CN114946568A - High-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for winter wheat - Google Patents
High-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for winter wheat Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of wheat cultivation, and discloses a high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation method for winter wheat. Compared with the traditional farmer habit cultivation method, the method has the advantages that the high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy winter wheat cultivation method which takes late sowing as a core and has high yield, high-efficiency absorption and utilization of nutrients and high disease and insect resistance is constructed through the cultivation measures of delaying the sowing date, improving the sowing mode, increasing the planting density, reducing the nitrogen fertilizer consumption, reducing the irrigation quantity and the like; the method can obviously improve the lodging resistance and high and stable yield of wheat groups, effectively improve the water nitrogen utilization efficiency of winter wheat, obviously reduce the morbidity and disease index of wheat stem basal rot and sheath blight, reduce the disease prevention and control pressure, realize high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation, and is beneficial to high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy production of regional wheat, reduced application of chemical fertilizer pesticides, reduced agricultural production cost and improved wheat planting benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of wheat cultivation, and particularly relates to a high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation method for winter wheat.
Background
With the continuous improvement of the high-yield requirement of wheat, the investment of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation water in wheat production in the Shandong Lu is more and more. Meanwhile, the large investment of fertilizer, pesticide and water easily causes overlarge wheat population, lodging, green sickness, yield reduction and increase of production cost, and simultaneously easily causes environmental pollution of soil, underground water, atmosphere and the like, increases pesticide residue and product quality, soil hardening, acidification, nutrient structure disorder, soil quality deterioration, increases a plurality of problems of pest and grass damage resistance and the like.
The wheat yield, the utilization efficiency of fertilizer and water, the occurrence condition of plant diseases and insect pests and cultivation management measures are closely related. In the cultivation measures, the sowing date, the sowing mode, the planting density, the fertilizer using amount, the irrigation amount and the like all influence the growth and development of wheat, the yield formation, the water and nitrogen absorption and utilization, the pest and disease damage generation and the like. The method has the advantages that cultivation management measures such as sowing period, planting density, sowing mode and fertilizer and water operation are optimized, high-yield, efficient and healthy populations are constructed, the wheat plants can be well utilized for absorbing nutrients and moisture, the disease and insect resistance of the wheat populations is improved, the fertilizer and water requirements and the disease and insect prevention and control pressure are reduced, the cost investment of fertilizers, pesticides, moisture and the like is reduced, and high-yield, efficient and healthy production of regional wheat is promoted.
The proper seeding period can ensure that the winter wheat obtains sufficient photo-thermal resources so as to ensure the growth of seedling period and the later-stage group construction. However, in the current production, under the background of large warming of climate, the temperature accumulated before winter of wheat sowed early or sowed regularly is higher, the incidence rate and disease index of diseases and pests in wheat fields can be increased, the disease and pest prevention and control pressure is improved, and the pesticide application amount is increased. Meanwhile, the higher temperature accumulation before winter can also promote the growth speed of winter wheat to be accelerated, so that a large amount of tillers are generated, the nutrients are inefficiently consumed, and the winter wheat is easily affected by cold injury and freezing injury in winter.
Too low planting density can cause the reduction of population quantity, low utilization rate of light and temperature resources, low dry matter accumulation and difficulty in forming high yield, while too high planting density can cause the increase of ineffective tillering of population, aggravation of intraspecific competition, poor individual development, thin and weak plants, easy generation of phenomena of shriveled grains, lodging of plants and the like, and meanwhile, too high planting density can also improve the morbidity of diseases and insects due to the increase of field humidity, depression and the like, and finally reduce the yield. The proper planting density of the wheat in different ecological areas and different sowing periods is inconsistent, and reasonable close planting in a specific ecological area can effectively coordinate contradictions between groups and individuals, improve the ecological environment in the groups, reduce the incidence rate of plant diseases and insect pests, and realize high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation.
At present, the using amount of the chemical fertilizer is continuously enlarged in food production in China, and the yield increasing effect and the utilization efficiency of the chemical fertilizer are continuously reduced; meanwhile, chemical nitrogen fertilizers are volatile, denitrifying and leaching after being applied to soil, seriously pollute soil, underground water and air, and the incidence of sheath blight and stem base rot can be increased due to excessive input of the nitrogen fertilizers. The method has important significance for reducing the nitrogen fertilizer input by excavating the nitrogen absorption and utilization capacity of wheat plants. The combination of broad width sowing and reasonable close planting can improve the number of roots in a unit land area, and the absorption capacity of the fertilizer nitrogen and the soil nitrogen is obviously higher than that of the traditional drilling. The late sowing wheat in the proper period can optimize the distribution of nitrogen in leaf layers of flag leaves, inverted leaves and the like, and the reutilization capability of the nitrogen absorbed by the wheat is obviously higher than that of the wheat in the conventional sowing period. The late sowing wide-width close planting population constructed by comprehensive cultivation management measures can realize high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of wheat on the basis of nitrogen reduction investment, and nitrogen fertilizer application reduction is favorable for reducing pest and disease damage, reducing pesticide consumption and realizing healthy cultivation.
The water content is an important factor influencing the production of the dry matter of the wheat and the yield formation, the group building is hindered due to insufficient irrigation, the group quantity is reduced, and meanwhile, the yield is reduced due to early senescence in the later period. Too much watering can cause the problems of wheat lodging, greedy and the like, higher soil water content and canopy humidity can also aggravate the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, increase the pesticide consumption, and are not beneficial to high yield, high efficiency and ecological environmental protection. The water absorption and utilization capacity of plants is developed, so that the water demand is reduced, the irrigation quantity is reduced, the high-yield demand of wheat is met, the occurrence condition of plant diseases and insect pests can be reduced, the pesticide consumption is reduced, and the support is provided for the development of regional water-saving agriculture and ecological protection. The population root number and the root length density of each soil layer of the wide-width close-planted wheat are obviously higher than those of the traditional management measures, the moisture absorption of different soil layers of the wheat is facilitated, the water-saving high-yield cultivation is realized, the appropriate water reduction is also facilitated, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, the medicine application requirement is reduced, and the healthy cultivation is realized.
Through the above analysis, the problems and defects of the prior art are as follows: the input amount of fertilizer, pesticide and water is too high in the production process of wheat, the wheat population is too large, the wheat population is easy to fall down and green, the yield reduction risk is large, the production cost is high, the wheat planting can cause environmental pollution to soil, underground water and atmosphere, in addition, the problems of poor soil quality, increased drug resistance of diseases, insect pests and weeds and the like are easily caused. The high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for the wheat is constructed, the input of fertilizer, pesticide and water is reduced by optimizing cultivation management measures such as sowing time, planting density and sowing mode, cost saving, high yield and high resource efficiency are realized, and the method has important significance for promoting green sustainable development of regional wheat industry.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation method for winter wheat.
The high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for the winter wheat is realized by adopting late sowing in proper period to delay the sowing date of the winter wheat; proper close planting is carried out, and proper close planting is carried out by combining with variety characteristics; sowing in a wide range; reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizer, applying base fertilizer before sowing, and applying nitrogen fertilizer again in the jointing stage as additional fertilizer; reduce the irrigation quantity and the irrigation times.
Further, the high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation method for the winter wheat delays the sowing date of the winter wheat to 10 months and 16-22 days by late sowing in proper period; proper close planting, combining with the characteristics of the variety: the planting density of large-spike type varieties is 375-405 ten thousand per hectare basic seedlings, and the planting density of medium-multiple-spike type varieties is 240-270 ten thousand per hectare basic seedlings; wide sowing: the seedling width is 8-10cm, the row spacing is 27-28cm, and the sowing depth is 3-5 cm; reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizer, wherein the pure nitrogen accounts for 180-; and (3) reducing the irrigation quantity: irrigating 2 water in spring, namely water in the jointing stage and heading-spike period, with the irrigation quantity of 450- 3 Hectare and the like.
Further, late sowing in due period: the sowing date of winter wheat is delayed, and the conventional sowing period is changed from 10 months and 5-12 days to 10 months and 16-22 days.
Further, moderate close planting: the conventional sowing amount of 165-225 ten thousand per hectare basic seedlings is changed into the moderate close planting combined with the variety characteristics, the large spike type variety planting density of 375-405 ten thousand per hectare basic seedlings and the medium multi spike type variety planting density of 240-270 ten thousand per hectare basic seedlings.
Further, wide sowing: the conventional sowing mode of drilling (the seedling bandwidth is 2-3cm, the row spacing is 22-23cm) is changed into the sowing mode of wide-width sowing (the seedling bandwidth is 8-10cm, the row spacing is 27-28cm), the sowing depth is 3-5cm, and the uniform distribution of plants is promoted.
Further, nitrogen fertilizer application reduction: the conventional nitrogen fertilizer dosage of 240-270 kg/ha (calculated by pure nitrogen) for farmers is reduced to 180-216 kg/ha, the base fertilizer is applied before sowing, and the nitrogen fertilizer is applied again in the jointing stage as the additional fertilizer.
Furthermore, the nitrogen fertilizer base ratio is changed from the habit of farmers to 4: 6.
Further, the irrigation is reduced, and the conventional irrigation quantity of each time for farmers is 600-750m 3 Per hectare (60-75mm), the irrigation quantity is changed to 500m 3 Hectare (45-50 mm); spray irrigation 200 + 240m after sowing 3 Hectare, ensure one-time sowing of the whole seedlings.
Further, the water-saving irrigation is carried out by adopting micro-sprinkling irrigation, drip irrigation, upright rod type sprinkling irrigation, buried sprinkling irrigation and self-propelled sprinkling irrigation.
Further, late-sowing-resistant variety selection comprises: selecting the late sowing resistant, high yield, disease resistant and lodging resistant wheat varieties such as Taimai 198, Shannong 30, Shannong 38, Shannong 43, Nicotiana 999, Nicotiana 173 and the like.
The selected varieties are all varieties approved by the national variety governing department, are sold in commercialization, can be bought in agricultural material markets, and are not breeding materials.
Compared with the prior art, the high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation method for the winter wheat provided by the invention has the following beneficial effects:
compared with the conventional cultivation mode of farmers, the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode of winter wheat can reduce the input of nitrogen fertilizer by 12.5-25.0 percent and reduce the irrigation quantity by 25.0-33.3 percent. Compared with the conventional cultivation mode of farmers, the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode of winter wheat increases the yield by 15.2-24.2%, improves the nitrogen utilization rate by 12.8-31.3%, improves the nitrogen fertilizer yield by 28.0-36.4% and improves the water utilization rate by 23.3-34.0%. The disease index of sheath blight in the flowering phase is reduced by 20.8-49.1%, the disease index of sheath blight in the grain filling phase is reduced by 33.1-59.6%, the disease index of stem basal rot in the flowering phase is reduced by 54.6-91.0%, and the disease index of stem basal rot in the grain filling phase is reduced by 48.1-77.1%. The mode can realize high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy production of wheat in the Shandong wheat area.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments of the present invention will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1(a) is a schematic diagram of the influence of the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for winter wheat provided by the embodiment of the invention on the yield of wheat at a first test point.
FIG. 1(b) is a schematic diagram showing the influence of the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for winter wheat on the yield of wheat at the second test point.
FIG. 1(c) is a schematic diagram showing the influence of the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for winter wheat on the wheat yield of the third test point.
Fig. 2(a) is a schematic diagram of the influence of the high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation method for winter wheat on the nitrogen utilization rate of wheat at the first test point.
Fig. 2(b) is a schematic diagram of the influence of the high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation method for winter wheat on the nitrogen utilization rate of wheat at the second test point.
FIG. 2(c) is a schematic diagram showing the influence of the high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation method for winter wheat on the nitrogen utilization rate of wheat at the third test point.
FIG. 3(a) is a schematic diagram showing the influence of the high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation method for winter wheat provided by the embodiment of the invention on the nitrogen fertilizer bias productivity of wheat at the first test point.
FIG. 3(b) is a schematic diagram showing the influence of the high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation method for winter wheat provided by the embodiment of the invention on the nitrogen fertilizer bias productivity of wheat at the second test point.
FIG. 3(c) is a schematic diagram showing the influence of the high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation method for winter wheat provided by the embodiment of the invention on the nitrogen fertilizer bias productivity of wheat at the third test point.
Fig. 4(a) is a schematic diagram of the influence of the high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation method for winter wheat provided by the embodiment of the invention on the water utilization efficiency of wheat at the first test point.
FIG. 4(b) is a schematic diagram showing the influence of the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for winter wheat on the wheat moisture utilization efficiency of the second test point.
FIG. 4(c) is a schematic diagram showing the influence of the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for winter wheat on the wheat moisture utilization efficiency at the third test point.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for winter wheat, and the invention is described in detail with reference to the attached drawings.
The high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for the winter wheat provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps: late sowing in proper period, wide sowing, proper close planting, proper nitrogen reduction, optimized irrigation and late sowing resistant variety selection.
The technical solution of the present invention is further described with reference to the following examples.
Example (b): influence of cultivation mode on yield of winter wheat in Shandong province, water and nitrogen utilization efficiency and pest and disease occurrence condition
1. According to the research on the single cultivation technology in the Shandong area, high-yield and high-efficiency healthy cultivation modes (T1 and T2 cultivation modes) of the winter wheat, which take wide-width close planting, proper late sowing and proper nitrogen and water reducing as cores and high-yield and high-efficiency healthy cultivation as targets, are integrated, 3 test sites (Weifang Han pavilion, Taiwan Laizhou and Qingdao Jiaozhou) are arranged in the Shandong area in 2018 plus 2019 wheat growing seasons, and the influence of different cultivation modes on the yield of the winter wheat, the utilization of water and nitrogen and the occurrence of diseases is researched by taking the production mode (T0 cultivation mode) of local farmers as a contrast. The test result shows that the high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation mode of 3 test sites is obviously superior to the production mode of local ordinary farmers in the aspects of increasing yield, increasing efficiency and reducing disease occurrence. In the Han pavilion, Laizhou and Jiaozhou, the high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation mode averagely increases the yield by 19.50 percent compared with the habitual cultivation mode of local farmers, improves the utilization rate of nitrogen by 21.71 percent, improves the partial production capacity of nitrogen fertilizer by 30.61 percent and improves the water utilization rate by 26.55 percent. Under the high-yield and high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode of wheat, the disease indexes of wheat sheath blight and stem base rot at various places are obviously reduced, and the possibility of reducing the using times or the using amount of chemical pesticides is provided. Therefore, the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode can be popularized and applied in the Ludong wheat area to realize the high-yield high-efficiency production of regional wheat.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 design of the experiment
The test is carried out in 2018 and 2019 wheat breeding seasons in Weifang cold pavilion, Taiyuan Laizhou and Qingdao Guzhou. A local farmer habit planting mode and 1-2 high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation modes are respectively set at each test point, wherein T0 is the farmer habit planting mode, and T1 and T2 are the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation modes which take 'wide-width close planting + proper late sowing + proper nitrogen and water reduction' as the core and take high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation as the target for adjusting, innovatively integrating a plurality of planting technologies by combining the early-stage research results of subject groups. Each test point was designed completely randomly with 3 replicates. The specific cultivation measures of the test points T1, T2 and the control T0 are as follows:
weifang the first test point (Weichang pavilion): the method adopts a T1 mode to select a big ear type variety Shannong 30, the sowing density is 387 ten thousand/hectare, the sowing period is 10 months and 16 days, and the sowing is properly carried out at late; deep ploughing and rotary tillage twice before sowing, and sowing in wide width (the sowing width is 8cm, and the row spacing is 28 cm); the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 216 kg/hectare of pure nitrogen, and the ratio of the base fertilizer to the additional fertilizer in the jointing stage is 4: 6; adopts a sprinkling irrigation mode to spray 450m per hectare in the jointing stage and the heading stage 3 And (5) irrigating. The T2 mode selects a multi-spike type variety Taimai 198, the seeding density is 265 ten thousand per hectare, and other planting and management modes are the same as those of T1. In the T0 mode, Taimai 198 is selected, the sowing density is 165 ten thousand per hectare, the sowing period is 10 months and 8 days, and conventional drilling (the sowing width is 2cm, and the row spacing is 23 cm); the dosage of the nitrogen fertilizer is 240 kg/hectare, and the ratio of the base fertilizer to the additional fertilizer in the green turning period is 6: 4; the jointing stage and the heading stage are respectively carried out in a sprinkling irrigation mode according to 600m per hectare 3 And (5) irrigating.
Tabacco station second test point (lazhou): t1 selecting big ear variety tobacco grower 999 with seeding density of 379 ten thousand per hectare and seeding period of 10 months and 20 days; deep ploughing and rotary tillage twice before sowing, and sowing in a wide range (the sowing range is 10cm, and the row spacing is 28 cm); the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 216 kg/hectare of pure nitrogen, and the ratio of the base fertilizer to the additional fertilizer in the jointing stage is 4: 6; adopts a sprinkling irrigation mode to spray 450m per hectare in the jointing stage and the heading stage 3 Irrigating; the T2 mode selects the multi-spike variety Nicotiana tabacum 173, the sowing density is 248 ten thousand per hectare, and other planting and management modes are the same as those of T1. The T0 mode selects the tobacco grower 173, the sowing density is 185 ten thousand per hectare, the sowing period is 10 months and 10 days, and the conventional drilling (the sowing width is 3cm, the row spacing is 22 cm); the dosage of the nitrogen fertilizer is 250 kg/hectare, and the ratio of the base fertilizer to the additional fertilizer is6: 4; the jointing stage and the heading stage are respectively carried out in a sprinkling irrigation mode according to 650m per hectare 3 And (5) irrigating.
Qingdao third test point (jiao zhou): t1 is characterized in that a multi-spike variety Taimai 198 is selected, the sowing density is 256 ten thousand per hectare, and the sowing period is 10 months and 18 days; deep ploughing and rotary tillage twice before sowing, and sowing in a wide range (the sowing range is 9cm, and the row spacing is 27 cm); the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 195kg of pure nitrogen per hectare, and the ratio of the base fertilizer to the additional fertilizer in the jointing stage is 4: 6; adopting a sprinkling irrigation mode at the jointing stage and the heading stage according to 500m per hectare 3 And (5) irrigating. Taimai 198 is selected in a T0 mode, the seeding density is 169 ten thousand per hectare, and the seeding period is 10 months and 9 days; the nitrogen fertilizer dosage is 240 kg/hectare; the ratio of the base fertilizer to the additional fertilizer is 6: 4; the jointing stage and the heading stage are respectively carried out in a sprinkling irrigation mode according to 600m per hectare 3 And (5) irrigating.
2.2 items and methods of measurement
2.2.1 Pre-broadcast sampling and determination method
Before wheat seeding, a sampling point is selected in a test field, a soil sample with the point of 0-1m is taken, a sample with the length of 20cm is taken, and the content of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the sample is measured by a continuous flow analyzer, so that the nitrogen supply amount of soil is calculated: the first test point of Weifang is 130.15kg hm -2 The second test point of the smoke bench is 168.27kg hm -2 The third test point of Qingdao is 95.25kg hm -2 。
2.2.2 yield determination
In the mature period, a region with uniform wheat growth is selected to define a 6-row × 2m cell, all wheat ears in the cell are harvested and threshed, the wheat ears are naturally aired and weighed, and the yield is converted into the standard yield with the water content of 13% after the water content of the wheat is measured.
2.2.3 Nitrogen utilization and related index calculation
Nitrogen utilization ratio (NUE, kg) -1 ) Yield (kg. hm) -2 ) Supplying nitrogen (0-1 m for soil in season + applying nitrogen; kg hm -2 )；
Partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PEP, kg) -1 ) Wheat yield (kg. hm) after nitrogen fertilizer application -2 ) N fertilizer input (kg. hm) -2 )。
2.2.4 measurement calculation of the incidence and grade of sheath and base blight and Stem rot
The wheat sharp eyespot and the wheat stem basal rot have relatively light morbidity in the jointing stage, and the morbidity of plants is measured in the growing stage. The calculation formula is as follows:
incidence rate ═ number of diseased plants ÷ total number of investigated plants × 100%.
The occurrence of sheath blight is measured in the flowering and filling stages of wheat, and is classified into five grades when sheath blight is investigated: grade 0, no diseases occur in the whole wheat plant; grade 1, the leaf sheath of wheat is in a symptom state, and the stem of wheat is not in a symptom state; grade 3, the pathological state of the leaf sheath of the wheat is invaded into the stem of the wheat, but the lesion ring stem of the wheat stem is below 1/2; grade 5, the wheat stalks are diseased with spots and the annular stems are above 1/2, but the wheat cannot fall or fold; and 7, wheat withers, falls down and withers.
The occurrence of stem base rot is measured in the flowering period and the filling period of wheat respectively, and six grades are obtained when stem base rot is investigated: grade 0, the whole wheat plant has no browning symptoms; grade 1, the root of wheat is browned; grade 3, the first stem node of the overground part of the wheat is browned and rotten; grade 5, the second stem node of the overground part of the wheat is browned and rotten; grade 7, the lesion spots of the wheat plants exceed the second stem node, but the wheat has no white spike phenomenon; grade 9, the lesion spots of the wheat plants exceed the second stem node, and the wheat white spike phenomenon occurs.
The incidence grades of sheath blight and stem base rot are calculated according to the following calculation formulas by the measuring method:
the disease index ∑ (number of diseased leaves (plant) at each stage × representative value)/(number of examined total leaves (plant) × highest representative value) × 100.
2.3 data processing and statistical analysis
The data collected from all the tests were collected by using Microsoft Excel 2010 for data organization and analysis and DPS7.05 data statistical system for data statistics and analysis.
3. Results and analysis
3.1 influence of high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation mode on yield of winter wheat
Compared with the yield of the T0 mode, the T1 mode of the first test point is improved by 22.80 percent, and the T2 mode is improved by 15.46 percent; the second test point T1 mode increased 25.27%, and the T2 mode increased 20.96%; the third test point T1 pattern improved by 22.25%. In a general view, the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode of the three test points has the average yield increase of 19.50 percent compared with the habit of farmers, and the yield increase amplitude is obvious, which shows that the high-yield high-efficiency cultivation mode can realize the yield increase at multiple points.
3.2 influence of high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation mode on nitrogen utilization efficiency of winter wheat
3.2.1 influence of high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation mode on nitrogen utilization rate of winter wheat
Compared with the nitrogen utilization rate of the T0 mode, the nitrogen utilization rate of the T1 mode of the first test point is improved by 31.31 percent, and the nitrogen utilization rate of the T2 mode is improved by 23.48 percent; the second test point T1 pattern increased by 33.18%, the T2 pattern increased by 28.64%; the third test point T1 pattern improved by 30.26%. In a whole, the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode of the three test points is improved by 21.71% on average compared with the nitrogen utilization rate of the habit mode of farmers, and the synergistic effect is remarkable, which shows that the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode can improve the nitrogen utilization rate at multiple points.
3.2.2 influence of high-yield, high-efficiency and healthy cultivation mode on nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity of winter wheat
Compared with the T0 mode, the nitrogen fertilizer yield of the first test point T1 mode is improved by 36.46%, and the nitrogen fertilizer yield of the T2 mode is improved by 28.28%; the second test point T1 pattern increased by 39.16%, the T2 pattern increased by 34.41%; the third test point T1 pattern improved by 35.83%. On the whole, the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode of the three test points is improved by 30.61 percent in average compared with the nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity of the habit mode of farmers, and the synergistic effect is remarkable, which shows that the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode can realize the improvement of the nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity at multiple points.
According to the analysis conclusion, on the basis of optimizing the use of nitrogen fertilizer, the nitrogen utilization efficiency of winter wheat can be effectively improved by the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode.
3.3 Effect of planting mode on moisture utilization ratio of winter wheat
Compared with the moisture utilization efficiency in the T0 mode, the first test point T1 mode is improved by 29.13%, and the T2 mode is improved by 20.35%; the second test point T1 mode increased by 33.99%, and the T2 mode increased by 28.98%; the third test point T1 pattern increased by 20.30% (fig. 4). In a whole view, the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode of the three test points improves the water utilization efficiency by 26.55 percent on average compared with the habit of farmers to plant the mode, and the synergistic amplitude is obvious, which shows that the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode can improve the water utilization efficiency at multiple points. The high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode has obvious influence on the water utilization efficiency of the winter wheat at each test point.
3.4 influence of high-yield, efficient and healthy cultivation mode on occurrence conditions of sheath blight and stem base rot of winter wheat
The high-yield efficient healthy cultivation mode has obvious influence on the occurrence conditions of winter wheat sharp eyespot and stem base rot at each test point. As can be seen from the analysis in table 1, the disease indexes of the wheat sharp eyespot in the flowering period of the wheat in the first test point T0 pattern and T1 and T2 pattern are significantly different at each test point. Disease indices were decreased by 42.13% and 38.17% for the first trial point T1 and T2 patterns, respectively, 20.76% and 31.62% for the second trial point T1 and T2 patterns, and 49.11% for the third trial point T1 pattern, respectively, as compared to the T0 pattern. The disease index of sheath blight at flowering stage of the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode is reduced by 36.40% on average compared with that of the farmer habit mode.
The indexes of the wheat sheath blight diseases in the T0 mode and the T1 and T2 modes are remarkably different at each test point. Disease indices were reduced 59.61% and 58.18% for the first trial point T1 and T2 patterns, 33.07% and 33.53% for the second trial point T1 and T2 patterns, and 48.52% for the third trial point T1 pattern, respectively, as compared to the T0 pattern. The disease index of the sheath blight disease in the filling period of the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode is reduced by 59.61 percent on average compared with the habitual cultivation mode of farmers.
The analysis in the table 1 shows that the incidence rates of the stem base rot of the T0, T1 and T2 patterns in the flowering period of wheat are remarkably different at the third test point, and the T1 pattern is reduced by 93.77 percent compared with the T0 pattern; the T2 mode is reduced by 95.00% from the T0 mode.
The incidence indexes of the T0, T1 and T2 patterns of the stem basal rot in the flowering period of wheat show significant difference at three test points. Disease indices were reduced 54.60% and 54.60% for the first trial point T1 and T2 patterns, 90.98% and 72.50% for the second trial point T1 and T2 patterns, and 60.92% for the third trial point T1 pattern, respectively, as compared to the T0 pattern. The disease index of the stem base rot in the flowering period of the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode is reduced by 66.72 percent on average compared with that of the farmer's habitual cultivation mode.
The incidence indexes of the T0, T1 and T2 patterns of the stem basal rot in the filling stage of the wheat show a remarkable difference at three test points. Disease indices were reduced 77.07% and 66.86% for the first trial point T1 and T2 patterns, respectively, 66.16% and 48.13% for the second trial point T1 and T2 patterns, and 64.63% for the third trial point T1 pattern, respectively, as compared to the T0 pattern. The disease index of stem base rot in the filling period of the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode is reduced by 64.57 percent on average compared with the habitual cultivation mode of farmers.
TABLE 1 influence of the Integrated cultivation mode on the occurrence of winter wheat sheath blight and stalk rot at each test point
Note: different lower case letters indicate that the difference between different patterns at the same location is significant at the 0.05 level.
5. The high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode of the three test sites is obviously superior to the local farmer habit cultivation mode in the aspects of increasing yield, improving efficiency and reducing disease occurrence. Compared with the local farmer habit cultivation mode, the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode of the three test points has the advantages that the yield is increased by 19.50 percent on average, the nitrogen utilization rate is improved by 21.71 percent on average, the partial production capacity of nitrogen fertilizer is improved by 30.61 percent on average, and the water utilization rate is improved by 26.55 percent on average. Under the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode of the winter wheat, the disease indexes of wheat sheath blight and stem base rot at various places are obviously reduced, and the possibility is provided for reducing the using times or the using amount of chemical pesticides. Therefore, the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation mode which takes wide-width close planting, proper late sowing, proper nitrogen reduction and water reduction as the core and aims at high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation can be popularized and applied in the wheat area in Shandong province.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the present invention and the appended claims are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, which is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents and improvements that are within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for winter wheat is characterized in that the high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for winter wheat adopts late sowing in a proper period to delay the sowing date of the winter wheat; proper close planting is carried out, and proper close planting is carried out by combining with variety characteristics; sowing in a wide range; reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizer, applying base fertilizer before sowing, and applying nitrogen fertilizer again in the jointing stage as additional fertilizer; reduce the irrigation quantity and the irrigation times.
2. The high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for the winter wheat as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that late sowing in proper period is adopted, and the sowing date of the winter wheat is postponed to 10 months and 16-22 days; proper close planting, combining with the characteristics of the variety: the planting density of large-spike type varieties is 375-405 ten thousand per hectare basic seedlings, and the planting density of medium-multiple-spike type varieties is 240-270 ten thousand per hectare basic seedlings; wide sowing: the seedling width is 8-10cm, the row spacing is 27-28cm, and the sowing depth is 3-5 cm; reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizer, wherein the pure nitrogen accounts for 180-; and (3) reducing the irrigation quantity: irrigating 2 water in spring, namely water in the jointing stage and heading-spike period, with the irrigation quantity of 450- 3 Hectare.
3. A high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method of winter wheat as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that late sowing in proper period delays the sowing date of winter wheat, the sowing date is 10 months and 16-22 days.
4. The high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for winter wheat as claimed in claim 2, wherein the planting density of the large spike type variety 375-.
5. The high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for the winter wheat as claimed in claim 2, wherein the width of the wide sowing seedling is 8-10cm, the row spacing is 27-28cm, and the sowing depth is 3-5 cm.
6. The high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for winter wheat as claimed in claim 2, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer is reduced by 180-.
7. A high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for winter wheat as claimed in claim 6, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer-based topdressing ratio is designed to be 4: 6.
8. The high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method for the winter wheat as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the irrigation reduction comprises: water in the jointing stage, heading-spike period and 2-spike period in spring irrigation of wheat, wherein the irrigation amount is 450- 3 Hectare; spray irrigation 200 + 240m after sowing 3 Hectare, ensure one-time sowing of the whole seedlings.
9. The high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method of winter wheat as claimed in claim 8, characterized in that water-saving irrigation is carried out by micro-sprinkling irrigation, drip irrigation, upright-rod sprinkling irrigation, buried sprinkling irrigation, self-propelled sprinkling irrigation.
10. A high-yield high-efficiency healthy cultivation method of winter wheat as claimed in claim 2, wherein the late-sowing tolerant variety selection comprises: selecting wheat varieties with late sowing resistance, high yield, disease resistance and lodging resistance, such as Taimai 198, Shannong 30, Shannong 38, Shannong 43, Ninong 999, Ninong 173 and the like.
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