于直径明显小于或大于入射光波长的纤维，所散射的光的量较低。因此，我们的策略是基于包括分别负责过滤和机械特性的不同大小的低散射纤维的多层纺织品。
在电纺丝步骤I之后，对多层复合材料施加呈热机械处理步骤II形式的随后第二步骤II。使多层复合材料通过具有至少一个压辊30的压机3或最优选地通过压延机3。
通过施加
-至少1000N/cm2、最优选地大于或等于1500N/cm2的压力p1和
-至少70℃、最优选地大于或等于80℃的温度T1，
在高达一位数的秒数、优选地大于或等于10秒、最优选地30秒的时间间隔Δt内，
纳米纤维层11的纳米纤维和支撑层12的微纤维在特定位置熔合在一起形成固体域Ds，如图1b所描绘，这些固体域是高度透明的。根据所使用材料和纤维厚度，固体域Ds的透明度高于其他区域。
固体域Ds在层11、12之间提供牢固的结合点，从而大大提高机械稳定性和透明度。根据第一种方法，电纺丝设备的收集器在平面内具有闭合区域和开放区域的特定图案，并且还将用作模板。合适的图案化收集器可以是金属网或穿孔金属片材。在工业规模上，收集器可方便地整合在带2中，以便能够将图案转移到每个层11、层12和最终的多层纺织品1。
在典型的设计中，多层纺织品1呈现出其中由面内对齐的纤维构成的域嵌入由纤维熔合产生的连续固体网络中的图案。结果是具有与电纺丝设备的收集器的图案相对应的图案的熔合图案化多层结构。不同层11、12的连接区域由所述图案形成。热压和图案化是在图案化收集器上进行电纺丝步骤I和随后热机械处理步骤II的结果。
在随后步骤中，在低于根据热机械处理步骤II的T1和p1的温度T2和压力pat下进行冷却步骤III。温度T2远低于T1，尤其为约低于30℃的室温。压力pat是在离开压机/压延机3之后所得多层纺织品1上的大气压。
然后可对所得的具有图案化的、熔合的、至少部分连接的纳米纤维层11和支撑层12的多层纺织品1进行进一步加工或将其卷绕在辊4上。
图1b描绘透明复合纳米纤维基多层纺织品1的示意性示例，其示出图案化结构。所述图案包括纳米纤维层11和支撑层12的固体域Ds，其特征在于纳米纤维层11和支撑层12的更高透明度和纤维域赋予透气性和过滤。
纤维被组织在由如上所述熔合的壳聚糖/聚己内酯纳米纤维的纳米纤维层11和聚酯/聚氨酯微纤维的支撑层12构成的多层结构中。
在更优选的示例中，壳聚糖/聚己内酯纳米纤维的纳米纤维层11嵌入聚酯/聚氨酯微纤维的两个防护支撑层12、12'之间，如图1c所示意性地示出。所有三个层11、12、12'依次在电纺丝装置的特殊导电收集器上进行纺丝，并随后通过如上所述的热机械处理步骤II进行修改，以产生固体域Ds。
图1c的示例如所述的那样生产。样品显示出根据图1d的所附显微图像的结构。多层纺织品1'的固体域Ds清晰可见并且对应于电纺丝设备的收集器的图案。
纳米纤维层11和支撑层12的厚度可被调整以提供经过选择和适当的具有不同特性的多层纺织品1。纤维在随后步骤中被电纺丝，以方便地构建多层架构。在电纺丝步骤I的序列结束时，形成了在收集器的开放区域和闭合区域之上包括不同纤维密度的多层片材。然后在热机械处理步骤II中对多层纺织品1进行热压。此步骤II可方便地通过压延以工业规模执行。热和压力的组合作用将与收集器的闭合区域接触的聚合物纤维转化为固体致密膜，而在收集器的开放区域的顶部上，纤维形态得以保留。在此阶段结束时，形成图案化多层纺织品1。
纳米纤维层11的纳米纤维和支撑层12的微纤维的纤维形态到达固体域Ds旁边的结构的开放区域上或在其上方延伸，在那里它们可彼此区分。
热机械处理步骤II允许同时结合不同的层11、11'、12、12'、13(如下文所公开)并且在图案化多层纺织品1中产生固体域Ds的图案，所述图案增加透明度和机械阻力。
通过得到嵌入至少一个纳米纤维层11的纳米纤维和至少一个支撑层12的微纤维的连续网络中的固体域Ds，可修改固体域Ds的大小、形状、密度和空间排列以调整多层纺织品1的最终外观和阻隔特性。
为了达到更高的强韧性，基于上述描述，改变生产方法，从而还产生透明复合纳米纤维基多层纺织品1”。通过这种略有修改的过程，实现了此类多层纺织品1”的工业生产。
生产方法开始于在带2和电纺丝设备的收集器上进行的至少一个纳米纤维层11和至少一个具有微纤维的支撑层12的电纺丝步骤I。这次，收集器不需要显示压机图案。电纺丝层11、12被进一步传送并提供有另外的图案化层13或多孔基底13，优选地从如图2a所描绘的角色。之后将这三个层11、层12、层13进给到压机3或压延机3中，在压机或压延机处，层11、12、13在热机械处理步骤II中经历热/压力处理。
通过施加
-至少1000N/cm2、最优选地大于或等于1500N/cm2的压力p1和
-至少70℃、最优选地大于或等于80℃的温度T1，
在高达一位数的秒数、优选地大于或等于10秒、最优选地30秒的时间间隔Δt内，
纳米纤维层11的纳米纤维和支撑层12的微纤维以及图案化层13的材料熔合在一起，从而在图案化层13的闭合区域处形成固体域Ds，这些固体域是高度透明的。
根据所使用的材料和纤维厚度，固体域Ds的透明度高于其他区域。
由于引入的图案化层/多孔基底层13，纳米纤维层11和支撑层12在图案化层/多孔层13的表面处连接。
图案化层/多孔基底层13形成为具有图案130的聚合物网，所述聚合物网包括开口和连接幅材。图案化层/多孔基底层13可以是织造织物或起绒布，所述织造织物或起绒布包括形成连接幅材的直径为20微米及以上、特别地约50微米至200微米的纤维。图案化层/多孔基底层13的表面的至少30％应当是开放的，从而形成多个开口。图案130最优选地是规则的，但也可以是不规则形成的。
图案化层/多孔基底层13也可形成为热塑性材料箔，所述热塑性材料箔具有作为开口的多个贯通孔和作为连接幅材的网格状结构，同时表面的至少30％应当是开放的。贯通孔的孔径必须以使得网格状结构的连接幅材宽于20微米及以上、特别地50微米及以上的方式进行选择。
图案化层13必须是半透明或透明的，以便稍后达到尽可能高的透明度。这种图案化层13在电纺丝步骤I之后、在热机械处理步骤II之前被引入并进一步以损失形式浇铸到层11、层12。
由于图案化层13上或其中的图案130以及热机械处理步骤II，纳米纤维层11和支撑层12在图案化层13的网格状结构的格网连接部或闭合区域处熔合，如图2b所描绘。
如果纳米纤维层11、11'和支撑层12、12'的两个双层围绕图案化层13并与彼此和图案化层13熔合在一起，就得到根据图2c的示意图的多层纺织品1”'。我们通过上述方法生产了这种多层纺织品1”'，所述多层纺织品在图2d和图2e的SEM图像加以描绘。
由于如上所述在T1、p1下的热机械处理步骤II和在T2、pat下的随后冷却步骤III，形成了固体域Ds。在这种情况下，图案化层13保留在所得的多层纺织品1中。图案130构成层11的纳米纤维和层12的微纤维的熔合位置。图案化层/多孔基底层13以损失形式使用，而纳米纤维和微纤维也永久地附接到图案化层/多孔基底层13。此处描述的熔合连接部永久地连接不同层。
虽然所得的固体域Ds的图案或图案的岛在两种制造过程中是相似的，但第一程序可在不引入图案化层13的情况下运行。
特别优选的是使用包括壳聚糖/聚己内酯纳米纤维的纳米纤维层11、11'和包括聚酯/聚氨酯微纤维的支撑层12、12'。
所公开的方法产生具有大于50％的透射率T％的多层纺织品1、1'、1”、1”'，所述透射率一般来讲是入射电磁功率在透射通过样品的可见光谱中的分数。最优选地，在热机械处理步骤I和一些区域的选择性熔融之后，最终多层纺织品1、1'、1”、1””的透射率应当大于60％。
每个单独层11、11'、12、12'、13应当阻挡或散射不超过20％的可见光，这意指可见光谱中80％的入射光子可穿过薄膜而不被吸收或偏转。在λ＝555nm处，透射率(T％)必须大于80％。555nm的光波长对应于人类视觉的峰值灵敏度，因此，此特定波长处的T％与我们的目标应用特别相关。
在实践中，我们能够实现以下结果：
-具有50nm直径的纳米纤维的纳米纤维层11：T％>90
-具有1μm至2μm直径的微纤维的支撑层12：T％>80
-作为织造商业聚合物网的图案化层13：修改前T％＝70，通过热压修改后T％＝80。
最终整体或总体多层纺织品1、1'、1”、1”'的透射率由单独层的乘积给出。通过选择性地熔融一些区域中的纤维，得到固体域Ds，我们可实现比单独部件11、11'、12、12'、13的总和给出的透射率值大的透射率值。
电纺丝设备收集器的图案的图案岛的或图案化层13的图案130的图案岛的大小以及随后固体域Ds的侧向宽度可在其最大点处在1m与10nm之间、优选地在1mm与1μm之间、更优选地100μm与10μm之间变化。
最大尺寸小于100μm的图案岛具有肉眼几乎不可见的优点，从而产生具有同质外观的多层纺织品1。图案岛可按照规则图案或不规则图案放置。图案可通过多层纺织品1同质，或呈现图案岛浓度的梯度以向多层纺织品1或随后面罩的不同区域赋予特定特征。
总图案岛以及所得固体域Ds表面应当占多层纺织品1的总表面的5％与95％之间、优选地15％与85％之间、更优选地30％与70％之间的值。
可调整分别为固体域Ds的致密聚合物区域的厚度、以及膜组合物。固体域Ds的厚度可在100nm与0.1cm之间、优选地在1μm与1mm之间、更优选地在10μm与100μm之间变化。
多层纺织品1、1'、1”、1”'可用作面罩的一部分。此类多层纺织品1、1'、1”、1”'也可在过滤应用中用作过滤薄膜或用作包装材料。
将壳聚糖-聚己内酯共混物用于纳米纤维层11和/或支撑层12是最优选的。壳聚糖在很大程度上是可用的、可生物降解的、可再生的，并且可从不同的生物质中提取。壳聚糖无细胞毒性，并且具有内在抗微生物特性，并且可电纺丝。此外，特征在于大量极性氨基的特殊分子结构有望提高过滤效率。聚己内酯也是高度生物可相容和生物可降解的。基于壳聚糖的功能性多层纺织品1是高度透明的(T>90％)，并且减小的孔隙大小与有前景的过滤特性有联系。
主要限制可在于这些小纤维的机械稳定性，因此，我们为支撑层12找到了更大的支撑纤维。我们开发的支撑纤维是基于聚交酯、聚氨酯及其共混物。此类支撑纤维具有足够的机械特性。低结晶度和大直径最小化光散射。有趣的是，这两种聚合物都是生物可降解的。聚乳酸完全由可再生原料淀粉生产，而聚氨酯则使用化石和可再生原材料两种合成。总而言之，我们开发的配方允许我们控制纤维的大小，以及它们的表面化学和结晶度。
通过控制这些关键参数，我们增强/平衡了透明度、机械特性和过滤效率。所有聚合物都是生物可降解的，因此最终产品如果被丢弃在垃圾填埋场中或分散到环境中，则将具有有限的环境影响(例如不会产生持久性微塑料)。此外，大部分原材料也由可再生资源生产，从而潜在地但不是自动地减少碳足迹。
应用众所周知的聚合物化学和工程原理，使用许多不同的聚合物或聚合物组合可获得相似的实际结果。事实上，可使用任何可成型为透明膜和/或纤维的聚合物或聚合物组合都。为了优化材料的特性，使用合适的添加剂(固化剂、增塑剂、表面活性剂、澄清剂等)也很方便，所述添加剂可构成原材料的重量的高达30％。
适合膜和纤维生产的聚合物可包括：
-聚烯烃：LDPE、HDPE、PP、PS、PAN、PVC、……
-聚酯：PET、PLA、PCL、PHA、PHB、……
-聚碳酸酯：PC、……
-聚醚：PEG、PEO、……
-聚酰胺、聚酰亚胺、芳族聚酰胺：PA(例如尼龙)、PI、PAr(例如Kevlar)、……
-聚氨酯：PU、TPU、……
-硅聚合物：PDMS、……
-各种各样的聚合物：PVA、PVP、PMMA、PVAc、……
-纤维素及其衍生物：乙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、醋酸纤维素、……
-其他天然聚合物：半纤维素、甲壳素、壳聚糖、淀粉、胶原(明胶)、……
对不同的层11、12、12'、13使用生物可相容、生物可降解和抗菌的热塑性聚合物是最有利的。
用于不同层11、11'、12、12'、13的聚合物共混物由至少一种热塑性、热固性、弹性或热塑性弹性体聚合物构成。可使用多于一种聚合物形成共混物和复合材料，以推断纺织品所需的最终特性。
两种或更多种不同的纤维可存在于纳米纤维层11、支撑层12、12'和/或图案化层13中，存在于多于一个单层中，通过电纺丝生产。因此可使用其余的上述生产方法。固体域Ds的形成是最重要的特征。
在此公开的口罩的应用是用于不同应用领域的卫生口罩、面罩、外科口罩或手术口罩。此外，出于美学原因，防护服可以是透明的。外科用盖布应当是透明的以允许更好地监测患者。
另一种应用是用作窗纱、半透明窗纱或过滤细小颗粒物(PM 2.5、PM 10)的防雾霾窗纱。
此类复合多层纺织品1还可用作封装材料，作为用于特殊封装应用的高度可呼吸的、透气的半透明薄膜。这些复合多层纺织品阻止气溶胶液滴、花粉、细菌、孢子，但允许看到产品并且允许非常高的蒸腾作用。
技术人员了解用于确定光学透明度的设置。在此，通过使用来自Agilent的紫外可见分光光度计“Cary 4000”测量透射率来量化透明度。通常使用具有1cm2孔罩的固体样品架(Agilent)将样品正交于入射光放置。当然，模拟测量可利用在感兴趣的波长范围内工作的具有高达几平方厘米孔罩的普通光谱仪进行。
实际上，透明过滤器1主要由两部分组成：作为过滤元件的电纺丝纳米纤维垫11，和由可商购获得的PLA网12制成的支撑材料。为了增加最终产品的透明度，将PLA网在120℃且施加50巴的压力下压制30秒。
原始PLA网具有内在抗静电特性，使得防止电纺丝过程期间的纤维沉积。因此，用作抗静电物质的皮肤相容性表面活性剂(TWEEN 80)被选择以通过使用1.0重量％的乙醇溶液的浸涂技术来涂覆网。随后，使用来自Elmarco的中试规模电纺丝装备“Nanospider”向如此制备的基底(压制的PLA+TWEEN 80)直接涂覆聚酰胺-11(PA11)电纺丝纳米纤维薄层(约0.1g/m2)。使用6重量％的苯甲醚甲酸溶液来获得平均直径为72±29nm的纤维。
使用国产设置测量过滤效率，如图3a所描绘。在每个测试中使用：
直径为46mm的圆形试样；由直径为20nm至2000nm的中和糖颗粒组成的气溶胶；
产生穿过试样的恒定8L/min气流量(8cm/s空气速度)的泵系统；
(实时)测量通过试样扩散的气溶胶的浓度的颗粒分析器“Cambustion DMS500”。颗粒过滤效率按百分比给出，并且在达到颗粒的稳态流动之后(大约3分钟之后)通过比较在具有和不具有过滤系统情况下的气溶胶浓度来确定。
透明复合纳米纤维基多层纺织品1PLA-PA11系统显示出对中和果糖颗粒气溶胶的良好过滤效率，对于1μm流动性粒径，过滤效率>90％。
透气性按照EN-14683:2019医用面罩标准进行评估。透气性与通过施加27cm/s的流速所测量的测试材料的压降有关。透明复合纳米纤维基多层纺织品1PLA-PA11过滤器显示出9Pa/cm2的压降(根据EN-14683:2019，I型和II型医用面罩的限值为40Pa/cm2)。
通过使用来自Agilent的紫外可见分光光度计“Cary 4000”测量过滤器的透射率来量化透明度。使用具有1cm2孔罩的固体样品架(Agilent)将样品正交于入射光放置。假设空气具有100％的透射率，在我们的例子中，透明复合纳米纤维基多层纺织品1PLA-PA11过滤器在λ＝555nm(可见光跨度为从约400nm至800nm)处具有76％的透射率。在下图中，报告了透明复合纳米纤维基多层纺织品1PLA-PA11样品的图片以及图3b中的紫外可见光谱。
附图标记列表
0 生产设置
1 透明复合纳米纤维基多层纺织品/薄膜
11 纳米纤维层(直径低于100nm)
12,12' 具有微纤维的支撑层(直径为1微米至2微米)
13 图案化层/多孔基底层(织造/熔纺、熔喷/具有开口的箔)
130 图案
2 带(电纺丝设备的收集器可形成带的一部分)
3 压机/压延机
30 压辊
4 辊(用于多层纺织品)
I 电纺丝步骤
II 热机械处理步骤(T1、p1)
III 冷却步骤(T2、pat)
Ds 固体域(横向厚度在1μm与100μm之间，侧向宽度在10μm与100μm之间)

Claims (19)

1.一种复合多层纺织品(1)，其包括：具有直径低于100nm的纳米纤维的至少一个纳米纤维层(11)，以及具有直径低于5微米的微纤维的一个支撑层(12)，其中所述层(11、12)通过电纺丝生产，并且所述多层纺织品(1)显示出大于50％的在λ＝555nm处的总透射率(T％)，
其特征在于
所述至少一个纳米纤维层(11)和所述支撑层(12)在生产过程中所使用的图案的闭合区域处熔合，从而在所述多层纺织品(1)中形成固体域(Ds)，其中所述固体域(Ds)彼此分离或连接，显示出具有规则或不规则空间分布的限定形状，而在所述固体域(Ds)旁边的开放区域的顶部上，所述纳米纤维层(11)的纳米纤维和所述支撑层(12)的微纤维的纤维形态得以保留，从而实现整个多层纺织品(1)的比由所述单独层(11、12)的总和给出的透射率大的总透射率。
2.根据权利要求1所述的复合多层纺织品(1)，其中所述多层纺织品(1)在所述双层(11、12)的顶部或底部上包括图案层(13)，所述图案层具有闭合区域和开放区域的图案(130)，并且所述固体域(Ds)在所述纳米纤维层(11)、所述支撑层(12)和所述图案化层(13)的接触位置处形成。
3.根据权利要求1所述的复合多层纺织品(1)，其中所述多层纺织品(1)包括夹置在两个外支撑层(12、12')之间的纳米纤维层(11)，在所有三个层(11、12、12')的熔合位置处显示出固体域(Ds)。
4.根据权利要求2所述的复合多层纺织品(1)，其中所述图案化层(13)熔合夹置在两对纳米纤维层(11、11')和支撑层(12、12')之间。
5.根据前述权利要求中一项所述的复合多层纺织品(1)，其中所述固体域(Ds)形成为接触区域，所述接触区域连接纳米纤维层(11、11')、支撑层(12、12')以及如果可用的话所述图案化层(13)，显示出在1μm与100μm之间的厚度。
6.根据前述权利要求中一项所述的复合多层纺织品(1)，其中所述固体域(Ds)在其最宽点处显示出在10μm与100μm之间的最大侧向宽度。
7.根据前述权利要求中一项所述的复合多层纺织品(1)，其中所述多层纺织品(1)上的固体域(Ds)的图案具有在所述多层纺织品(1)的总表面的30％与70％之间的值。
8.根据权利要求2至7中一项所述的复合多层纺织品(1)，其中所述图案化层(13)的横向厚度在1μm与100μm之间变化，并且所述图案化层(13)是基于织造聚合物网。
9.根据权利要求2至7中一项所述的复合多层纺织品(1)，其中所述图案化层(13)的横向厚度在1μm与100μm之间变化，并且所述图案化层由热塑性材料形成，所述热塑性材料具有作为开口的多个贯通孔和作为连接幅材的网格状结构，同时所述热塑性材料的总表面的至少30％是开放的。
10.根据前述权利要求中一项所述的复合多层纺织品(1)，其中所述纳米纤维层(11、11')包括壳聚糖/聚己内酯纳米纤维，并且所述支撑层(12、12')包括聚酯/聚氨酯微纤维。
11.一种用于生产光学透明多层纺织品(1)的方法，所述光学透明多层纺织品显示出大于50％的在λ＝555nm处的总透射率(T％)，
其特征在于以下步骤：
-随后在电纺丝步骤(I)中在生产设置(0)的带(2)上在电纺丝设备的图案化收集器上或在供应的图案化层/多孔基底层(13)上电纺丝纳米纤维层(11、11')和支撑层(12、12')，所述图案化收集器和所述供应的图案化层/多孔基底层均显示出开放区域和闭合区域，
-将带有涂覆的多个层的所述带(2)传送到热压机或压延机(3)，以及随后
-在高于室温的高温(T1)和压力(p1)下实施热机械处理步骤(II)持续最小时间间隔(Δt)，其中所述层(11、11'、12、12'、13)在收集器图案或所述图案化层/多孔基底层(13)的图案(130)中任一者的闭合区域处熔合，从而在所述多层纺织品(1)中形成多个固体域(Ds)，然后
-在降低的温度(T2<T1)和压力(pat<p1)下进行冷却步骤(III)。
12.根据权利要求11所述的用于生产透明多层纺织品(1)的方法，其中所述热机械处理步骤(II)在至少1000N/cm2、最优选地大于或等于1500N/cm2的压力(p1)、至少70℃、最优选地大于或等于80℃的温度(T1)下进行。
13.根据权利要求11或12所述的用于生产透明多层纺织品(1)的方法，其中选择至少高达一位数的秒数、优选地大于或等于10秒、最优选地30秒的所述时间间隔(Δt)。
14.根据权利要求11至13中一项所述的用于生产透明多层纺织品(1)的方法，其中所述电纺丝设备的所述图案化收集器由金属网或穿孔金属片材形成并且构成所述带(2)的一部分或整合在所述带中。
15.根据权利要求11至13中一项所述的用于生产透明多层纺织品(1)的方法，其中所述图案化层/多孔基底层(13)是基于织造聚合物网或者由热塑性箔形成，所述热塑性箔具有作为开口的多个贯通孔和作为连接幅材的网格状结构，同时表面的至少30％是开放的。
16.根据权利要求11至15中一项所述的用于生产透明多层纺织品(1)的方法，其中两个支撑层(12、12')以图案化方式熔合到一个纳米纤维层(11)，从而在所使用图案的所述闭合区域处形成所述固体域(Ds)。
17.根据权利要求11至15中一项所述的用于生产透明多层纺织品(1)的方法，其中两对纳米纤维层(11、11')和支撑层(12、12')在所述图案化层/多孔基底层(13)的图案(130)的所述闭合区域处熔合。
18.根据权利要求11至17中一项所述的用于生产透明多层纺织品(1)的方法，其中在所述冷却步骤(III)之后及时地将所得多层纺织品(1、1'、1”、1”')卷绕到辊(4)上。
19.根据权利要求1至10中一项所述的多层纺织品(1、1'、1”、1”')作为用作医疗装置和/或个人防护装备的面罩的一部分的用途。
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