CN114752603B - 蒺藜苜蓿pinna2基因的突变基因 - Google Patents
蒺藜苜蓿pinna2基因的突变基因 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本公开提供蒺藜苜蓿PINNA2基因的突变基因,与野生型对应基因相比,所述蒺藜苜蓿PINNA2基因的表达增加或减少,所述蒺藜苜蓿PINNA2基因编码蛋白的氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.2所示,优选地,所述PINNA2基因的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1所示。本公开的蒺藜苜蓿PINNA2基因的突变基因可用于调控复叶小叶数目和/或划分小叶边界。
Description
技术领域
本公开涉及生物技术领域,尤其涉及一种蒺藜苜蓿PINNA2基因的突变基因、突变基因组合、农杆菌载体、改良植物及其方法。
背景技术
叶片是植物最重要的光合作用器官,叶的形态为植物的分类提供重要信息。因此,叶发育一直是植物研究领域的热点。
发明内容
为解决现有问题,本公开提供一种蒺藜苜蓿PINNA2基因的突变基因、突变基因组合、农杆菌载体、改良植物及其方法。
本公开提供一种蒺藜苜蓿PINNA2基因的突变基因,与野生型对应基因相比,所述蒺藜苜蓿PINNA2基因的表达增加或减少,所述蒺藜苜蓿PINNA2基因编码蛋白的氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.2所示,优选地,所述PINNA2基因的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1所示。
在本公开实施例中,所述突变基因为点突变,导致编码基因提前终止,或者为蒺藜苜蓿Tnt1反转座子插入突变体。
在本公开实施例中,所述突变基因包括PINNA2基因编码区第606位脱氧核苷酸由鸟嘌呤替换为腺嘌呤,或者PINNA2基因的外显子上含有源自烟草的Tnt1逆转座子片段的插入导致该基因不能正常转录。
本公开提供一种突变基因组合,所述突变基因组合包括上述任一项所述的蒺藜苜蓿PINNA2基因的突变基因和选自如下的基因的突变体:elp1、palm1、和pinna1,优选Tnt1反转座子插入突变体。
本公开提供一种农杆菌载体,所述农杆菌载体包括根据上述任一项所述的蒺藜苜蓿PINNA2基因的突变基因,优选还包括选自如下的基因的突变体:elp1、palm1、和pinna1,优选Tnt1反转座子插入突变体。
本公开还提供一种改良植物,所述改良植物包括根据上述任一项所述的蒺藜苜蓿PINNA2基因的突变基因,优选还包括选自如下的基因的突变体:elp1、palm1、和pinna1,优选Tnt1反转座子插入突变体。
本公开还提供一种改良植物的方法,所述方法包括使上述任一项所述的PINNA2基因的表达减少,使所述PINNA2基因的表达减少优选通过引入编码PINNA2基因提前终止的点突变来实现,或者通过Tnt1反转座子插入获得。
在本公开实施例中,所述方法包括使得植物杂交,获得上述改良植物。
本公开还提出一种改良植物的方法,所述方法包括使上述任一项所述的PINNA2基因过表达。
在本公开实施例中,所述的PINNA2基因在花椰菜花叶病毒35S启动子(CaMV35S)的驱动下过表达。
本公开的技术方案具有以下积极效果:
(1)本公开提供了一个可以调控植物小叶数目和植株株型的蒺藜苜蓿PINNA2基因,该基因突变后,小叶的数目增多。
(2)本公开提供了可以改变植物株型的蒺藜苜蓿PINNA2基因,过表达该基因,植株茎的节间变短,植株矮化。
(3)elp1palm1pinna2和elp1palm1pinna1pinna2两种多突变体的构建提供了创建植物超级复叶的策略,提供了创建超级复叶的实际应用;根据词策略构建的多突变体可以显著增加复叶植物叶片的数量,增大植物光合作用面积和生物量,从而为豆科作物及牧草的分子辅助育种提供可行的参考。
附图说明
下面参照附图将对发明的特征、优点以及示例性实施方式的技术上和工业上的意义进行描述,在附图中,相同的附图标记指示相同的元件。
图1a至图1f示出本公开实施例的从野生型A17及pinna2-1突变体的叶片。
图2a至图2f示出本公开实施例的野生型和pinna2-1突变体复叶发育的扫描电镜图。
图3a至图3d示出本公开实施例的pinna2-1突变体的图位克隆结果,PINNA2基因编码蛋白的结构及其他Tnt1插入突变体株系中Tnt1反转座子在基因中的插入位置。
图4a至图4f示出本公开实施例的PINNA2基因的转基因遗传互补和过表达植株。
图5a至图5f示出本公开实施例的PINNA2与SGL1的遗传和蛋白互作分析结果。
图6a至图6f示出本公开实施例的PINNA2基因在fcl1-1、mtnam-2突变体中的表达模式。
图7a至图7p示出本公开实施例的PINNA2的基因表达模式和PINNA2蛋白的亚细胞定位情况。
图8a至图8b示出本公开实施例的PINNA2与FCL1、MtNAM的遗传互作结果。
图9示出本公开实施例的PINNA2与FCL1、MtNAM蛋白互作结果。
图10示出本公开实施例的不同叶发育突变体之间构建的双突变,三突变及四突变的叶片的表型。
具体实施方式
现在结合附图对本发明作进一步详细的说明。这些附图均为简化的示意图,仅以示意方式说明本发明的基本结构,因此其仅显示与本发明有关的构成。
在复叶的形态建成过程中,小叶边界的划分和小叶数目的维持对复叶的形态建成意义重大。
鉴于小叶数目对复叶的形态建成的重要作用,本公开提出一种具有调控小叶数目维持和小叶边界划分的PINNA2基因。通过突变该基因,可以增加复叶数量,增大叶片的光合作用面积,提高植物的光合效率和生物量。另外,在豆科高蛋白牧草苜蓿中敲除改基因可增加牧草可食用的叶片面积,提高牧草的利用率。
1.植物材料和植株生长条件。
本公开中使用的pinna2-1材料为快中子诱变的突变体,pinna2的其他突变体株系均为Tnt1反转座子插入突变体。其它叶发育突变体pinna1、elp1、fcl1、plam及mtnam为Tnt1反转座子插入突变体。所有的实验材料均在温室中种植,温室条件如下:15小时光照/9小时黑暗,温室采用中央空调控制温度,监测温度为22℃/18℃,光照强度为150μEm-2秒-1,相对湿度为30%-40%;定期给植物浇水。
2.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察。
取材:取30天大小的茎顶端分生组织SAM及P3、P4和P5时期小叶的营养期顶端在FAA固定溶液(5%甲醛、5%乙酸和50%乙醇)中真空渗入3次,约30分钟,于室温放置30天以上。
脱水:依次在35%的乙醇(30分钟)、45%的乙醇(30分钟)、55%的乙醇(30分钟)、65%的乙醇(30分钟)、70%的乙醇(30分钟)、75%的乙醇(30分钟)、80%的乙醇(30分钟)、85%的乙醇(30分钟)、90%的乙醇(30分钟)、95%的乙醇(30分钟)、100%的乙醇(30分钟)进行梯度脱水,最后材料置于100%的乙醇中。
干燥:将脱水后的材料用临界点干燥仪SAMDRI干燥,放入干燥盒保存。
解剖:体视显微镜下用超精细解剖镊子解剖茎尖,固着到导电胶上。
扫描电镜观察:喷金后,在Zeiss EVO LS10(Carl Zeiss,Oberkochen)并且加速电压为5千伏的条件下进行扫描电镜观察。
3.植物总DNA提取。
提取缓冲液(2×CTAB):2%(W/V)CTAB,100mM Tris-HCl(pH 8.0),20mM EDTA(pH8.0),1.4M NaCl,1%(W/V)PVP-4000。剪取100mg新鲜叶片到1.5ml离心管,使用电钻液氮研磨后,加入500μl 65℃预热的CTAB提取缓冲液,转入65℃温浴30min,每10min上下颠倒混匀。12000rpm离心5min;小心吸取上清到新的1.5ml离心管。加入200μl Tris饱和酚,200μl氯仿/异戊醇(24:1),剧烈震荡混匀。12000rpm离心10min。用大孔枪头取上清转移至另一离心管中,加入1/10体积3M醋酸钠(pH 8.0),再加入0.8倍体积预冷的异丙醇,混匀后-20℃放置1小时以上。12000rpm离心10min,去上清。沉淀用1ml 70%的乙醇洗涤两次。沉淀用真空干燥仪抽干,最后溶于20μl ddH2O中。
4.植物总RNA提取和反转录。
取100mg新鲜植物样品到1.5ml离心管,立即投入液氮中。使用电钻在液氮中研磨至粉状装入预冷的2ml离心管,加入1ml Trizol(RNaEXTM,上海捷瑞),充分混匀后常温静置5min。加入200μl氯仿,剧烈振荡30s,常温静置5min。4℃12 000r/min离心10min,吸上清(约500μl)转至新的离心管中,加入0.8倍体积(约400μl)的异丙醇,温和混匀后,室温静置15min。4℃12000rpm/min离心10min,弃上清,加1ml 75%酒精洗涤沉淀,清洗两遍。沉淀真空干燥(约15min),溶于30μl DEPC水,65℃金属浴2min。电泳检测后分装,取2μg进行反转录,其余置于-80℃低温保存。
反转录使用TaKaRa(PrimeScript RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser,TaKaRa)反转录试剂盒。
(1)基因组gDNA去除,按顺序向1.5ml Ep管中加入:
42℃孵育5min后,立即置于冰上。
(2)按下列成份配制反转录Master Mix,分装10μl到每个反应管中:
37℃孵育30min,85℃变性5sec,立即置于冰上,产物用于PCR。
5.RT-PCR和实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测。
用GAPDH作为内参基因,进行PCR检测反转录效率。采用TransGen公司的聚合酶进行PCR扩增,反应配置如下:
琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测内参基因扩增条带亮度是否一致。
qRT-PCR按照LightCycler(Roche Diagnostics公司)的使用说明书要求进行实验操作。Green I试剂为TransGen公司的/>Tip Green qPCR Supermix。按下列组份配制PCR反应液(请在冰上进行):
PCR反应程序按试剂盒说明设置。溶解曲线分析程序设置为,95℃5s,60℃15s,95℃0.03℃/s Acquisition mode;设置为Continuous。选择GAPDH作为内参基因。用于计算相对表达量时,引物效率设为2。反应结束后确认扩增曲线和融解曲线,2-△△Ct计算相对表达量。
6.目的基因高保真PCR克隆。
采用Vazyme公司的Max Super-Fidelity DNA Polymerase进行反应,反应配置如下:
扩增程序:95℃(3min)→94℃(20s)→57.5℃(20s)→72℃(30-150s)→72℃(1min);32个循环。
7.同源重组法构建载体。
使用Vazyme公司的II重组克隆试剂盒,操作步骤如下:
(1)针对需要克隆的目的基因片段设计上下游引物,设计规则如下:
上游引物:5’--上游载体末端同源序列+基因特异性正向扩增引物序列--3’
下游引物:3’--基因特异性反向扩增引物序列+下游载体末端同源序列--5’
其中,载体末端同源序列和基因特异性扩增引物序列长度都为18-22bp;
(2)克隆载体线性化:使用限制性内切酶酶切的方法,在50μl体系中双酶切克隆载体。
(3)Super-Fidelity DNA Polymerase(Vazyme,P501)进行目的片段PCR扩增。
(4)重组反应。将线性化的克隆载体片段和目的基因PCR产物胶回收,电泳检测浓度。冰上配制如下反应体系:
其中,载体用量:目的片段用量摩尔比一般为1:2~1:3。轻轻混匀各组分,短暂离心收集。置于37℃水浴孵育40-50min;冰水浴冷却5min。
(5)转化大肠杆菌Top10感受态细胞。
(6)挑选6-10个单克隆至600μl LB液体培养基,37℃200rpm培养3-5小时,进行菌液PCR,鉴定阳性克隆。
8.序列比对和构建进化树。
在NCBI、Phytozome(https://phytozome.jgi.doe.gov/pz/portal.html)、LegumeInformation System(https://legumeinfo.org/)和EnsemblPlants等数据库,通过Blast工具进行DNA和蛋白质同源性分析。ClustalX软件进行蛋白序列比对,应用Meaga 5.0软件构建neighbour-joining进化树。用IQ-tree(http://www.iqtree.org/)计算最大似然法(maximum likelihood)进化树,然后用Meaga 5.0软件对进化树进一步编辑,最后采用PS将构建好的进化树进行上色美化。
9.蒺藜苜蓿无菌苗准备和遗传转化。
将种子用铁砂布轻轻磨损(或浓硫酸处理6-8min),放入1.5mL离心管中,加入配置好的3%的次氯酸钠溶液,轻轻上下颠倒,充分混匀,表面消毒10min,吸去废液。超净工作台上用无菌水清洗种子3-4遍,倒入培养皿中,加无菌水浸没种子。4℃暗培养24h后,超净工作台上更换无菌水。4℃继续培养,根据种子下胚轴伸长情况,4-7天后可拿出放在室温半天,然后转移到准备好的1/2MS培养基中。
10.亚细胞定位观察。
烟草叶片瞬时表达分析亚细胞定位。将含有目的载体的农杆菌EHA105于28℃摇床培养过夜。隔天50μl菌液+5ml新鲜LB液体培养基,28℃摇床培养至OD600=1.0~1.5,3900rpm离心10min,去上清。离心过程配置MMA缓冲液(10mM MES pH5.6,10mM MgCl2,200μM乙酰丁香酮。MMA重悬菌液至OD600=1.0,室温放置1h。挑选完全展开的烟草叶片(通常为茎尖往下数第3-5片状态最好),先用针头在完全展开的烟草叶片腹面轻轻扎出小伤口,用1ml的去针头注射器将菌液从伤口注入。于28℃静置黑暗培养36-48h,撕取叶片背面表皮,转至干净盖玻片,压片后置于激光共聚焦下观察。GFP信号在488nm激发光下检测。
11.原位杂交。
(1)按如下方法进行材料固定、包埋和切片:
剪取植物新鲜材料,投入装有新配的FAA溶液的冰浴冻存管中。抽真空2-3次,每次3min,材料放入脱水机处理。材料脱水(Leica ASP200 S),按如下程序进行:Formalin(4h)>>Ethanol70%(1h)>>Ethanol90%(1h)>>Ethanol90%(1h)>>Ethan olAbsolute(1h)>>EthanolAbsolute(1h)>>EthanolAbsolute(1h)>>Xylene(1h)>>Xylene(1h)>>Xylene(2h)>>Histowax(1h)>>Histowax(1h)>>Histowax(3h)共19h。完成后,取出贮存于4℃冰箱。
石蜡包埋(Leica EG1150H)。包埋机先调至70℃使石蜡完全融化(45-60min),包埋时调节温度至60℃。取新的包埋盖,放入包埋机右侧室预热。打开包埋机头灯,用预热镊子解剖脱水后的材料。取预热包埋盒,在凹槽中注入少量石蜡,放入材料,轻移到冷却区,加上包埋盖,再注入石蜡,轻移到冷冻台充分冷却,放入4℃冰箱备用。
切片(Leica RM2255)和展片。载玻片上加3.5μl多聚-L-赖氨酸(浓度1mg/ml)并使其均匀涂布,然后在42℃晾片机2h。展片机中注入1L灭菌水,42℃余热。取包埋有材料的蜡块,用单面刀片修块后将蜡块安装到切片机上,切片厚度调为8μm。切片后,经体视镜检查后,将蜡带漂浮于展片机温水中,蜡带完全展开后,置于42℃晾片机过夜。制好的片子保存于4℃冰箱中,在一星期内进行杂交。
(2)RNA探针的地高辛标记。
探针片段被克隆在合适转录载体的多克隆位点上,以测序质粒为模板(稀释到10~100pg浓度),设计基因引物时直接在下游加上T7的引物序列,PCR产物直接做探针。
主要试剂配置如下:
0.1%DEPC水100ml超纯水+100μl DEPC;37℃过夜;121℃灭菌20分钟,冷却后分装。
0.5M EDTA 18.612g EDTA+100ml蒸馏水,用浓NaOH(约15g)调节PH至8.0,121℃灭菌20分钟,分装保存。
4M LiCl 3.3912g LiCl+20ml蒸馏水,121℃灭菌20分钟,分装保存。
80%酒精200ml 160ml无水酒精+40ml灭菌水,保存于-20℃。
碳酸盐缓冲液10ml(80mM NaHCO3 0.0672g+120mM Na2CO30.1272g),121℃灭菌20分钟。
10%乙酸100ml 90ml灭菌水+10ml冰醋酸,分装保存于4℃。
糖原glycogen Thermo R0551,或者Roche10901393001。
1M MgCl2 20.33g MgCl2 100ml蒸馏水,灭菌,保存于4℃。
pH7.5、8.0、9.5的1M Tris-HCl各121.4g(Tris-Base,TB0194)+1L灭菌水;分别用浓盐酸调3种pH;高压灭菌。
1M Na2HPO4 7.1g+50ml灭菌水。
1M NaH2PO4 13.8g+100ml灭菌水。
1M Na-phosphate buffer 1M Na2HPO4 46.3ml+1M NaH2PO453.7ml;总体积100ml,调PH6.8;4℃会产生沉淀,前一天取出放室温。
10×in situ salts 6ml 5M NaCl,1ml 1M Tris pH8,1ml 1MNa-phosphatebuffer pH6.8,1ml 0.5M EDTA,1ml灭菌水,总体积10ml;以1ml分装,保存于-20℃。
50×Denhardt's 0.1g Ficoll 400(F760014),0.1g Polyvinylpyrrolidone(P0507),0.1g BSA,10ml灭菌水,总体积10ml。
50%dextran sulphate 5g dextran sulphate(DB0160,4℃)+10ml灭菌水,用解剖针搅拌溶解,分装保存于-20℃。
tRNA 0.05g(tRNA,罗氏10109525001)+1ml灭菌水,100μl分装保存于-20℃。
杂交缓冲液(Hybrization buffer)5ml deionized formamide(FB0211,4℃),2ml50%dextrane sulfate(-20℃),1ml 10×in situ salt(-20℃),0.2ml 50×denhardt’s(-20℃),0.1ml tRNA 50mg/ml(-20℃),1.7ml DEPC水,总体积10ml。
10×TBS 60.5g TrisBase(TB0194),90g NaCl,800ml蒸馏水,总体积1L。
1×TBS 900ml灭菌水+100ml(10×TBS)。
1×TBS-T 400ml(1×TBS)+1.2ml(0.3%Triton-X-100)。
TBS-milk 2g脱脂奶粉(NB0669)+20ml(1×TBS)。
5M NaCl 146.1g(NaCl)+500ml蒸馏水,高压灭菌。
10×PBS 76g NaCl,4.14g,NaH2PO4(ST1726),12.46g Na2HPO4(ST1727),800ml蒸馏水,总体积1L;用1.5ml浓NaOH(或3片固体)调节pH至7.0,定容,高压灭菌。
1×PBS 100ml(10×PBS)+900ml灭菌水
20×SSC 175.3g NaCl,88.2g Na-citrate(CB0035),800ml蒸馏水,总体积1L;用3滴浓盐酸调节pH至7.0,定容,高压灭菌。
2×SSC 100ml(20×SSC)+900ml灭菌水。
0.2×SSC 10ml(20×SSC)+990ml灭菌水。
10×TE 10ml 1M Tris PH8.0,2ml 0.5M EDTA,88ml灭菌水,总体积100ml。
1×TE 50ml(10×TE),450ml灭菌水。
蛋白酶K19.2mg(蛋白酶K,罗氏3115879001)+1ml灭菌水,100μl分装保存于-20℃。
蛋白酶K缓冲液(Proteinase K dilution buffer,现配)20ml 1M Tris pH7.5,20ml 0.5M EDTA,160ml灭菌水,总体积200ml。
TNM-50(detection buffer,现配)500ml 1M Tris pH9.5,100ml 5MNaCl,250ml1M MgCl2,总体积850ml。
95%EtOH 190ml无水酒精+10ml灭菌水。
90%EtOH 180ml无水酒精+20ml灭菌水。
80%EtOH 160ml无水酒精+40ml灭菌水。
60%EtOH+0.75%NaCl 120ml无水酒精,74ml灭菌水,6ml 5MNaCl。
30%EtOH+0.75%NaCl 60ml无水酒精,134ml灭菌水,6ml 5MNaCl。
0.75%NaCl 200ml灭菌水,6ml 5M NaCl。
采用如下步骤进行地高辛标记的RNA探针合成,以带有目的片段的质粒为模板,正常的正向引物,反向引物5’端带有一段T7序列(5’-TGTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGC-3’)。进行PCR扩增,对目的片段纯化后,产物溶于20μl RNase-free ddH2O。随后,进行RNA转录反应。反应体系如下:
37℃反应2.5小时;0.5μl RNase-Free DNase(罗氏04716728001),37℃15min;移到冰上加入1μl 0.5M EDTA,2.5μl 4M LiCl和75μl预冷的无水酒精,充分混匀,-20℃2-3h或过夜;在4℃14000rpm 30min;用预冷的80%酒精洗涤,真空干燥,100μl的DEPC水重悬。此时产物为转录的cRNA。
(3)探针的水解(Probe Hydrolysis)(针对长度大于450bp的探针)根据公式计算水解时间:
其中,Li和Lf分别代表起始探针长度和最终探针长度,kb。Lf取0.2;K,0.11kb/min。在上述100μl的cRNA中加入:100μl碳酸盐缓冲液,混匀后于60℃处理时间X(一般为55min)。然后加入:
于-20℃过夜,在4℃以最大转速离心30min,用预冷的80%酒精洗2遍,真空干燥(不能加热),加50μl的DEPC水溶解,-20℃保存。
(4)材料脱蜡、脱水。
配制200ml ProteinaseK dilution buffer于三角瓶中,放于37℃水浴:20ml 1MTris-Cl pH7.5,20ml 0.5M EDTA,160ml灭菌水。
染色缸编号,加入对应的试剂;将切片装入切片篮,在通风橱中进行下列操作,每步都要尽可能淋干液体:
*12:Proteinase K使探针更好地深入组织,其浓度是关键,终浓度约1μg/ml。
(5)杂交和清洗。
湿盒:提前用RNase酶抑制剂处理,晾干,现配35ml Soaking solution:17.5ml甲酰胺(F0314,4℃),3.5ml 20×SSC,14ml灭菌水,总体积35ml。加入湿盒中。
将探针混合液于80℃处理2min后迅速放在冰上。取90μl探针混合液加入到相应的载玻片上,将盖玻片慢慢盖上,尽量不产生气泡。探针混合液(每张玻片):1-8μl探针+90μl杂交缓冲液。
载玻片放到湿盒中于55℃烘箱过夜。
200ml 2×SSC溶液和1000ml 0.2×SSC溶液,55℃水浴。
将切片放置在切片篮上,在2×SSC溶液中(55℃)洗掉盖玻片,上下轻晃使盖玻片自然滑落。
将切片篮放入0.2×SSC(55℃)溶液中,孵育2h,每30分钟更换新鲜液体,按以下顺序处理进行:
最后将切片篮转入1×PBS(20ml 10×PBS+180ml水)。
(6)免疫检测。
400ml清洗液(1%blocking reagent in TBS-T):40ml 10×TBS,360ml灭菌水,1.2ml 0.3%Triton-X-100,4g blocking reagent,混匀,微波加热5min,室温放置30-60min。
封闭:将切片篮放入200ml 1%blocking reagent in TBS-T中,摇床上轻轻振荡1h。TBS-T不用倒掉,待用。
提前10min准备anti-DIG-AP混合液(AD,罗氏11093274910),用1%blockingreagent in TBS-T稀释,稀释比为1:1250。
逐张取出载玻片,按90μl/张片加入anti-DIG混合液,盖上盖玻片,放入湿盒中(底部100ml灭菌水),室温90min。
洗涤:先加一点清洗液(1%blocking reagent in TBS-T)到湿盒中的盖玻片上润一下,然后将切片放入清洗液中垂直摇晃,让盖玻片自然落下后,立即放入装有新鲜清洗液染色缸的切片篮中。室温摇床上非常轻柔地摇晃30min。处理3次。
平衡:切片篮放入TNM-50,2×5min,彻底去除清洗液。
显色:准备NBT-BCIP(罗氏11681451001,4℃)混合液,用TNM-50 1:50稀释。每张切片加入90μl稀释后的NBT-BCIP,盖上玻片,放入湿盒中,避光过夜。显色36小时以上,每隔12小时检查显色情况。当出现信号后立即在光学显微镜下观察成像。
封片,用1×TE清洗后将切片篮在通风橱风干,50%甘油封片。
结果和分析。
1.pinna2突变体的分离。
本公开实施例的在顶小叶基部额外发生一对侧小叶的突变体株系pinna2-1,其遗传回交群体显示该突变体为隐性单基因控制的,该复叶表型类似于pinna1。pinna2的其余突变体株系为生态型R108背景下的Tnt1插入突变体库中筛选得到。
2.pinna2突变体的特征描述。
请参见图1a至图1f。其中,图1a示出野生型A17成熟的三出复叶;图1b示出野生型A17叶片的近轴面基部;图1c示出野生型A17叶片的远轴面基部。图1d示出pinna2-1突变体成熟的类羽状五叶;图1e示出pinna2-1突变体叶片的近轴面基部;图1f示出pinna2-1突变体叶片的远轴面基部。可见,pinna2-1突变体在顶小叶的基部多出两片侧小叶。请再参见图2a至图2f。其中,图2a-2c分别示出野生型营养期茎尖,P4期叶原基以及P5期叶原基;图2d-2f分别示出pinna2-1突变体营养期茎尖,P4期叶原基以及P5期叶原基,图中SAM表示茎顶端分生组织,St表示托叶原基,LL表示侧小叶原基,TL表示顶小叶原基,dLL表示突变体中多出的两片侧小叶原基。在叶发育起始早期阶段的P3期,顶小叶的基部就出现突起,在P4期膨大,P5期分化形成多出来的两片侧小叶。
通过表型分析发现pinna2突变体与野生型相比,在顶小叶的基部多出一对小叶,呈现出五叶表型。具体的特征描述如下:
①pinna2突变体在顶小叶基部额外生出一对侧小叶。子叶打开后出现的第1片叶为单叶、第2~4片叶为三出复叶,类似于野生型。从种子萌发后第3周左右生长出的第5~6片复叶开始,突变体复叶呈现羽状五叶模式。
②pinna2-1突变体复叶叶片面积增加12~15%,叶柄长度增加9%,叶轴长度有极显著的增加。
③pinna2-1突变体在P4期时,顶小叶原基发生凹陷,其基部侧缘额外起始一对新的小叶原基。
综上所述,pinna2-1突变体顶小叶基部多出的一对侧小叶在叶发育的P4时期就已经起始,主要是由叶原基的异常分化导致。
3.PINNA2基因克隆及蛋白结构特征描述
请参见图3a至图3d,其中,图3a示出pinna2-1突变体的图位克隆结果,pinna2-1突变体为快中子诱变的突变体库中筛选得到的突变体,通过图位克隆的方法将基因定位到了蒺藜苜蓿1号染色体280kb的区间,该区间有39个注释的基因;图3b示出PINNA2基因的基因结构及不同的pinna2突变体株系在PINNA2基因上的突变方式,其中,pinna2-1突变体为点突变,PINNA2基因编码区第606位脱氧核苷酸由鸟嘌呤替换为腺嘌呤,导致其编码蛋白的第202位色氨酸突变为终止密码子,蛋白质合成提前终止,pinna2-2、pinna2-3、pinna2-4、pinna2-5突变体为蒺藜苜蓿Tnt1逆转座子插入突变体库中筛选得到的突变体,它们的PINNA2基因的外显子上都含有一个源自烟草的Tnt1逆转座子片段的插入导致该基因不能正常转录,黑三角表示Tnt1逆转座子在基因上的插入位置,黑三角上的箭头表示Tnt1的插入方向;图3c示出pinna2-1突变体详细的突变位点及其他株系Tnt1插入的具体位置信息,括号内数字表示详细位置。请再参见图4a至图4f。其中,图4a示出pinna2-2突变体的遗传互补的叶片表型,图4b示出4周大小的pinna2-2/35S::PINNA1表型互补转基因植株,图4c示出pinna2-2/35S::PINNA1表型互补转基因植株的RT-PCR结果,图4d示出野生型中过表达GFP-PINNA2(35S:GFP-PINNA2)的表型,图4e和图4f分别示出不同过表达株系的高度统计及PINNA2基因的表达水平检测,基因的表达水平与植株的高度呈负相关。在突变体中过表达PINNA2基因可以恢复突变体五叶的表型,并且在突变体和野生型中的过表达植株节间缩短,出现显著的矮化的表型。请继续参见图5a至图5f。其中,图5a示出突变体pinna2、sgl1及pinna2 sgl1双突变叶片表型;图5b示出elp1、elp1pinna2双突变及elp1 pinna2 sgl1三突变叶片表型,遗传结果显示在调控小叶数目方面SGL1是PINNA2的完全遗传上位,pinna2突变体增生的小叶完全依赖于SGL1基因的功能;图5c示出在不同突变体背景下SGL1基因的表达量,显示在pinna2突变体中SGL1基因的表达量无显著变化;图5d-5e示出在不同五叶突变体中原位杂交检测的SGL1基因的表达情况;图5f示出PINNA2和SGL1的蛋白互作结果,显示PINNA2和SGL1蛋白不存在蛋白互作关系。
通过等位分析发现,pinna2-1作母本、同样具有5叶表型的突变体pinna1-1作父本得到的F1代植株表型恢复为野生型;同时基于PCR的基因型分析表明pinna2-1突变体中PINNA1位点没有任何形式的突变,因此推断pinna2-1突变体是另外一个基因突变导致。
(1)材料回交及克隆群体的收集:将pinna2-1与野生型A17回交,得到的F2进行分离比统计,其野生型和突变体的比例符合3:1的分离比,说明该突变体为单基因突变导致的隐形突变体。将pinna2-1突变体与另外的一个生态型A20进行杂交获得F1,收集F1自交后得到的F2,对F2分离群体中的突变体表型的个体分别按顺序,单株提取基因组DNA,同时,将突变体表型的个体混样提取一份突变体混合样品基因组DNA,用突变体混合样品基因组DNA进行基因的初步定位确定可能在的染色体,用单株提取基因组DNA进行初定位和精细定位。
(2)图位克隆:使用A17、A20、pinna2-1与A20杂交的F1及F2分离群体中的突变体表型的个体的混合样品基因组DNA对均匀覆盖8条染色体的SSR分子标记进行连锁分析,发现突变体表型与1号染色体上的Mtic177和Mtic95分子标记连锁,初步将候选基因定位在1号染色体上。随后,后用这两个标记将所有872株突变体全部进行连锁分析,发现PINNA2基因定位于Mtic177和Mtic95标记之间,其中Mtic177筛选到的突变体交换单株25株,Mtic95筛选到的突变体交换单株16株,两个标记间的序列长度约13Mb。在候选区间进一步设计SSR引物,共获得11对具有多态性的分子标记、逐步将PINNA2基因缩小到280kb的区间,该区间共有39个注释基因,含13个可能的转录因子基因。
(3)候选基因确定:分离到另外的6个表型类似于pinna2-1的突变株系,基于图位克隆确定区间的13个可能的转录因子基因组序列,通过PCR验证Tnt1插入发现有3个株系在第6个编码转录因子的基因位点含有Tnt1插入,该基因位点编码一个GRAS家族转录因子。进一步对pinna2-1突变体中该基因位点测序验证,发现pinna2-1突变体中该基因GRAS位点有一个核苷酸的替换导致其编码的GRAS蛋白提前终止。
(4)遗传验证:将35S::PINNA2载体稳定转化到pinna2-2突变体中,发现复叶的突变表型完全恢复。进一步的基因组PCR分析和RT-PCR验证证明表型恢复是由于外源的35S::PINNA2的表达。这些结果证实了PINNA2基因的突变是导致pinna2突变体突变表型的原因。
(5)过表达分析:在野生型R108背景下转化稳定转化35S::GFP-PINNA2载体,过表达PINNA2,发现PINNA2的表达量与株系矮化程度呈正相关。
(6)蛋白结构特征描述:通过进化分析和氨基酸序列比对分析表明PINNA2代表一类新的GRAS蛋白,N端含有一个EAR基序,C端为保守的GRAS结构域,该结构域含有GRAS蛋白所特有的LHRI、VHIID、LHRII、PFYRE和SAW五个基序。通过酵母双杂验证PINNA2蛋白可以通过GRAS结构域形成二聚体。
4.PINNA2基因的表达模式
请参见图6a至图6f,其中,图6a-6b显示PINNA2基因在野生型SAM及P3、P4期的表达情况;图6c-6d显示PINNA2基因在fcl1-1突变体SAM及P3、P4期的表达情况,结果表明fcl1突变体中PINNA2基因的表达模式相比于野生型没有显著变化;图6e-6f显示PINNA2基因在mtnam-2突变体SAM及P3、P4期的表达情况,表明mtnam突变体中SAM区PINNA2的表达模式及水平也没有显著变化,但是,叶发育P3和P4期,对比于野生型中PINNA2特异地在小叶间的边界区域表达,mtnam突变体中PINNA2表达信号明显减弱。
qRT-PCR结果显示,PINNA2在茎尖中优势表达,尤其在P1-P4叶原基中高表达,在P5期及以后的叶原基中表达量显著下调,而在其他各器官包括幼叶中都很低。通过原位杂交技术检测,PINNA2基因在器官间的边界区域特异的表达,结果与qRT-PCR的结果相吻合。
5.PINNA2蛋白的亚细胞定位
请参见图7a至图7p,其中,图7a示出qRT-PCR检测PINNA2基因在植物营养期各个组织中的表达情况,其在茎尖中优势表达,在其他各器官包括幼叶中表达量都很低;图7b示出qRT-PCR检测PINNA2基因在营养期植物茎尖解剖的各个时期表达量,其在P1-P4叶原基的顶端组织混合样中高表达,在P5期及以后的叶原基中表达量显著下调;图7c-7j示出原位杂交检测的PINNA2基因在包含不同发育时期叶原基的30天植株茎尖中的表达模式,其在器官间的边界区域表达;图7k-7m示出PINNA2蛋白的亚细胞定位,其中图7n-7p为GFP蛋白定位情况,显示GFP-PINNA2蛋白定位在细胞核。
在花椰菜花叶病毒35S启动子(CaMV35S)的驱动下,在烟草叶片中瞬时过表达PINNA2与绿色荧光蛋白的融合蛋白(GFP-PINNA2),以确定PINNA2的蛋白亚细胞定位。定位结果表明PINNA2蛋白定位在细胞核中。
6.PINNA2参与信号通路调控复叶模式建成。
请参见图8a至图8b,遗传结果显示pinna2突变体与pinna2fcl1双突变体叶片表型与fcl1突变体叶片表型完全一致,表明FCL1是PINNA2的遗传上位基因;pinna2突变体与pinna2mtnam双突变体叶片表型与mtnam突变体叶片表型完全一致,表明MtNAM是PINNA2的遗传上位基因。请再参见图9,酵母双杂结果显示PINNA2蛋白和FCL1、MtNAM蛋白间也没有互作。请继续参见图10,其中,pinna1pinna2plam1elp1四突变中小叶数目可多达17片之多。
蒺藜苜蓿是具有三出复叶的豆科植物,远轴端由一对侧小叶和一片顶小叶构成,近轴端为一对托叶包裹叶柄,侧小叶和顶小叶叶片基部均有感应昼夜节律变化的运动器官称为叶枕。SGL1是小叶起始和发育所必须的,而PALM1和PINNA1负调控SGL1的时空表达,从而确立蒺藜苜蓿的三出复叶形态。sgl1突变体变为单叶,palm1突变体中五个小叶以类掌状聚集在叶柄的顶部,pinna1突变体中五个小叶以羽状方式排列,额外增生的两片小叶对生于顶端小叶的基部,形成类羽状复叶模式。通过遗传杂交构建双突变及多突变,证明SGL1基因为PINNA1基因的遗传上位,pinna1突变体增生的小叶主要但不是完全依赖于SGL1基因的功能。在顶小叶区域PINNA1单独发挥作用,而侧小叶区域PALM1作为主效调控因子、PINNA1作为次级调控因子,通过协同作用来调节SGL1基因在复叶发育过程中的时序表达,从而实现对复叶形态发生活性的精细控制,最终决定蒺藜苜蓿的三出复叶模式。pinna2和pinna1突变体呈现十分类似的复叶表型,但是PINNA2和PINNA1编码完全不同的蛋白、并且在不同的区域表达。因此,PINNA2是通过一种新的机制来控制复叶的形态建成。
为了进一步解析PINNA2基因在复叶发育中的机制,通过qRT-PCR和原位杂交检测、酵母双杂、遗传转化试验证明了PINNA2与PINNA1、SGL1、FCL、MtNAM、PLAM1之间的遗传和基因互作关系,综合以上证据表明PINNA2与PINNA1、SGL1、FCL、MtNAM、PLAM1等基因间均没有直接的基因调控关系和蛋白互作关系,SGL1是PINNA2的遗传上位基因,pinna2突变体增生的小叶完全依赖于SGL1基因的功能;FCL1和MtNAM/CUC是PINNA2的上位基因;PINNA2和PALM1、PINNA1协同调控侧部小叶发育,SGL1基因位于遗传上位发挥重要作用。
第一方面,本公开提供了一个可以调控复叶小叶数目的蒺藜苜蓿PINNA2基因(MtV4.0基因ID:Medtr1g096030),在植物的各组织部位,该基因在茎尖中优势表达,在叶发育的早期,PINNA2基因主要在叶边界区域高表达。所述基因的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1所示,编码蛋白的氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.2所示。
第二方面,本公开提供了第一方面所述的PINNA2基因在调控植物小叶数目的具体应用,该基因突变后,小叶数目增多。
第三方面,本公开提供了第一方面所述的PINNA2基因在调控植物株型方面的具体应用,该基因过表达后,植株节间变短,出现明显的矮化表型。
第四方面,本发明提供了两种与蒺藜苜蓿pinna2突变体杂交构建的多叶突变elp1palm1pinna2和elp1palm1pinna1pinna2的应用。在这两种突变体中,PINNA2基因存在突变,与野生型相比,这两个突变小叶数目显著增多,变成超级复叶。
本公开涉及豆科植物农艺性状相关的一系列功能基因,属于植物功能基因的基因技术领域。在农作物中,叶片的大小和数量直接决定植物的光合效率和生物量的大小,本公开提供了一个决定豆科复叶小叶数目的PINNA2基因,突变PINNA2基因可以增加小叶数目,过表达导致植株矮化。同时,该基因的突变体与其他调控叶发育突变体杂交创建的多突变体可以实现超级复叶。因此,本公开提供了可增加植物光合面积,提高作物光合效率,增加豆科牧草可食用部位的生物量,同时,也可调控植物株型的极具应用价值的功能基因,可以很好的助力豆科作物及牧草的分子辅助育种。
应当理解,以上所描述的具体实施例仅用于解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。由本发明的精神所引伸出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明的保护范围之中。
在本说明书中,每当提及“示例性实施方式”、“优选实施方式”、“一个实施方式”等时意味着针对该实施方式描述的具体的特征、结构或特点包括在本发明的至少一个实施方式中。这些用词在本说明书中不同地方的出现不一定都指代同一实施方式。此外,当针对任一实施方式/实施方式描述具体的特征、结构或特点时,应当认为本领域技术人员也能够在全部所述实施方式中的其它实施方式中实现这种特征、结构或特点。
以上详细描述了本发明的实施方式。然而,本发明的方面不限于上述实施方式。在不脱离本发明的范围的情况下,各种改型和替换均可以应用到上述实施方式中。
SEQUENCE LISTING
<110> 中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园
<120> 蒺藜苜蓿PINNA2基因的突变基因
<130> CF211220S
<160> 2
<170> PatentIn version 3.5
<210> 1
<211> 1386
<212> DNA
<213> 蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula)
<400> 1
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acagatcttt accaaacagt ttcactcacc ggtgattcgg ttcaacgtgt cgtcgcgtat 360
ttcaccgatg gtttaactgc aaaactcctc acaaaaaaat caccattcta tgaaatgttg 420
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ccctatttcc aatttgctca tttcactgca aatcaagcta tcttggaagc ctttgaaaaa 540
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caatggcctt cactgattca atcactttca gaaaaagcaa caagtggcaa cagaatctct 660
ttcagattaa ctggtttcgg taagaattta aaagagcttc aagaaactga atctaggtta 720
gttagtttct caaaaggttt tggtaacatt gtttttgagt ttcaaggttt gttaagagga 780
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cttaaccctt ccattgttgt gattgttgaa caagaaggta gtaaaaatcc tagtagaacc 960
ttcttatcaa gattcacaga cacattgcat tattttgcag ctatgtttga ttcacttgat 1020
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Claims (6)
1.一种改良蒺藜苜蓿植物的方法,所述方法包括使PINNA2基因失活,使得所述蒺藜苜蓿植物具有五叶表型,所述PINNA2基因编码蛋白的氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.2所示,所述PINNA2基因的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1所示。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,使所述PINNA2基因失活通过引入编码PINNA2基因提前终止的点突变来实现。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,所述点突变为将所述PINNA2基因编码区第606位脱氧核苷酸由鸟嘌呤替换为腺嘌呤。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,使所述PINNA2基因失活通过将Tnt1反转座子插入所述PINNA2基因的外显子中来实现。
5.一种改良蒺藜苜蓿植物的方法,所述方法包括使PINNA2基因过表达,使得所述蒺藜苜蓿植物具有矮化表型,所述PINNA2基因编码蛋白的氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.2所示,所述PINNA2基因的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1所示。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,所述PINNA2基因在花椰菜花叶病毒35S启动子的驱动下过表达。
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