CN114829441A - 制备绝热制品的弹性的发泡方法 - Google Patents
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- CN114829441A CN114829441A CN202080087195.1A CN202080087195A CN114829441A CN 114829441 A CN114829441 A CN 114829441A CN 202080087195 A CN202080087195 A CN 202080087195A CN 114829441 A CN114829441 A CN 114829441A
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种弹性的不连续方法,所述方法通过将具有不同混合比的至少三个料流混合并将混合物注入制品的空腔中由至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)来制备一系列的至少两种含有绝热聚氨酯泡沫的制品,以及涉及用于实施该方法的生产单元。
Description
本发明涉及一种弹性的不连续方法,由至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)来制备一系列至少两种含有绝热聚氨酯泡沫的制品,所述方法通过将具有不同混合比的所述至少三个料流混合并将混合物注入制品的空腔中,以及涉及用于实施该方法的生产单元。
通过将异氰酸酯反应性组分(组分(A),也称为多元醇组分)和异氰酸酯组分(组分(B))混合并将混合物注入应填充有绝热聚氨酯泡沫的制品空腔中来制备制品,如冷冻机、冰柜、热水器、冷藏箱等。在制品的空腔内混合物发生反应并原位产生聚氨酯泡沫。EP2148156 A1中记载了由一个含有多元醇的料流和一个含有异氰酸酯的料流制备含有聚氨酯泡沫的制品的方法。DE 3612125 A1中公开了一种制备包含聚氨酯泡沫的制品的方法,所述包含聚氨酯泡沫的制品通过将含有多元醇的第一料流、含有异氰酸酯组分的第二料流和含有压力和温度敏感组分的第三料流混合并将反应混合物注入中空模具中原位制备。尚未公开的国际申请PCT/EP2019/066252涉及一种通过将至少一个含有多元醇的料流、含有异氰酸酯的第二料流和含有与第一料流和/或第二料流不相容的其他组分的第三料流混合来制备泡沫制品的方法。
在多点注射至一个模具中的情况下,各组分的混合通常在通过进料管或管道与至少组分(A)、(B)和任选地其他组分的储液器(reservoir)连接的混合头或混合头组件中进行。通过选择诸如不同的多元醇、异氰酸酯、催化剂、发泡剂、表面活性剂等成分的特定组合,精心设计组分(A)和(B),以产生显示出不同制造商所需的或用于不同用途的性能特征的聚氨酯泡沫。组分(A)和(B)通常由供应商以即用型混合物形式单独交付给绝热制品的制造商,例如在桶、中型散装容器或油罐车中。对于特定的聚氨酯泡沫,以特定的混合比使用特定的组分(A)和特定的组分(B)。对于不同于第一聚氨酯泡沫的另一种聚氨酯泡沫,可能需要不同的组分(A)和/或(B)。如果在同一生产单元或生产线中使用不同的组分(A)和/或(B),则必须更换组分(A)和/或(B)的储液器,必须更换或清洁进料管或管道,并且必须清洁混合头的入口和出口,然后才能开始制备包含其他聚氨酯泡沫的制品。这会导致原材料和时间的损失以及废物的产生。或者,可以为每个替代的组件安装更多的储罐区,这会减少清洁工作,但会涉及高资本支出。
必须改变用于制备包含绝热聚氨酯泡沫的制品的聚氨酯反应混合物的组成,例如以制备具有不同几何形状的冷冻机,这需要调整聚氨酯反应混合物的粘度和反应性,或制备具有不同能量等级的冷冻机,其特别地是使用不同的发泡剂制备。此外,用作衬里、套管、模具等的材料对聚氨酯泡沫的某些组分(如某些物理发泡剂)的耐化学性可能需要调整聚氨酯反应混合物。此外,气候参数和环境条件(如温度、湿度和气压)在一系列制品的制备过程中可能会发生变化,从而影响制备过程,这也可能会导致需要针对PU泡沫应用不同的配方以确保随着时间的推移而恒定的加工处理。这种环境条件变化的实例为生产场所的室温的变化,这可能需要调整催化剂,例如改变催化剂组成和/或浓度以加速或减少发泡反应时间。因此,需要一种弹性的制备方法,其能够在同一生产线或生产单元上制备不同的包含绝热聚氨酯泡沫的制品,而无需更换和/或清洁进料管道和混合头。
本发明的一个目的是提供一种制备通过聚氨酯泡沫绝热的制品的方法,所述方法是弹性的并且能够制备含有不同聚氨酯泡沫的绝热制品,而无需清洁和/或更换进料管或管道以及混合头的入口和出口。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种用于实施所述方法的生产单元。
该目的通过由至少以下料流制备一系列的至少两种含有绝热聚氨酯泡沫的制品的不连续方法来实现:
(A)第一料流,其包含至少一种异氰酸酯反应性化合物,
(B)第二料流,其包含至少一种有机多异氰酸酯,和
(C)第三料流,其包含至少一种选自异氰酸酯反应性化合物、有机多异氰酸酯、催化剂、发泡剂、扩链剂、稳定剂、交联剂、阻燃剂和添加剂的化合物,其中料流(C)不同于两个料流(A)和(B);
其中所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a)通过以下方式制备至少一个第一制品
(a1)通过混合至少料流(A)、(B)和(C)在混合装置(MD)中提供第一聚氨酯反应混合物;
(a2)将步骤(a1)中提供的第一聚氨酯反应混合物注入所述至少一个第一制品的空腔中并形成绝热聚氨酯泡沫;和
(b)通过以下方式制备至少一个第二制品
(b1)通过混合至少料流(A)、(B)和(C)在混合装置(MD)中提供第二聚氨酯反应混合物;
(b2)将步骤(b1)中提供的第二聚氨酯反应混合物注入所述至少一个第二制品的空腔中并形成绝热聚氨酯泡沫;
其中
步骤(a1)中的料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比不同于步骤(b1)中的料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比,
在步骤(a1)或步骤(b1)中料流(C)的量可为零,并且
如果在步骤(a1)或(b1)中料流(C)的量不为零,则料流(A)或(B)的量可为零。
在另一方面,本发明涉及一种如上所述的制备一系列的至少两种含有绝热聚氨酯的制品的计算机实施方法,其中步骤(a1)和(b1)中的混合比由控制单元控制,所述控制单元被配置为控制步骤(a1)和(b1)中的至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)进料至混合装置(MD)中。
在另一方面,本发明涉及如上所定义的制备一系列的至少两种含有绝热聚氨酯泡沫的制品的生产单元。
在又一方面,本发明涉及一种计算机程序,其包含使生产单元执行上述计算机实施方法的步骤的指令,以及涉及一种已存储所述计算机程序的计算机可读介质。
本发明的方法能够制备至少一个第一绝热制品和至少一个第二绝热制品,其中在制备所述至少一个第一制品和所述至少一个第二制品之间仅通过调节至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)的比例(即无需更换和/或清洁进料管道或管或混合头)即可改变用于制备绝热制品的聚氨酯反应混合物的组成。至少三个料流的混合比的这种调节根据预定义值进行。至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比变化的影响的实例为不同的反应速率曲线(例如通过催化剂量的变化)和不同的密度(例如通过发泡剂和/或水含量的变化)。
在下文中详细描述本发明。
本发明的一个方面是一种由至少以下料流制备一系列至少两种含有绝热聚氨酯泡沫的制品的不连续方法:
(A)第一料流,其包含至少一种异氰酸酯反应性化合物,
(B)第二料流,其包含至少一种有机多异氰酸酯,和
(C)第三料流,其包含至少一种选自异氰酸酯反应性化合物、有机多异氰酸酯、催化剂、发泡剂、扩链剂、稳定剂、交联剂、阻燃剂和添加剂的化合物,其中料流(C)不同于两个料流(A)和(B);
其中所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a)通过以下方式制备至少一个第一制品
(a1)通过混合至少料流(A)、(B)和(C)在混合装置(MD)中提供第一聚氨酯反应混合物;
(a2)将步骤(a1)中提供的第一聚氨酯反应混合物注入所述至少一个第一制品的空腔中并形成绝热聚氨酯泡沫;和
(b)通过以下方式制备至少一个第二制品
(b1)通过混合至少料流(A)、(B)和(C)在混合装置(MD)中提供第二聚氨酯反应混合物;
(b2)将步骤(b1)中提供的第二聚氨酯反应混合物注入所述至少一个第二制品的空腔中并形成绝热聚氨酯泡沫;
其中
步骤(a1)中的料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比不同于步骤(b1)中的料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比,
在步骤(a1)或步骤(b1)中料流(C)的量可为零,并且
如果在步骤(a1)或(b1)中料流(C)的量不为零,则料流(A)或(B)的量可为零。
所述方法为一种制备一系列至少两种含有绝热聚氨酯泡沫的制品的不连续方法。“不连续方法”意指相继地制备至少两种制品,其中聚氨酯反应混合物的注射在制备第一制品后中断并继续用于第二制品,即通过注射聚氨酯泡沫反应混合物并且在将足量的聚氨酯泡沫反应混合物注入第一制品后停止注射来制备第一制品。继续注射待制备的下一制品。
根据本发明方法制备的制品可选自所有含有绝热聚氨酯泡沫的制品,其中所述聚氨酯泡沫通过将聚氨酯反应混合物注入为绝热泡沫提供的空腔中而原位制备。所述制品的实施例为冷冻机,如冰箱和冰柜;热水器;用于热冷物品的绝热箱;热水储罐;绝热板;和管道。通常,在本发明方法的步骤(a)中制备的至少第一制品和在本发明方法的步骤(b)中制备的至少一个第二制品是不同的。它们可例如在以下特性方面不同:制品的几何形状、由聚氨酯泡沫填充的空腔的几何形状和/或体积、聚氨酯泡沫的热导率、聚氨酯泡沫的化学组成、存在于泡沫中的多元醇的组成、存在于泡沫中的发泡剂的量和类型、添加剂(如表面活性剂和阻燃剂等)的量和类型、存在于泡沫中的催化剂的量和类型等。优选地,所述第一制品和所述第二制品不同之处在于至少一种物理和/或化学性能。所述物理或化学性能包括前文提及的特性。
本领域技术人员已知术语“聚氨酯”不仅包括含有氨基甲酸乙酯基团的聚合物,而且还包括不含或含有极少量氨基甲酸乙酯基团的聚合物,只要这些聚合物衍生自双官能或多官能异氰酸酯,参见Polyurethane Handbook,第2版1993,编辑Guenter Oertel,CarlHanser Ver-lag Munich,第2.1.1章。实例为聚醚脲、聚异氰脲酸酯、聚脲和聚碳二亚胺。
聚氨酯(PU)泡沫可以通过使有机多异氰酸酯与一种或多种含有至少两个反应性氢原子的化合物(优选多胺、聚醚、聚酯和/或聚醚酯醇(多元醇))在发泡剂、催化剂和任选地助剂(例如稳定剂、扩链剂、交联剂、阻燃剂和其他添加剂)的存在下反应以已知方式制备。含有用于制备PU泡沫的所有反应物和添加剂的混合物在本文中也称为聚氨酯反应混合物。将该聚氨酯反应混合物注入要用聚氨酯泡沫填充的空腔中。使聚氨酯反应混合物反应并膨胀,从而形成填充空腔的聚氨酯泡沫。
优选地,聚氨酯泡沫为硬质闭孔聚氨酯泡沫。如本文中所用,术语“闭孔”意指泡沫的开孔的含量为最高达20%,优选最高达10%,且最优选最高达5%,参见PolyurethaneHandbook,第2版,1993,编辑Guenter Oertel,Carl Hanser Ver-lag Munich,第6.3.1.4章。开孔的含量可根据2016年生效的DIN EN ISO 4590测定。这种泡沫是本领域技术人员已知的,并且因其绝热性能而特别受重视。闭孔硬质聚氨酯泡沫的制备及其应用例如记载于Polyurethane Handbook,第2版,编辑Guenter Oertel,Hanser Publishers Mu-nich1993,第6章中。
绝热聚氨酯的λ值优选为16至35mW/(m*K),更优选17至33mW/(m*K),且特别是18至26mW/(m*K)。
优选地,用于绝热元件的闭孔硬质聚氨酯泡沫具有最大200g/L、优选15至200g/L、更优选16至150g/L、甚至更优选18至80g/L、最优选20至60g/L的自由发泡密度。
根据本发明,绝热聚氨酯泡沫由至少第一料流(A)、第二料流(B)和第三料流(C)制备。
料流(A)包含至少一种异氰酸酯反应性化合物。异氰酸酯反应性化合物通常含有至少两个对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团。优选地,异氰酸酯反应性基团包含反应性氢,例如,异氰酸酯反应性基团可选自OH-、SH-、NH-和CH-酸基团。
优选地,所述至少一种异氰酸酯反应性化合物为多元醇,例如,其可选自聚醚多元醇、聚酯多元醇、聚醚酯多元醇、聚合物多元醇、聚碳酸酯多元醇及其混合物。
在本发明的上下文中,聚醚多元醇为至少含有醚和OH基团作为官能团的有机化合物。聚醚多元醇通常具有2至20个OH基团,优选2至10个OH基团,特别优选2至8个OH基团。
在本发明的上下文中,聚酯多元醇为至少含有酯和OH基团作为官能团的有机化合物。聚酯多元醇通常具有2至20个OH基团,优选2至10个OH基团,特别优选2至8个OH基团。
在本发明的上下文中,聚醚酯多元醇为至少含有醚、酯和OH基团作为官能团的有机化合物。聚酯醚多元醇通常具有2至20个OH基团,优选2至10个OH基团,特别优选2至8个OH基团。
在本发明的上下文中,聚碳酸酯多元醇为至少含有碳酸酯和OH基团作为官能团的有机化合物。聚碳酸酯多元醇通常具有2至20个OH基团,优选2至10个OH基团,特别优选2至8个OH基团。
多元醇化合物的OH值通常为20至1000mg KOH/g,优选25至850mg KOH/g,最优选50至600mg KOH/g。
聚醚多元醇通过已知的方法获得,例如通过在催化剂的存在下添加至少一种包含2至8个、优选2至6个键合形式的反应性氢原子的起始剂分子的环氧烷烃的阴离子聚合而获得。作为催化剂,可以使用碱金属氢氧化物(例如氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾)或碱金属醇盐(例如甲醇钠、乙醇钠或乙醇钾或异丙醇钾),或在阳离子聚合的情况下,路易斯酸(例如五氯化锑、三氟化硼醚合物或漂白土作为催化剂。此外,称为DMC催化剂的双金属氰化物化合物也可用作催化剂。此外,聚醚醇可使用胺作为催化剂进行制备,如例如WO2011/134866或WO2011/134856 A1中所公开的。
优选使用一种或多种在亚烷基基团中具有2至4个碳原子的化合物作为环氧烷烃,例如环氧乙烷、1,2-环氧丙烷、四氢呋喃、1,3-环氧丙烷、1,2-环氧丁烷或2,3-环氧丁烷,在每种情况下单独使用或以混合物形式使用,特别优选环氧乙烷和/或1,2-环氧丙烷。可能的起始剂分子为例如乙二醇、二乙二醇、丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、糖衍生物(例如蔗糖)、己糖醇衍生物(例如山梨糖醇),还有甲胺、乙胺、异丙胺、丁胺、苄胺、苯胺、甲苯胺、甲苯二胺(特别是邻甲苯二胺)、萘胺、乙二胺、二亚乙基三胺、4,4'-亚甲基二苯胺、1,3,-丙二胺、1,6-己二胺、乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺和其他二元醇或多元醇或单官能胺或多官能胺。优选乙二醇、二乙二醇、丙三醇、三甲基苯丙烷、季戊四醇、糖衍生物(例如蔗糖)和己糖醇衍生物(例如山梨糖醇)和TDA(优选vic-TDA)。
使用的聚酯多元醇通常通过具有2至12个碳原子的多官能醇(例如乙二醇、二乙二醇、丁二醇、三羟甲基丙烷、丙三醇或季戊四醇)与具有2至12个碳原子的多官能羧酸(例如丁二酸、戊二酸、己二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、十二烷二酸、马来酸、富马酸、邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸、萘二甲酸的异构体或所述酸的酸酐)的缩合而制备。作为聚酯制备中的其他起始材料,还可以同时使用疏水材料。疏水材料为水不溶性材料,其包含非极性有机基团并且具有至少一个选自羟基、羧酸、羧酸酯或其混合物的反应性基团。疏水材料的当量重量优选为130至1000g/mol。例如,可以使用脂肪酸,例如硬脂酸、油酸、棕榈酸、月桂酸或亚油酸,以及脂肪和油类,例如蓖麻油、玉米油、葵花油、大豆油、椰子油、橄榄油或妥尔油(tall oil)。
使用的聚酯多元醇的官能度优选为1.5至5,特别优选1.8至3.5。如果使用异氰酸酯预聚物作为异氰酸酯,则计算具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物的含量,其中包括用于制备异氰酸酯预聚物的具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物的含量。
聚醚酯多元醇可作为以下组分的反应产物获得:i)至少一种含羟基的起始剂分子;ii)一种或多种脂肪酸、脂肪酸单酯或其混合物;iii)一种或多种具有2至4个碳原子的环氧烷烃。聚醚酯多元醇的平均官能度优选为2.3至5.0,更优选3.5至4.7。
通常选择组分i)的起始剂分子,使得组分i)的平均官能度优选为3.8至4.8,更优选4.0至4.7,甚至更优选4.2至4.6。任选地,使用合适的起始剂分子的混合物。
优选的组分i)的含羟基的起始剂分子选自糖和糖醇(葡萄糖、甘露糖醇、蔗糖、季戊四醇、山梨糖醇)、多元酚、甲阶酚醛树脂(resols)(例如由苯酚和甲醛形成的低聚缩合产物)、三羟甲基丙烷、丙三醇、二醇(例如乙二醇、丙二醇)及其缩合产物(例如聚乙二醇和聚丙二醇,例如二乙二醇、三乙二醇、二丙二醇)和水。
所述脂肪酸或脂肪酸单酯ii)通常选自多羟基脂肪酸、蓖麻油酸、羟基改性的油类、羟基改性的脂肪酸和基于以下酸的脂肪酸酯:肉豆蔻油酸、棕榈油酸、油酸、硬脂酸、棕榈酸、异油酸、岩芹酸(petroselic acid)、二十碳-9-烯酸(gadoleic acid)、芥酸、神经酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸和γ-亚麻酸、十八碳四烯酸(stearidonic acid)、二十碳四烯酸(arachidonic acid)、二十碳五烯酸(timnodonic acid)、二十二碳五烯酸(clupanodonicacid)和二十二碳六烯酸(cervonic acid)。脂肪酸甲基酯为优选的脂肪酸单酯。优选的脂肪酸为硬脂酸、棕榈酸、亚麻酸且特别是油酸、其单酯(优选其甲基酯)及其混合物。脂肪酸优选以纯脂肪酸形式使用。
合适的具有2至4个碳原子的环氧烷烃iii)为例如环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、四氢呋喃、1,2-环氧丁烷、2,3-环氧丁烷和/或氧化苯乙烯。环氧烷烃可以单独使用、连续交替使用或以混合物形式使用。
根据本发明,聚合物多元醇为聚合物颗粒在多元醇中的稳定分散体,因此不易沉降或漂浮。聚合物颗粒被化学接枝到多元醇上并作为更好的增强填料,从而可以调节聚合物的组成以获得预期性能。聚合物多元醇具有非常低的水分含量,因此避免了湿填料的问题。与无机填料(例如粘土或碳酸钙)相比,聚合物多元醇中的聚合物通常具有低密度。
合适的聚合物多元醇选自苯乙烯-丙烯腈(SAN)聚合物多元醇、聚脲悬浮液(PHD)聚合物改性多元醇和多异氰酸酯加聚(PIPA)聚合物改性多元醇。特别优选SAN聚合物多元醇。
SAN聚合物多元醇在本领域中是已知的,并且公开于Ionescu’s Chemistry andTechnology of Polyols and Polyurethanes,第2版,2016by Smithers RapraTechnology Ltd.中。在SAN聚合物多元醇中,载体多元醇为其中进行烯属不饱和单体的原位聚合的多元醇,而大分子单体为在分子中具有至少一个烯属不饱和基团并且在烯属不饱和单体聚合之前被添加到载体多元醇中的聚合物。
SAN聚合物多元醇可优选以最高达100重量%的量使用,基于相应组分的总重量计,优选基于组分C)的总重量计。更优选地,其量为0.5重量%至70重量%。特别是对于冷冻机和冰柜的制备,其量为3重量%至70重量%。对于夹层组件的制备,其量为0.5重量%至35重量%。
SAN聚合物多元醇的羟值优选为10mg KOH/g至200mg KOH/g。更优选地,羟值为10mg KOH/g至120mg KOH/g。
SAN聚合物多元醇通常通过烯属不饱和单体(优选丙烯腈和苯乙烯)在作为连续相的聚醚多元醇或聚酯多元醇(通常称为载体多元醇)中的自由基聚合而制备。使用类似于DE1111394、DE 1222669、DE 1152536和DE 1152537中所记载的方法,这些聚合物多元醇优选通过丙烯腈、苯乙烯或优选苯乙烯和丙烯腈的混合物(例如重量比为90:10至10:90(苯乙烯:丙烯腈),优选70:30至30:70(苯乙烯:丙烯腈))的原位聚合而制备。
载体多元醇的特性部分取决于将由SAN聚合物多元醇形成的最终聚氨酯材料的预期性能。载体多元醇为常规的多元醇,优选其平均官能度为2.0至8.0,更优选2.0至3.0,并且优选其羟值为10至800mg KOH/g,更优选10至500mg KOH/g,甚至更优选10至300mg KOH/g,最优选10至200mg KOH/g。所述多元醇可选自上文所述的聚醚多元醇、聚酯多元醇和聚醚酯多元醇。
在一个实施方案中,两种或更多种多元醇的混合物也可以用作载体多元醇。
料流(B)包含至少一种有机多异氰酸酯。所述有机多异氰酸酯含有至少两个异氰酸酯基团。可能的有机多异氰酸酯包括本身已知的脂族、脂环族、芳脂族和优选地芳族多官能异氰酸酯。所述有机多异氰酸酯可以任选地被改性。
具体实例包括:在亚烷基基团中具有4至12个碳原子的亚烷基二异氰酸酯,例如十二烷1,12-二异氰酸酯、2-乙基四亚甲基1,4-二异氰酸酯、2-甲基五亚甲基1,5-二异氰酸酯、四亚甲基1,4-二异氰酸酯和优选六亚甲基1,6-二异氰酸酯;脂环族二异氰酸酯,例如环己烷1,3-二异氰酸酯和环己烷1,4-二异氰酸酯以及这些异构体的任意混合物、1-异氰酸根合-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸根合甲基环己烷(IPDI)、六氢甲苯2,4-二异氰酸酯和六氢甲苯2,6-二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构体混合物、二环己基甲烷4,4'-二异氰酸酯、二环己基甲烷2,2'-二异氰酸酯和二环己基甲烷2,4'-二异氰酸酯以及相应的异构体混合物,和优选芳族二异氰酸酯和多异氰酸酯,例如甲苯2,4-二异氰酸酯和甲苯2,6-二异氰酸酯及相应的异构体混合物,二苯基甲烷4,4'-二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷2,4'-二异氰酸酯和二苯基甲烷2,2'-二异氰酸酯及相应的异构体混合物,二苯基甲烷4,4'-二异氰酸酯和二苯基甲烷2,2'-二异氰酸酯的混合物,多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯,二苯基甲烷2,4'-二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷2,4'-二异氰酸酯和二苯基甲烷2,2'-二异氰酸酯的混合物,以及多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯(粗MDI),以及粗MDI和甲苯二异氰酸酯的混合物。有机二异氰酸酯或多异氰酸酯可以单独使用或以其混合物的形式使用。
优选的多异氰酸酯为甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)、二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI),且特别是二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯和多苯基多亚甲基多异氰酸酯的混合物(聚合MDI或PMDI)。
还经常使用改性的多官能异氰酸酯,即通过有机多异氰酸酯的化学反应获得的产物。可提及的实例为包含酯、脲、缩二脲、脲基甲酸酯、碳二亚胺、异氰脲酸酯、脲二酮、氨基甲酸酯和/或氨基甲酸乙酯基团的多异氰酸酯。
此外,预聚物以及上述异氰酸酯和预聚物的混合物可以用作异氰酸酯组分。这些预聚物由上述异氰酸酯和上述聚醚、聚酯或聚醚和聚酯制备,并且其NCO含量通常为14至32重量%,优选22至30重量%。
本发明的绝热元件的聚氨酯泡沫通常通过至少一种选自非卤代烃、部分卤代烃和/或水的发泡剂制备。
部分卤代烃的实例为C2至C6氟代烯烃,特别优选C3至C6氟代烯烃,如具有3至6个氟取代基的丙烯、丁烯、戊烯和己烯,其中可存在其他取代基(例如氯),实例为四氟丙烯、氟氯丙烯(如三氟单氯丙烯)、五氟丙烯、氟氯丁烯、六氟丁烯或其混合物。
特别优选作为发泡剂用于制备闭孔硬质聚氨酯泡沫的氟化烯烃选自顺式-1,3,3,3-四氟丙-1-烯或反式-1,3,3,3-四氟丙-1-烯、1,1,1-三氟-2-氯丙-1-烯、1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙-1-烯、1,1,1,2,3-五氟丙-1-烯(顺式或反式)、1,1,1,4,4,4-六氟丁-2-烯、1-溴五氟丙-1-烯、2-溴五氟丙-1-烯、3-溴五氟丙-1-烯、1,1,2,3,3,4,4-七氟-1-丁烯、3,3,4,4,5,5,5-七氟-1-戊烯、1-溴-2,3,3,3-四氟丙-1-烯、2-溴-1,3,3,3-四氟丙-1-烯、3-溴-1,1,3,3-四氟丙-1-烯、2-溴-3,3,3-三氟丙-1-烯、(E)-1-溴-3,3,3-三氟丙-1-烯、3,3,3-三氟-2-(三氟甲基)丙-1-烯、1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙-1-烯、2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙-1-烯、1,1,1-三氟-2-丁烯及其混合物。
非卤代烃发泡剂的实例为无环戊烷异构体和/或环戊烷,特别是环戊烷。优选使用基于聚氨酯反应混合物的总量计9重量%至17重量%的无环戊烷异构体和/或环戊烷。优选环戊烷和异戊烷与环戊烷的混合物,其环戊烷的含量为至少70重量%,并且特别优选使用纯度为至少90重量%、特别是至少95重量%的环戊烷。
水为化学发泡剂,其特别优选以1重量%至8重量%、优选1.2重量%至6重量%、更优选1.4重量%至5重量%、最优选1.5重量%至3.5重量%的浓度使用,基于不含物理发泡剂的聚氨酯反应混合物的总量计。
作为催化剂,可以使用加速异氰酸酯-水反应或异氰酸酯-多元醇反应的所有化合物。所述化合物是已知的并且记载于例如"Kunststoffhandbuch,第7卷,Polyurethane",Carl Hanser Verlag,第3版1993,第3.4.1章中。这些催化剂包括基于胺的催化剂和基于有机金属化合物的催化剂。作为基于有机金属化合物的催化剂,可以使用例如有机锡化合物,例如有机羧酸的锡(II)盐,例如乙酸锡(II)、辛酸锡(II)、乙基己酸锡(II)和月桂酸锡(II),以及有机羧酸的二烷基锡(IV)盐,例如二乙酸二丁基锡、二月桂酸二丁基锡、马来酸二丁基锡和二乙酸二辛基锡,以及羧酸铋,例如新癸酸铋(III)、2-乙基己酸铋和辛酸铋,或羧酸的碱金属盐,例如乙酸钾或甲酸钾。
优选使用包含至少一种叔胺的混合物作为催化剂。这些叔胺也可带有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团,例如OH、NH或NH2基团。一些最常用的催化剂为双(2-二甲基氨基乙基)醚、N,N,N,N,N-五甲基二亚乙基三胺、N,N,N-三乙基氨基乙氧基乙醇、二甲基环己胺、二甲基苄胺、三乙胺、三亚乙基二胺、五甲基二亚丙基三胺、二甲基乙醇胺、N-甲基咪唑、N-乙基咪唑、四甲基六亚甲基二胺、三(二甲基氨基丙基)六氢三嗪、二甲基氨基丙胺、N-乙基吗啉、二氮杂双环十一碳烯和二氮杂双环壬烯。优选使用包含至少两种不同的叔胺的混合物作为催化剂。
添加稳定剂以使PU泡沫稳定,实例为泡沫稳定剂和抗氧化剂。泡沫稳定剂为在发泡过程中促进规则泡孔结构形成的材料,并且在下文中也称为表面活性剂。实例为:含硅酮的泡沫稳定剂,例如硅氧烷氧亚烷基共聚物和其他有机聚硅氧烷。还有脂肪醇、羰基合成醇(oxo alcohol)、脂肪胺、烷基苯酚、二烷基苯酚、烷基甲酚、烷基间苯二酚、萘酚、烷基萘酚、萘胺、苯胺、烷基苯胺、甲苯胺、双酚A、烷基化双酚A、聚乙烯醇的烷氧基化产物,以及甲醛和烷基苯酚、甲醛和二烷基苯酚、甲醛和烷基甲酚、甲醛和烷基间苯二酚、甲醛和苯胺、甲醛和甲苯胺、甲醛和萘酚、甲醛和烷基萘酚以及甲醛和双酚A的缩合产物的烷氧基化产物,或两种或更多种这些泡沫稳定剂的混合物。泡沫稳定剂优选以0.5至5重量%、特别优选1至3重量%的量使用,基于组分的总重量计。
扩链剂和交联剂的分子量通常为49g/mol至499g/mol。可以添加双官能扩链剂以及三官能交联剂和更高官能交联剂,或者如果合适,可以添加它们的混合物。使用的扩链剂和/或交联剂优选为链烷醇胺且特别是二元醇和/或三元醇,其分子量优选为60g/mol至300g/mol。
阻燃剂可用作聚氨酯泡沫的添加剂。作为阻燃剂,通常可以使用现有技术中已知的阻燃剂。合适的阻燃剂为例如不可掺入的溴化物质、溴化酯、溴化醚(Ixol)或溴化醇(例如二溴新戊醇、三溴新戊醇和PHT-4-二醇)以及氯化磷酸酯(例如磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯、磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯(TCPP)、磷酸三(1,3-二氯丙基)酯)、磷酸三甲酚酯(tricresylphosphate)、磷酸三(2,3-二溴丙基)酯、四(2-氯乙基)亚乙基二磷酸酯、甲烷膦酸二甲酯、二乙醇氨基甲基膦酸二乙酯以及商业含卤素的阻燃剂多元醇。可以使用磷酸酯或膦酸酯,例如乙烷膦酸二乙酯(DEEP)、磷酸三乙酯(TEP)、丙基膦酸二甲酯(DMPP)、磷酸二苯基甲酚酯(DPK)等作为其他液体阻燃剂。除上述阻燃剂以外,还可以使用无机阻燃剂或有机阻燃剂,例如红磷、包含红磷的制剂、氧化铝水合物、三氧化二锑、氧化砷、多磷酸铵和硫酸钙、可膨胀石墨或氰尿酸衍生物(例如三聚氰胺),或至少两种阻燃剂的混合物,例如多磷酸铵和三聚氰胺和任选地玉米淀粉,或多磷酸铵、三聚氰胺、可膨胀石墨和任选地芳族聚酯,用于使硬质聚氨酯泡沫具有阻燃性。可优选的阻燃剂为所述含磷阻燃剂,特别优选丙基膦酸二甲酯(DMPP)、乙烷膦酸二乙酯(DEEP)、磷酸三乙酯(TEP)、磷酸二苯基甲酚酯(DPK)、磷酸三苯酯(TPP)和磷酸三-(2-氯丙基)酯(TCPP),特别优选TCPP。
可将其他添加剂加入到反应混合物中用于制备聚氨酯泡沫。可提及例如表面活性物质、泡孔调节剂、填料、染料、颜料、水解抑制剂、抑制真菌和抑制细菌的物质。
料流(C)包含至少一种选自如上所述的异氰酸酯反应性化合物、有机多异氰酸酯、催化剂、发泡剂、扩链剂、稳定剂、交联剂、阻燃剂和添加剂的化合物,条件是料流(C)不同于两个料流(A)和(B),即料流(C)的组成不同于料流(A)和(B)的组成。差异可为例如化合物的存在或不存在,或化合物的不同浓度,例如催化剂或发泡剂的浓度。根据本发明的一个实施方案,在存在和/或不存在至少一种化合物下,料流(C)分别不同于料流(A)和(B),即料流(C)包含至少一种另外的不存在于料流(A)中的化合物,和/或不包含至少一种存在于料流(A)中的化合物,并且料流(C)包含至少一种另外的不存在于料流(B)中的化合物和/或不包含至少一种存在于料流(B)中的化合物。如果化合物在料流中的浓度基于料流的总重量计为至少0.03重量%,则可以认为该化合物存在。
根据本发明的方法包括步骤(a)和(b),其中在步骤(a)中制备至少一个第一制品并且在步骤(b)中制备至少一个第二制品。步骤(a)和(b)中的每一个均包括两个子步骤,其中在子步骤1中,通过混合至少料流(A)、(B)和(C)在混合装置(MD)中提供聚氨酯反应混合物,并且在子步骤2中,将子步骤1的聚氨酯反应混合物注入待制备的制品的空腔中,并原位形成绝热聚氨酯泡沫。在空腔内可以存在与环境压力相等的压力,或者可以在发泡过程中或至少在注射开始时分别存在真空、部分真空,然后在发泡过程中发生变化。
步骤(a1)中的至少料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比不同于步骤(b1)中的料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比。因此,步骤(a1)和(b1)的聚氨酯反应混合物具有不同的组成并且包含不同量的三个料流(A)、(B)和(C),基于聚氨酯反应混合物的总量计。
在步骤(a1)或步骤(b1)中,料流(C)的量可为零,例如步骤(a1)的聚氨酯反应混合物可以通过混合(A)、(B)和(C)来制备,并且步骤(b1)的聚氨酯反应混合物可以在没有(C)的情况下通过混合(A)和(B)来制备,或反之亦然。如果在步骤(a1)或(b1)中料流(C)的量不为零,则料流(A)或(B)的量可为零,例如步骤(a1)的聚氨酯反应混合物可以通过混合(A)和(B)来制备,并且步骤(b1)的聚氨酯反应混合物可以通过混合(B)和(C)来制备,或反之亦然。术语“不为零”意指大于零。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,料流(A)、(B)和(C)中的每一个的量在步骤(a1)和(b1)的至少一个中不为零,即料流(C)的量在步骤(a1)或步骤(b1)中可为零,而料流(A)和(B)的量在步骤(a1)和(b1)中均大于零。
根据本发明的另一个实施方案,至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)中的每一个的量在步骤(a1)和(b1)中均不为零。
除了在子步骤(1)中的至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)以外,还可以使用其他料流(D)、(E)等,以进一步增加方法的弹性。
所述至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)在加工温度下通常为液体,即它们的粘度足够低以通过泵将其进料至混合装置(MD)中。
优选选择至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)和任选地其他料流的组成和混合比,使得存在于聚氨酯反应混合物中的有机多异氰酸酯和异氰酸酯反应性化合物以使得异氰酸酯指数为70至300、优选90至200、特别优选100至150的量反应。
在步骤(a1)和(b1)中,所述至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)在混合装置(MD)中混合。所述至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)通常分别由至少(A)、(B)和(C)的单独的储液器提供。所述储液器可为罐、桶、容器或用于储存更大量的至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)的其他装置。可以将所有三个料流同时进料至混合装置(MD)中,或者预混合至少三个料流中的至少两个,并在预混合后,将预混合的料流与至少第三料流同时进料至混合装置(MD)中。
优选地,在步骤(a1)和(b1)中,至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)分别由至少(A)、(B)和(C)的单独的储液器提供,所述至少(A)、(B)和(C)的单独的储液器在步骤(a1)和(b1)过程中与混合装置(MD)连接,优选在整个制备方法中连接储液器,除了为再填充储液器进行必要的更换。这种连接通常由进料管或管道提供,并且可包括阀门和其他计量装置以及用于输送料流的装置(如泵)。这些储液器可以直接与混合装置(MD)连接,或者可以在至少两个料流的储液器和混合装置(MD)之间提供预混合装置,从而能够在预混合料流与非预混合料流同时进入混合装置(MD)之前预混合这至少两个料流,所述非预混合料流从它们各自的储液器直接进料至混合装置(MD)中。料流的预混合优选在料流计量(dozing)之后(例如在计量泵或阀门之后)并在混合装置(MD)之前进行,并且可以在与混合装置(MD)间隔优选小于5m的情况下,通过打开阀门将一个料流注入另一料流中而进行,使用或不需要使用任何混合装置,如上文所述。料流的预混合的结束与混合装置(MD)中所有料流的最终混合之间的间隔更优选小于50cm,且最优选小于20cm。
混合装置(MD)可以是已知用于通过将聚氨酯反应混合物注入空腔中并原位形成泡沫来制备含有聚氨酯泡沫的制品的任何混合装置。可以使用一个混合装置或两个或更多个混合装置的组件来填充空腔。例如,如果空腔通过多点注射填充(即,其通过多于一个注射孔填充),则两个或更多个混合装置的组件可能是有用的。在组件中使用的混合装置(MD)可以相同或不同,优选它们相同。
优选地,混合装置为高压混合头或低压混合头,但最优选高压混合头。这种高压混合头可商购获得。仅为了清楚起见,步骤(a1)中使用的混合装置(MD)与步骤(b1)中使用的混合装置(MD)相同。混合装置的进料通常通过泵进行,这可以在低压如1至50巴、更优选2-40巴、最优选5-20巴,或高压如50至260巴、更优选90至230巴、最优选110-180巴下运行,以便将各料流分配到混合头中。混合头内的混合还可以通过简单的静态混合器、低压动态混合器、旋转元件混合器以及高压冲击式混合器来实现。混合可以通过简单的开启和关闭来控制,甚至可以通过配备有流量计的过程控制软件来控制,从而可以控制参数例如混合比或温度。
例如,通过高压冲击式装置的混合可以通过使用用于使单独的料流经由喷嘴进入混合室的高压泵在混合室内将单独的料流同时结合来完成。或者,混合可以随后的方式实现,使得一些料流的结合在混合室之前已直接发生。混合室中的最终混合之前的料流的预混合在高压泵和混合室之间进行,在混合室中发生所有料流的最终混合。例如,在使用或不使用其他混合装置(例如静态混合器或动态混合器)的情况下,预混合可以通过打开阀门将一个料流注入另一料流中来实现。料流的预混合的结束与所有料流的最终混合之间的距离优选具有不超过2m、更优选不超过50cm、最优选不超过20cm的路径长度,使得单独的料流的不相容性不会影响最终产物质量。
例如,来自Hennecke的混合头MT 18-4可用于处理作为本发明的一部分描述的组分的多个料流。该混合头可以同时将最高达四种反应组分注入混合室中。从混合室开始,反应混合物流入90°偏移出口管道。这导致易化混合并平稳输出混合物。反应混合物以层流且无飞溅的方式排放到打开的模具中。混合头在125至600cm3/s的范围内提供层流输出并注入打开的模具中。
在本发明方法的步骤(a2)和(b2)中,将步骤(a1)和(b1)中提供的聚氨酯反应混合物分别注入第一制品和第二制品的空腔中,并形成绝热聚氨酯泡沫。可以在空腔处于环境压力下时进行注入空腔和发泡过程,或者可以对空腔施加减压或真空,以便加速注射和填充过程并实现空腔中聚氨酯泡沫反应混合物的更均匀分布。可以仅在开始注射的过程中施加减压,或可以在整个填充和发泡过程中连续施加减压。在聚氨酯反应混合物的注射和反应过程中,空腔可以完全或几乎完全被壁包围,例如冷冻机外壳或管道的双壁,但空腔也可以是部分开口的并且可以在发泡过程之后被覆盖材料的盖或板等覆盖,例如冷冻机门,其中门的开口凹槽填充有聚氨酯反应混合物,然后用覆盖材料板覆盖。
步骤(a)和(b)优选在同一生产线或生产单元上进行。步骤(a)和(b)中的每一个可以重复两次或更多次。也可以在完成预期数量的步骤(b)之后继续进行步骤(a)。进行本发明方法的另一种可能性是添加一个或多个其他步骤(c)、(d)等,其中制备至少一个第三制品、第四制品等,并且其中步骤(c1)、(d1)等的混合比不同于其他子步骤1中的混合比。
本发明方法可以通过控制单元来进行。因此,本发明的另一方面是一种如上所述的制备一系列的至少两种含有绝热聚氨酯泡沫的制品的计算机实施方法,其中步骤(a1)和(b1)中的混合比通过控制单元来控制,所述控制单元被配置为控制步骤(a1)和(b1)中的至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)进料至混合装置(MD)中。至少三个料流的进料可例如通过以下方式控制:通过控制每个进料料流的流速或混合头中的压力和阀门打开时间等来调节每个料流的量。术语“配置”意指控制单元被编程为执行控制步骤(a1)和(b1)中的至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)进料至混合装置(MD)中所需的功能。控制单元通常包括控制器或处理器。例如,控制单元可为计算机,其具有适于控制步骤(a1)和(b1)中的至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)进料至混合装置中的装置。此外,控制单元可包括含有计算机程序的计算机,所述计算机程序包含使控制单元控制步骤(a1)和(b1)中的至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)的进料的指令。根据计算机实施方法的一个实施方案,控制单元被配置为控制将至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)从储液器进料至混合装置(MD)中,使得至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)以用于制备至少一个第一制品的第一混合比和用于制备至少一个第二制品的第二混合比进料至混合装置(MD)中,其中所述第一混合比和所述第二混合比不同。
根据计算机实施方法的另一个实施方案,控制单元被编程为以第一预定义混合比重复步骤(a)第一预定义次数,并以第二预定义混合比重复步骤(b)第二预定义次数。这意指,例如,第一系列例如10、20或更多个制品通过以指定比例的料流(A)、(B)和(C)重复步骤(a)10、20或更多次来制备,然后第二系列例如10、20或更多个制品通过以指定比例的料流(A)、(B)和(C)(其不同于步骤(a)中使用的指定比例)重复步骤(b)10、20或更多次来制备。通过重复步骤(a)制备的制品是相同的,并且在步骤(b)中制备的制品是相同的,但不同于在步骤(a)中制备的制品。
根据计算机实施方法的另一个实施方案,关于待制备的制品的信息通过读取与待制备的制品一起提供的传感器可读信息标签的传感器提供给控制单元,和/或关于生产环境条件的信息通过检测关于生产环境条件的信息的传感器提供。
传感器可读信息标签可为RFID(射频识别)芯片或2D码,例如QR(快速响应)码、QR码的变体、数据矩阵、Aztec码、JAB(仅为另一条形码)码和条形码。信息标签可以例如像标签一样直接附着在制品的套管或外壳上。
关于生产环境条件的信息通过检测至少一个环境条件参数的传感器提供。所述环境条件参数可选自温度、气压和湿度,但不限于这些参数。所述传感器通常位于生产线附近或直接与生产线连接。在制备过程中提供给控制单元的关于环境条件的信息可以根据作为一个或多个环境条件参数的函数的预定义混合比直接控制至少料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比,或者可以与来自用于确定混合比的数据库的数据相一致,如下所述。
提供给控制单元的关于待制备的制品和/或生产环境条件的信息可直接包含至少料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比。所述信息也可以包含关于待制备的制品的其他数据,这些数据与来自用于确定混合比的数据库的关于混合比的数据相一致。所述其他数据在下文中也称为“技术参数(specification)”。例如,技术参数可为待制备的制品的型号或环境条件参数的值,关于混合比的必要信息存储在数据库中。技术参数也可为预期的聚氨酯泡沫的热导率或预期的聚氨酯反应混合物的粘度值或预期的发泡剂。传感器任选地通过控制单元将技术参数传输到数据库。数据库包含关于根据接收到的技术参数确定正确的混合比的信息,并基于技术参数确定正确的混合比并将混合比传输到控制单元。控制单元相应地(即根据信息中包含的混合比或通过数据库确定的混合比)调节步骤(a1)和(b1)中至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)进入混合装置(MD)的进料。数据库可以位于控制单元附近,但也可以位于远程。数据库可以通过常用的有线和无线通信系统或网络(如LAN、WLAN、蜂窝网络等)与控制单元连接。自学习人工智能也可以允许基于来自数据库的反馈回路在线优化混合比。
上述受环境条件影响的计算机实施方法的实例为制备含有绝热PU泡沫的制品,其中步骤(a)在环境温度T1下重复数次。然后,检测生产场所的温度的传感器检测到温度变化至温度T2,这需要调整聚氨酯反应混合物的反应性以保持所制备的制品的相同质量。改变的温度T2通过温度传感器传输到数据库,任选地通过控制单元。数据库被配置为根据温度确定混合比,例如通过预定义混合比作为温度的函数,并确定适于T2的混合比,并将适配的混合传输到控制单元。控制单元根据适配的混合比继续进行制备方法的步骤(b)。
通过传感器可读信息标签进行的上述计算机实施方法的实例为制备含有绝热PU泡沫的制品,其中外壳与包含型号的传感器可读信息标签一起提供。在步骤(a)中制备具有第一型号的第一组制品,并且在步骤(b)中制备具有第二型号的第二组制品。每个信息标签均由传感器读取,并将信息传输到被配置为确定相应混合比的数据库,例如通过包含特定型号所需的混合比的表格,任选地通过控制单元。数据库确定型号的正确的混合比并将该混合比传输到控制单元。在根据通过信息标签从数据库获得的混合比在步骤(a)中制备具有第一型号的第一组制品之后,所述方法在步骤(b)中以不同的混合比继续进行,所述不同的混合比由控制单元通过具有第二不同型号的第二组制品的信息标签从数据库接收。
还可以将基于关于待制备制品的信息的混合比的调节与基于关于制备方法中环境条件的信息的混合比的调节结合,甚至可以将它们在所述方法的一个步骤(a)和/或(b)中结合。
本发明的另一方面是根据上述计算机实施方法制备一系列的至少两种含有绝热聚氨酯泡沫的制品的生产单元。该生产单元包括混合装置(MD);与混合装置(MD)连接的至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)的单独的储液器;用于待制备制品的外壳的模具载体;和控制单元,其被配置为控制将至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)从至少(A)、(B)和(C)的储液器进料至混合装置(MD)中。控制单元控制步骤(a1)和(b1)中的至少三个料流进入混合装置(MD)的混合比,特别是使得步骤(a1)中的料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比不同于步骤(b1)中的料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比。生产单元还可包括用于读取传感器可读信息标签的传感器和/或用于检测关于生产环境条件的信息的传感器。在这种情况下,生产单元可另外包括对数据库的访问,该数据库包含基于通过以下方式提供的信息用于确定待进料至混合装置(MD)中的至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比的信息:通过用于从传感器可读信息标签中读取传感器可读信息标签的传感器提供,所述传感器可读信息标签通常与待制备的制品一起提供,和/或通过用于检测关于生产环境条件的信息的传感器提供。制品的外壳通常为待制备的制品的外部部件,例如冷冻机或绝热箱的外壳,其可以形成被PU泡沫填充的制品中的空腔的一个边界。
根据生产单元的一个实施方案,生产单元包括控制单元,该控制单元被配置为控制将至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)从储液器进料至混合装置(MD)中,使得至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)以用于制备至少一个第一制品的第一混合比和用于制备至少一个第二制品的第二混合比进料至混合装置(MD)中,其中所述第一混合比和所述第二混合比不同。
本发明的其他方面涉及一种计算机程序,其包含使上述生产单元执行如上所述的用于制备一系列的至少两种含有绝热聚氨酯泡沫的制品的计算机实施方法的步骤的指令,以及涉及一种已存储该计算机程序的计算机可读介质。
通过以下实施例对本发明进行更详细地说明,而非限制本发明。
实施例
通过改变本发明的料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比,在一个混合装置(MD)中由三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)直接相继地制备实施例E1至E3,从而产生包括步骤(a)、(b)和其中制备第三制品的其他步骤(c)的方法。对于每个实施例E1至E6,制备2个样品制品并将其用作测试试样。分别进行实施例E4、E5和E6以证明可用于进行上述方法的不同的料流(A)、(B)和(C),从而产生具有不同性能的聚氨酯泡沫。
多元醇、异氰酸酯、发泡剂、添加剂和其他原材料
多元醇A至E:
多元醇A:基于蔗糖、丙三醇和环氧丙烷(PO)的聚醚多元醇;OH值为427mg KOH/g;官能度:6.0
多元醇B:基于vic-TDA和PO的聚醚多元醇;OH值为399mg KOH/g;官能度:3.9
多元醇C:基于vic-TDA、环氧乙烷(EO)和PO的聚醚多元醇;OH值为160mg KOH/g;官能度:3.9
多元醇D:基于苯乙烯和丙烯腈的聚合物多元醇(比例2:1,苯乙烯:丙烯腈;(SAN聚合物多元醇)衍生自基于丙三醇、PO和EO的聚醚多元醇(OH值为56mg KOH/g,官能度=2.7);固含量为45重量%;OH值为30mg KOH/g(参见Ionescu’s Chemistry and Technology ofPolyols and Polyurethanes,第2版,2016by Smithers Rapra Technology Ltd)。SAN聚合物多元醇可以商品名获得,例如但不限于来自BASF的
多元醇E:基于蔗糖、丙三醇、PO和生物柴油的聚醚酯多元醇,OH值为420mg KOH/g;官能度:4.5
表面活性剂F:
催化剂混合物G:
包含
催化剂G1):二甲基环己胺
催化剂G2):双(2-二甲基氨基乙基)醚
催化剂G3):三(二甲基氨基丙基)六氢-1,3,5-三嗪或乙酸钾
催化剂G4):二甲基苄胺
发泡剂:
CP95:环戊烷95——纯度>95%的环戊烷;例如来自Haltermann Carless
HCFO-1233zd:例如来自Honeywell的Solstice LBA
HFO-1336mzz:例如来自Chemours的Opteon 1100
异氰酸酯H:
使用的分析方法
·根据DIN 51777的水含量
·根据DIN 53240的OH值
·根据DIN 16945的胺值
·根据DIN EN ISO 14896的NCO含量
热导率
热导率使用Taurus TCA300 DTX在10℃的中点温度下测定。为了制备测试试样,将聚氨酯反应混合物以1517.5%过保压(overpacking)引入2000x200x50mm模具中,并在4.5分钟后脱模。在标准条件下老化24小时后,从中心切下若干尺寸为200x200x50mm的泡沫长方体(位于Brett模具下端的10、900和1700mm位置)。然后将顶面和底面移除以获得尺寸为200x200x30mm的测试试样。
脱模性能的测定
脱模性能通过以下方式测定:测量使用700x400x90mm箱式模具在45±2℃的模具温度下制备的泡沫体的后膨胀作为脱模时间和过保压(OP)度的函数,这对应于总表观密度/最小填充密度的比率。后膨胀通过在24小时后测量泡沫长方体来测定。后膨胀描述了以mm计的泡沫块的膨胀。
组件的最小填充密度/自由发泡密度
最小填充密度通过以下方式测定:在45±2℃的模具温度下将刚好足量的聚氨酯反应混合物引入尺寸为2000x200x50mm的模具中以刚好填满模具。自由发泡密度通过使发泡聚氨酯反应混合物在室温下在塑料袋中膨胀来测定。密度在从泡沫填充的塑料袋的中心取出的立方体上测定。
制备反应混合物的一般步骤
将发泡剂加入组分A)和/或C)中。来自Hennecke GmbH的TopLine HK 650/650/45P高压混合装置MT18-4,以250g/s的输出速率运行,用于混合组分A)和C),其(一个和/或两者)已与发泡剂和必需量的组分B)混合,以获得预期混合比。组分A)、B)和C)的温度为20℃,而在E5的情况下,组分C)的温度为30℃。
随后将反应混合物注入温度调节至40℃,尺寸为2000mm x 200mm x 50mm和/或400mm x 700mm x 90mm的模具中,并使其在其中发泡。过保压为14.5%,即,使用比完全发泡模具所需的反应混合物多14.5%的反应混合物。
结果示于表1a和1b中。化合物的量以重量份(pbw)给出。料流(A)和(B)的组成在实施例E1至E6中相同。料流(A)和(B)的组成在实施例E7-E10中也相同。料流(C)的组成在实施例E2和E3中相同,但在实施例E4、E5和E6中不同。料流(C)的组成在实施例E7-E10中相同,但与E1-E6中的料流(C)的组成不同。在实施例E1和E7中,料流(C)的量为零。每个实施例E1至E10可被视为步骤(a1)、(b1)或(c1)的代表,其中第三制品通过使用第三混合比制备。通过结合合适的实施例E1至E10,显而易见的是可以仅通过改变料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比来获得不同的聚氨酯泡沫。
例如,三个实施例E1、E2和E3的结合以及实施例E7、E8、E9和E10的结合表示在步骤(a1)、(b1)和(c1)中以不同的混合比使用料流(A)、(B)和(C)的方法。即对于E1-E3,A:C:B分别为100:0:127、80:20:124和65:35:122,从而产生具有不同热导率和后膨胀值的聚氨酯泡沫。实施例E1不含氟化发泡剂。氟化发泡剂通常比环戊烷更昂贵,但会产生更低的热导率。另一方面,氟化发泡剂可能会与用于套管、衬里等的材料发生不希望的相互作用。以类似的方式,实施例E1和E4、E1和E5或实施例E1和E6可以在本发明的方法中结合,从而通过改变料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比产生不同的聚氨酯泡沫。对于E7-E10,各自的混合比A:C:B分别为100:0:131、70:30:130、30:70:128和0:100:128。在这些情况下,制剂显示出不同的反应性,因此体系的凝胶时间也可以通过料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比来控制。
表1a
表1b
Claims (18)
1.由至少以下料流制备一系列的至少两种含有绝热聚氨酯泡沫的制品的不连续方法:
(A)第一料流,其包含至少一种异氰酸酯反应性化合物,
(B)第二料流,其包含至少一种有机多异氰酸酯,和
(C)第三料流,其包含至少一种选自异氰酸酯反应性化合物、有机多异氰酸酯、催化剂、发泡剂、扩链剂、稳定剂、交联剂、阻燃剂和添加剂的化合物,其中料流(C)不同于两个料流(A)和(B);
其中所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a)通过以下方式制备至少一个第一制品
(a1)通过混合至少料流(A)、(B)和(C)在混合装置(MD)中提供第一聚氨酯反应混合物;
(a2)将步骤(a1)中提供的第一聚氨酯反应混合物注入所述至少一个第一制品的空腔中并形成绝热聚氨酯泡沫;和
(b)通过以下方式制备至少一个第二制品
(b1)通过混合至少料流(A)、(B)和(C)在混合装置(MD)中提供第二聚氨酯反应混合物;
(b2)将步骤(b1)中提供的第二聚氨酯反应混合物注入所述至少一个第二制品的空腔中并形成绝热聚氨酯泡沫;
其中
步骤(a1)中的料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比不同于步骤(b1)中的料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比,
在步骤(a1)或步骤(b1)中料流(C)的量可为零,并且
如果在步骤(a1)或(b1)中料流(C)的量不为零,则料流(A)或(B)的量可为零。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述第一制品和所述第二制品不同之处在于至少一种物理和/或化学性能。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述绝热聚氨酯泡沫为硬质闭孔聚氨酯泡沫。
4.根据权利要求1至3中一项或多项所述的方法,其中所述制品选自冷冻机如冰箱和冰柜;用于冷热物品的绝热箱;热水器;热水储罐;绝热板;和管道。
5.根据权利要求1至4中一项或多项所述的方法,其中将所述至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)同时进料至混合装置(MD)中,或将所述至少三个料流中的两个预混合,并在预混合后将其与至少第三料流同时进料至混合装置(MD)中。
6.根据权利要求1至5中一项或多项所述的方法,其中在步骤(a1)和(b1)中,所述至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)分别由至少(A)、(B)和(C)的单独的储液器提供,所述至少(A)、(B)和(C)的单独的储液器在步骤(a1)和(b1)过程中与混合装置(MD)连接。
7.根据权利要求1至6中一项或多项所述的方法,其中在步骤(a1)和(b1)的至少一个中,料流(A)、(B)和(C)中的每一个的量不为零。
8.根据权利要求1至7中一项或多项所述的制备一系列的至少两种含有绝热聚氨酯泡沫的制品的计算机实施方法,其中步骤(a1)和(b1)中的混合比通过控制单元来控制,所述控制单元被配置为控制步骤(a1)和(b1)中的至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)进料至混合装置(MD)中。
9.根据权利要求8所述的计算机实施方法,其中所述控制单元被编程为以第一预定义混合比重复步骤(a)第一预定义次数,并以第二预定义混合比重复步骤(b)第二预定义次数。
10.根据权利要求8所述的计算机实施方法,其中关于待制备的制品的信息通过读取与待制备的制品一起提供的传感器可读信息标签的传感器提供给控制单元,和/或关于生产环境条件的信息通过检测关于生产环境条件的信息的传感器提供。
11.根据权利要求10所述的计算机实施方法,其中所述传感器可读信息标签为RFID(射频识别)芯片或2D码,例如QR(快速响应)码、QR码的变体、数据矩阵、Aztec码、JAB(仅为另一条形码)码和条形码。
12.根据权利要求10所述的计算机实施方法,其中关于生产环境条件的信息通过检测选自温度、湿度和气压的至少一个环境条件参数的传感器提供给控制单元。
13.根据权利要求10至12中任一项所述的计算机实施方法,其中提供给控制单元的关于待制备的制品和/或生产环境条件的信息包含至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比,或所述信息与来自用于确定混合比的数据库的关于混合比的数据相一致;并且所述控制单元根据信息中包含的混合比或通过数据库确定的混合比调节步骤(a1)和(b1)中至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)进入混合装置(MD)的进料。
14.用于制备根据权利要求8至13中一项或多项所述的一系列的至少两种含有绝热聚氨酯泡沫的制品的生产单元,所述生产单元包括混合装置(MD);与混合装置(MD)连接的至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)的单独的储液器;用于待制备制品的外壳的模具载体;和控制单元,其被配置为控制将至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)从至少(A)、(B)和(C)的储液器进料至混合装置(MD)中,其中所述控制单元控制步骤(a1)和(b1)中的至少三个料流进入混合装置(MD)的混合比,使得步骤(a1)中的料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比不同于步骤(b1)中的料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比。
15.根据权利要求14所述的生产单元,其包括用于读取传感器可读信息标签的传感器和/或用于检测生产环境条件的传感器。
16.根据权利要求15所述的生产单元,其中所述生产单元包括对数据库的访问,该数据库包含基于通过以下方式提供的信息用于确定待进料至混合装置(MD)中的至少三个料流(A)、(B)和(C)的混合比的信息:通过用于从传感器可读信息标签中读取传感器可读信息标签的传感器提供,和/或由用于检测生产环境条件的传感器提供。
17.一种计算机程序,其包含使权利要求14至16中一项或多项所述的生产单元执行权利要求8至13中一项或多项所述的方法的步骤的指令。
18.一种计算机可读介质,其已存储权利要求17所述的计算机程序。
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PCT/EP2020/085138 WO2021122177A1 (en) | 2019-12-17 | 2020-12-08 | A flexible foaming process for producing thermally insulated articles |
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US11753516B2 (en) * | 2021-10-08 | 2023-09-12 | Covestro Llc | HFO-containing compositions and methods of producing foams |
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BR112022009472A2 (pt) | 2022-07-26 |
US20230025840A1 (en) | 2023-01-26 |
RS64887B1 (sr) | 2023-12-29 |
MX2022007552A (es) | 2022-07-19 |
PL4077453T3 (pl) | 2024-04-08 |
HUE064509T2 (hu) | 2024-03-28 |
EP4077453B1 (en) | 2023-09-27 |
US11772309B2 (en) | 2023-10-03 |
ES2968185T3 (es) | 2024-05-08 |
EP4077453A1 (en) | 2022-10-26 |
IL293877A (en) | 2022-08-01 |
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WO2021122177A1 (en) | 2021-06-24 |
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