CN114713245A - 一种多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114713245A CN114713245A CN202210369558.1A CN202210369558A CN114713245A CN 114713245 A CN114713245 A CN 114713245A CN 202210369558 A CN202210369558 A CN 202210369558A CN 114713245 A CN114713245 A CN 114713245A
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- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 84
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 229910001325 element alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 89
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910009112 xH2O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical group [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 14
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- -1 transition metal salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 12
- JLDSOYXADOWAKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium nitrate Chemical compound [Al+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O JLDSOYXADOWAKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- AIYUHDOJVYHVIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cs+] AIYUHDOJVYHVIT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 12
- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- FGDZQCVHDSGLHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M rubidium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Rb+] FGDZQCVHDSGLHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910004042 HAuCl4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910002249 LaCl3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910021380 Manganese Chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Manganese chloride Chemical compound Cl[Mn]Cl GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910015221 MoCl5 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910019804 NbCl5 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910004537 TaCl5 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910009523 YCl3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910007932 ZrCl4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- HDGGAKOVUDZYES-UHFFFAOYSA-K erbium(iii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Er](Cl)Cl HDGGAKOVUDZYES-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N heavy water Substances [2H]O[2H] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- ICAKDTKJOYSXGC-UHFFFAOYSA-K lanthanum(iii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[La](Cl)Cl ICAKDTKJOYSXGC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011565 manganese chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- YHBDIEWMOMLKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-I pentachloroniobium Chemical group Cl[Nb](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl YHBDIEWMOMLKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001631 strontium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- AHBGXTDRMVNFER-UHFFFAOYSA-L strontium dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Sr+2] AHBGXTDRMVNFER-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- PCMOZDDGXKIOLL-UHFFFAOYSA-K yttrium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Y+3] PCMOZDDGXKIOLL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 7
- ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc nitrate Inorganic materials [Zn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- DUNKXUFBGCUVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-J zirconium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Zr](Cl)(Cl)Cl DUNKXUFBGCUVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910004664 Cerium(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910016644 EuCl3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910017544 NdCl3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021586 Nickel(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910002666 PdCl2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910018057 ScCl3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910003091 WCl6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- VYLVYHXQOHJDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ce](Cl)Cl VYLVYHXQOHJDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 6
- NNMXSTWQJRPBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K europium(iii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Eu](Cl)Cl NNMXSTWQJRPBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 6
- AEDROEGYZIARPU-UHFFFAOYSA-K lutetium(iii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Lu](Cl)Cl AEDROEGYZIARPU-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- ATINCSYRHURBSP-UHFFFAOYSA-K neodymium(iii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Nd](Cl)Cl ATINCSYRHURBSP-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 6
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- BHXBZLPMVFUQBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K samarium(iii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sm](Cl)Cl BHXBZLPMVFUQBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 6
- KPGXUAIFQMJJFB-UHFFFAOYSA-H tungsten hexachloride Chemical compound Cl[W](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl KPGXUAIFQMJJFB-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021556 Chromium(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910003865 HfCl4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910019891 RuCl3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910011006 Ti(SO4)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910021627 Tin(IV) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- QSWDMMVNRMROPK-UHFFFAOYSA-K chromium(3+) trichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cr+3] QSWDMMVNRMROPK-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011636 chromium(III) chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- BOXVSFHSLKQLNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K dysprosium(iii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Dy](Cl)Cl BOXVSFHSLKQLNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- CHPZKNULDCNCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallium nitrate Inorganic materials [Ga+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O CHPZKNULDCNCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- PDPJQWYGJJBYLF-UHFFFAOYSA-J hafnium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Hf](Cl)(Cl)Cl PDPJQWYGJJBYLF-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000002572 peristaltic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K ruthenium(iii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ru+3] YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid Substances OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- OEIMLTQPLAGXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-I tantalum(v) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Ta](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl OEIMLTQPLAGXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 claims description 5
- GFISHBQNVWAVFU-UHFFFAOYSA-K terbium(iii) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Tb](Cl)Cl GFISHBQNVWAVFU-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 5
- HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 5
- HDUMBHAAKGUHAR-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium(4+);disulfate Chemical compound [Ti+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O HDUMBHAAKGUHAR-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- FAPDDOBMIUGHIN-UHFFFAOYSA-K antimony trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Sb](Cl)Cl FAPDDOBMIUGHIN-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- JHXKRIRFYBPWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-K bismuth chloride Chemical compound Cl[Bi](Cl)Cl JHXKRIRFYBPWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000005457 ice water Substances 0.000 description 3
- GICWIDZXWJGTCI-UHFFFAOYSA-I molybdenum pentachloride Chemical compound Cl[Mo](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl GICWIDZXWJGTCI-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 3
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Pd]Cl PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910002621 H2PtCl6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052603 melanterite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002086 nanomaterial Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料及其制备方法与应用,由基体碳纳米管和负载于碳纳米管上的多族多元素高熵纳米合金组成,其中,基体碳纳米管的质量百分含量为40~70wt%,余量为多族多元素高熵纳米合金,各组分的质量百分比之和为100%。本发明所述多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料,多族多元素合金锚定在碳纳米管上,一方面提高了材料的导电性,加快催化过程中的电子转移,另外一方面,利用多元素的协同作用,提高了材料的催化性能和催化效率;本发明进一步通过调控工艺参数,可以调整多族多元素合金的颗粒大小、成分和在CNTs的包覆率,本发明制备方法简单,成本相对Pt/C低廉,对设备要求不高,能够适用于大规模生产。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于催化材料制备技术领域,具体涉及一种多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术
多元素合金(MEAs)因其独特的复杂成分和可定制的性能而受到高度关注。应用领域包括结构材料、储能、催化等。将不同金属的复杂混合物合成为单一的相可能呈现出全新的物理化学性质从而得到更加优异的催化性能。
目前,含Pt催化剂相对于其他金属具有无可比拟的固有优势,在许多催化领域都具有高效的催化性能(包括氧还原反应(ORR)和各种电解质析氢反应(HER)),人们在设计开发含Pt催化剂方面付出了巨大的努力。但是由于铂的成本特别高,其大规模商业应用仍然满足不了实际需求。因此用于开发创建理想结构、成分的含Pt催化剂非常重要,以求含Pt催化剂同时实现优异的催化活性、稳定性和更低的价格。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种催化性能优异、导电性好、分散性好的多族多元素高熵合金/碳纳米管催化材料及其制备方法与应用。
本发明这种多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料,由基体碳纳米管和负载于碳纳米管上的多族多元素高熵纳米合金组成,其中,基体碳纳米管的质量百分含量为40~70wt%,余量为多族多元素高熵纳米合金,各组分的质量百分比之和为100%。
所述的多族多元素高熵纳米合金包含有Pt金属元素;碳纳米管的长度为300~1000nm,所述多族多元素合金纳米颗粒为2~10nm。
本发明这种多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将碳纳米管(CNTs)放入浓酸中搅拌浸泡,清洗干净后,得到预处理的CNTs;
(2)将浓缩HCl加入到去离子水中,用H2-Ar连续吹扫,接着向其中加入步骤1)中的预处理后的碳纳米管,然后向其中依次加入多种3d过渡基金属的盐,搅拌溶解后,得到溶液1;
(3)将多种易水解或不溶的金属盐加入到浓缩HCl中,分散均匀后,得到分散液;将分散液通过蠕动泵将其加入到步骤2)中的溶液1中,得到溶液2。
(4)将若干种碱金属盐或碱土金属盐或稀土金属盐加入到步骤3)中的溶液2中,搅拌溶解后,得到盐溶液;
(5)将步骤(4)中的盐溶液进行一个处理循环,接着向盐溶液中加入PVP,溶解后,进行4次处理循环,处理完毕后,在冰浴条件下,向盐溶液中加入硼氢化钠溶液进行反应,进行反应,反应完毕后,得到溶液3;
(6)将浓缩HCl加入去离子水中,然后将若干种金属盐依次加入到溶液中,充分溶解,得到溶液4;接着将溶液4加入到步骤(5)的溶液3中,混匀,得到溶液5;
(7)将H2PtCl6·6H2O和HAuCl4·4H2O加入去离子水中,配置成设定浓度的溶液6,去除氧气后,加入到步骤(6)中的溶液5中,得到混合溶液7;将混合溶液7进行保温反应,反应完毕后,过滤洗涤,将滤饼冷冻干燥后,得到样品;将样品在管式炉中退火,并在液氮中淬火,得到多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料。
所述步骤(1)中,浓酸是由体积比为(2~4):1的浓硫酸和浓硝酸组成,浸泡时需要完全浸没碳纳米管;浸泡时间为36~60h。
所述步骤(2)中,浓缩HCl的浓度为36~38%;浓缩HCl与去离子水的体积比为(0.2~0.8):(100~140);预处理后的CNTs的浓度为0.4~0.8mg/mL;多种3d过渡基金属的盐为MnCl2·4H2O、Co(NO3)2·6H2O、NiCl2·6H2O、Cu(NO3)2·xH2O、Al(NO3)3·9H2O和FeSO4·7H2O中的3种以上,其在溶液中的浓度分别为:MnCl2·4H2O:0.1~0.3mg/mL,Co(NO3)2·6H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,NiCl2·6H2O:0.1~0.2mg/mL,Cu(NO3)2·xH2O:0.7~0.8mg/mL,Al(NO3)3·9H2O:0.2~0.3mg/mL,FeSO4·7H2O:0.1~0.2mg/mL;在加入金属盐时,每种金属盐加入的时间需要间隔4~6min,确保金属盐完全溶解。
所述步骤(3)中,多种易水解或不溶的金属盐为NbCl5、ZrCl4、Ti(SO4)2、CrCl3·6H2O、HfCl4、TaCl5和MoCl5中的4种以上,其在浓缩HCl中的浓度分别为:NbCl5:0.03~0.04g/mL,ZrCl4:0.02~0.03g/mL,Ti(SO4)2:0.03~0.04g/mL,CrCl3·6H2O:0.02~0.03g/mL,HfCl4:0.01~0.02g/mL,TaCl5:0.03~0.04g/mL,MoCl5:0.03~0.04g/mL;在加入金属盐时,每种金属盐加入的时间需要间隔4~6min,确保金属盐分散均匀;分散液与溶液1的体积比为(2~3):(110~130)。
所述步骤(4)中,若干种碱金属盐或碱土金属盐或稀土金属盐为LiCl、NaCl、KCl、RbCl、CsCl、MgCl2·6H2O、SrCl2、YCl3·6H2O、LaCl3·7H2O、CeCl3·7H2O、NdCl3·6H2O、SmCl3·6H2O、EuCl3·6H2O、TbCl3·6H2O、DyCl3·6H2O、HoCl3、ErCl3·6H2O、Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、SbCl3和BiCl3中的至少10种,其在溶液2中的浓度分别为:LiCl:0.3~0.4mg/mL,NaCl:0.07~0.09mg/mL,KCl:0.07~0.09mg/mL,RbCl:0.07~0.09mg/mL,CsCl:0.09~0.1mg/mL,MgCl2·6H2O:0.1~0.2mg/mL,SrCl2:0.1~0.2mg/mL,YCl3·6H2O:0.2~0.3mg/mL,LaCl3·7H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,CeCl3·7H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,NdCl3·6H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,SmCl3·6H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,EuCl3·6H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,TbCl3·6H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,DyCl3·6H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,HoCl3:0.3~0.4mg/mL,ErCl3·6H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,Zn(NO3)2·6H2O:0.3~0.5mg/mL,SbCl3:0.06~0.08mg/mL,BiCl3:0.03~0.05mg/mL。
所述步骤(5)中,处理循环的具体步骤为:首先用真空脱泡机搅拌脱泡4~6min,接着用H2-Ar吹扫4~6min,然后通过超声进行分散4~6min;PVP的分子量为24000~40000,PVP在盐溶液中的浓度为0.3~1.4g/L;硼氢化钠溶液的浓度为20~30mmol/L,其与盐溶液的体积比为(180~220):(100~150),硼氢化钠溶液采用滴加的形式加入到盐溶液中,滴入速度为300~1400μL/min;反应时间为8~12h。
所述步骤(6)中,浓缩HCl与去离子水的体积比为(0.3~0.8):(25~35);若干种金属盐为CaCl2·2H2O、ScCl3·6H2O、WCl6、LuCl3·6H2O、In(NO3)3·xH20、SnCl4、Ga(NO3)3·xH2O、RuCl3·xH2O、PdCl2中的至少2种,其在溶液4中的浓度分别为:CaCl2·2H2O:0.3~0.5mg/mL,ScCl3·6H2O:0.7~0.8mg/mL,WCl6:1.4~1.6mg/mL,LuCl3·6H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,In(NO3)3·xH20:0.7~0.8mg/mL,SnCl4:0.7~0.8mg/mL,Ga(NO3)3·xH2O:0.6~0.7mg/mL,RuCl3·xH2O:0.4~0.6mg/mL,PdCl2:0.2~0.3mg/mL;溶液4与溶液3的体积比为(28~33):(300~400)。
所述步骤(7)中,H2PtCl6·6H2O和HAuCl4·4H2O在溶液6中的浓度分别为3~5mg/mL和0.6~0.7mg/mL;溶液6与溶液5的体积比为(10~20):(300~400),保温的温度为-5~5℃,保温时间为10~14h;退火是在10%H2-Ar气氛下进行,退火温度为873~1273K,退火时间1~3h。
本发明中浓缩HCl的浓度均为36~38%。
本发明的有益效果:
(1)本发明所述多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料,多族多元素合金锚定在碳纳米管上,一方面提高了材料的导电性,加快催化过程中的电子转移,另外一方面,利用多元素的协同作用,提高了材料的催化性能和催化效率。
(2)本发明所述多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料,引入多族多元素合金和CNTs,与传统纳米材料相比,将多种物理化学性质相差巨大的元素融合到同一个颗粒中,这种增强的鸡尾酒效应使Pt的电子状态的发生了改变,电子倾向于向催化活性更高的状态分布。
(3)本发明所述多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料,通过调控工艺参数,可以调整多族多元素合金的颗粒大小、成分和在CNTs的包覆率,本发明制备方法简单,成本相对Pt/C低廉,对设备要求不高,能够适用于大规模生产。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1中所得预处理CNTs的透射电子显微镜图片。
图2为本发明实施例1中所得未进行退火处理处理的样品的透射电子显微镜图片。
图3为本发明实施例1中所得多族多元素合金/碳纳米管的透射电子显微镜图片。
图4为本发明实施例1中所得多族多元素合金/碳纳米管的X射线衍射图片。
图5为本发明实施例2中所得多族多元素合金/碳纳米管的透射电子显微镜图片。
图6为本发明实施例3中所得多族多元素合金/碳纳米管的透射电子显微镜图片。
具体实施方式
实施例1
本发明一种多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)预处理:将碳纳米管(CNTs)放入浓酸(浓酸为体积比为3:1的浓硫酸和浓硝酸的组合)中搅拌浸泡48h,清洗干净后得到预处理的CNTs;
(2)将0.5mL浓缩HCl加入到120mL去离子水中,用10%H2-Ar连续吹扫,首先向其中加入0.06g预处理的CNTs,分散均匀后,依次向其中加入MnCl2·4H2O(0.0242g),Cu(NO3)2·xH2O(0.096g),Al(NO3)3·9H2O(0.03g);每种物质加入的间隔时间为5min,并充分搅拌,以保证每种盐都处于溶解状态,加入完毕后,得到溶液1。
(3)将易水解和不溶的金属盐具体为:NbCl5(0.0648g),ZrCl4(0.056g),TaCl5(0.0768g),MoCl5(0.0655g),以5分钟的间隔依次加入到2mL浓缩HCl中,分散均匀后,得到分散液;将全部的分散液通过蠕动泵滴加到溶液1中,得到溶液2.
(4)将碱金属,碱土金属和稀土金属,具体为LiCl(0.04g)CsCl(0.012g),MgCl2·6H2O(0.0162g),SrCl2(0.021g),YCl3·6H2O(0.0362g),LaCl3·7H2O(0.0445g),ErCl3·6H2O(0.046g),Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.05g),SbCl3(0.009g),BiCl3(0.0045g)加入到溶液2中,搅拌溶液后,得到盐溶液;
(5)将盐溶液进行一个处理循环,包括用真空脱泡机搅拌5分钟,用10%H2-Ar吹扫5分钟,并通过40Hz超声分散5分钟。向处理后的盐溶液中加入4gPVP(PVP的分子量为29000),搅拌溶解后,进行4次处理循环,将循环处理后的盐溶液置于冰水浴中,将200mL0.025mol/L硼氢化钠按照滴加速度为350μL/min加入得到盐溶液中,并放置10小时进行反应,得到溶液3。
(6)将0.5mL浓缩HCl加入到30mL去离子水中,然后向其中金属盐,金属盐具体为:CaCl2·2H2O(0.0125g),ScCl3·6H2O(0.023g),搅拌溶解后,得到溶液4,将溶液4全部加入到溶液3中,混合均匀后,得到溶液5。
(7)将H2PtCl6·6H2O(0.03g)和HAuCl4·4H2O(0.005g)加入7.5mL的去离子水,溶解后,得到溶液6,除去氧气,然后全部加入到溶液5中,在0℃保温12h进行反应,反应完毕后,过滤洗涤,得到的滤饼放入液氮中冷冻,然后放入冷冻干燥机进行冷冻干燥,得到样品。
(8)将样品在管式炉中10%H2-Ar气氛中升温973K,进行退火3h,退火完毕后,样品顺速出炉,置于液氮中淬火,得到多族多元素/碳纳米管催化材料。
本实施例制备的多族多元素/碳纳米管催化材料的结构参数如表1和图4所示,其微观形貌如图1~3所示,由图1~3及表1可知,制备得到的多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料的平均成分为CNTs:54wt%,Pt:18wt%,其他元素:28wt%;另外多族多元素合金纳米颗粒的尺寸均匀细小,颗粒尺寸为2-10nm,平均尺寸为5nm;多组多元素纳米颗粒均匀的分散在CNTs管壁上,包覆率约为70%。由图4可知,制备得到的催化材料的XRD衍射峰显示样品为单相固溶体,表明制备得到的材料纯度高,无杂质。
表1本实施例中多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料的结构参数
表2为本实施例多族多元素/碳纳米管催化材料在1MKOH中HER的催化效果,可以看出本发明材料的催化性能要高于其他催化材料。
表2本实施例中催化材料对HER的催化效果
实施例2
本发明一种多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)预处理:将碳纳米管(CNTs)放入浓酸(浓酸为体积比为3:1的浓硫酸和浓硝酸的组合)中搅拌浸泡48h,清洗干净后得到预处理的CNTs;
(2)将0.5mL浓缩HCl加入到120mL去离子水中,用10%H2-Ar连续吹扫,首先向其中加入0.06g预处理的CNTs,分散均匀后,依次向其中加入MnCl2·4H2O(0.0242g),Co(NO3)2·6H2O(0.0465g),NiCl2·6H2O(0.0232g),Cu(NO3)2·xH2O(0.096g);每种物质加入的间隔时间为5min,并充分搅拌,以保证每种盐都处于溶解状态,加入完毕后,得到溶液1。
(3)将易水解和不溶的金属盐具体为:NbCl5(0.0648g),ZrCl4(0.056g),TaCl5(0.0768g),MoCl5(0.0655g),以5分钟的间隔依次加入到2mL浓缩HCl中,分散均匀后,得到分散液;将全部的分散液通过蠕动泵滴加到溶液1中,得到溶液2.
(4)将碱金属,碱土金属和稀土金属,具体为:LiCl(0.04g),MgCl2·6H2O(0.0162g),SrCl2(0.021g),YCl3·6H2O(0.0362g),LaCl3·7H2O(0.0445g),CeCl3·7H2O(0.0445g),NdCl3·6H2O(0.043g),SmCl3·6H2O(0.0437g),EuCl3·6H2O(0.044g),HoCl3(0.045g),ErCl3·6H2O(0.046g),Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.05g)加入到溶液2中,搅拌溶液后,得到盐溶液;
(5)将盐溶液进行一个处理循环,包括用真空脱泡机搅拌5分钟,用10%H2-Ar吹扫5分钟,并通过40Hz超声分散5分钟。向处理后的盐溶液中加入4gPVP(PVP的分子量为29000),搅拌溶解后,进行4次处理循环,将循环处理后的盐溶液置于冰水浴中,将200mL0.025mol/L硼氢化钠按照滴加速度为350μL/min加入得到盐溶液中,并放置10小时进行反应,得到溶液3。
(6)将0.5mL浓缩HCl加入到30mL去离子水中,然后向其中金属盐,金属盐具体为:CaCl2·2H2O(0.0125g),WCl6(0.048g),LuCl3·6H2O(0.0115g),In(NO3)3·xH20(0.023g),PdCl2(0.007g),搅拌溶解后,得到溶液4,将溶液4全部加入到溶液3中,混合均匀后,得到溶液5。
(7)将H2PtCl6·6H2O(0.03g)和HAuCl4·4H2O(0.005g)加入7.5mL的去离子水,溶解后,得到溶液6,除去氧气,然后全部加入到溶液5中,在0℃保温12h进行反应,反应完毕后,过滤洗涤,得到的滤饼放入液氮中冷冻,然后放入冷冻干燥机进行冷冻干燥,得到样品。
(8)将样品在管式炉中10%H2-Ar气氛中升温973K,进行退火3h,退火完毕后,样品顺速出炉,置于液氮中淬火,得到多族多元素/碳纳米管催化材料。
本实施例中所得多族多元素/碳纳米管催化材料,其显微图片如图5所示,本实施例中所得多族多元素/碳纳米管催化材料的结构参数如表3所示。
表3本实施例中多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料的结构参数
由图5及表3可知,制备得到的多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料的平均成分为CNTs:52wt%,Pt:19wt%,其他元素:29wt%;另外多族多元素颗粒的尺寸均匀细小,颗粒尺寸为5-15nm,平均尺寸为12nm;多族多元素颗粒均匀的分散在CNTs管壁上,包覆率约为70%。
表4为本实施例多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料在1MKOH中HER的催化效果,可以看出本发明材料的催化性能要高于其他催化材料。
表4本实施例中催化材料对HER的催化效果
实施例3
本发明一种多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)预处理:将碳纳米管(CNTs)放入浓酸(浓酸为体积比为3:1的浓硫酸和浓硝酸的组合)中搅拌浸泡48h,清洗干净后得到预处理的CNTs;
(2)将0.5mL浓缩HCl加入到120mL去离子水中,用10%H2-Ar连续吹扫,首先向其中加入0.06g预处理的CNTs,分散均匀后,依次向其中加入MnCl2·4H2O(0.0242g),Co(NO3)2·6H2O(0.0465g),NiCl2·6H2O(0.0232g),Cu(NO3)2·xH2O(0.096g),Al(NO3)3·9H2O(0.03g),FeSO4·7H2O(0.0222g);每种物质加入的间隔时间为5min,并充分搅拌,以保证每种盐都处于溶解状态,加入完毕后,得到溶液1。
(3)将易水解和不溶的金属盐具体为:NbCl5(0.0648g),ZrCl4(0.056g),Ti(SO4)2(0.072g),CrCl3·6H2O(0.0425g),HfCl4(0.025g),TaCl5(0.0768g),MoCl5(0.0655g),以5分钟的间隔依次加入到2mL浓缩HCl中,分散均匀后,得到分散液;将全部的分散液通过蠕动泵滴加到溶液1中,得到溶液2.
(4)将碱金属,碱土金属和稀土金属,具体为:LiCl(0.04g),NaCl(0.01g),KCl(0.01g),RbCl(0.01g),CsCl(0.012g),MgCl2·6H2O(0.0162g),SrCl2(0.021g),YCl3·6H2O(0.0362g),LaCl3·7H2O(0.0445g),CeCl3·7H2O(0.0445g),NdCl3·6H2O(0.043g),SmCl3·6H2O(0.0437g),EuCl3·6H2O(0.044g),TbCl3·6H2O(0.045g),DyCl3·6H2O(0.045g),HoCl3(0.045g),ErCl3·6H2O(0.046g),Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.05g),SbCl3(0.009g),BiCl3(0.0045g)加入到溶液2中,搅拌溶液后,得到盐溶液;
(5)将盐溶液进行一个处理循环,包括用真空脱泡机搅拌5分钟,用10%H2-Ar吹扫5分钟,并通过40Hz超声分散5分钟。向处理后的盐溶液中加入4gPVP(PVP的分子量为29000),搅拌溶解后,进行4次处理循环,将循环处理后的盐溶液置于冰水浴中,将200mL0.025mol/L硼氢化钠按照滴加速度为350μL/min加入得到盐溶液中,并放置10小时进行反应,得到溶液3。
(6)将0.5mL浓缩HCl加入到30mL去离子水中,然后向其中金属盐,金属盐具体为:CaCl2·2H2O(0.0125g),ScCl3·6H2O(0.023g),WCl6(0.048g),LuCl3·6H2O(0.0115g),In(NO3)3·xH20(0.023g),SnCl4(0.023g),Ga(NO3)3·xH2O(0.02g),RuCl3·xH2O(0.015g),PdCl2(0.007g),搅拌溶解后,得到溶液4,将溶液4全部加入到溶液3中,混合均匀后,得到溶液5。
(7)将H2PtCl6·6H2O(0.03g)和HAuCl4·4H2O(0.005g)加入7.5mL的去离子水,溶解后,得到溶液6,除去氧气,然后全部加入到溶液5中,在0℃保温12h进行反应,反应完毕后,过滤洗涤,得到的滤饼放入液氮中冷冻,然后放入冷冻干燥机进行冷冻干燥,得到样品。
(8)将样品在管式炉中10%H2-Ar气氛中升温973K,进行退火3h,退火完毕后,样品顺速出炉,置于液氮中淬火,得到多族多元素/碳纳米管催化材料。
本实施例中所得多族多元素/碳纳米管催化材料,其显微图片如图6所示,本实施例中所得多族多元素/碳纳米管催化材料的结构参数如表5所示。
表5本实施例中多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料的结构参数
由图6及表5可知,制备得到的多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料的平均成分为CNTs:40wt%,Pt:18wt%,其他元素:42wt%;另外多族多元素颗粒的尺寸均匀细小,颗粒尺寸为2-10nm,平均尺寸为5nm;多族多元素颗粒均匀的分散在CNTs管壁上,包覆率约为80%。
表6为本实施例催化材料催化剂在0.5M H2SO4和1M KOH中的电催化HER性能比较。
表6本实施例中催化材料HER的催化效果
表7为催化剂在0.1M KOH中的电催化ORR性能比较
Claims (10)
1.一种多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料,其特征在于,由基体碳纳米管和负载于碳纳米管上的多族多元素高熵纳米合金组成,其中,基体碳纳米管的质量百分含量为40~70wt%,余量为多族多元素高熵纳米合金,各组分的质量百分比之和为100%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的所述的多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料,其特征在于,多族多元素高熵纳米合金包含有Pt金属元素;碳纳米管的长度为300~1000nm,所述多族多元素合金纳米颗粒为2~10nm。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将碳纳米管放入浓酸中搅拌浸泡,清洗干净后,得到预处理的CNTs;
(2)将浓缩HCl加入到去离子水中,用H2-Ar连续吹扫,接着向其中加入步骤1)中的预处理后的碳纳米管,然后向其中依次加入多种3d过渡基金属的盐,搅拌溶解后,得到溶液1;
(3)将多种易水解或不溶的金属盐加入到浓缩HCl中,分散均匀后,得到分散液;将分散液通过蠕动泵将其加入到步骤2)中的溶液1中,得到溶液2;
(4)将若干种碱金属盐或碱土金属盐或稀土金属盐加入到步骤3)中的溶液2中,搅拌溶解后,得到盐溶液;
(5)将步骤(4)中的盐溶液进行一个处理循环,接着向盐溶液中加入PVP,溶解后,进行4次处理循环,处理完毕后,在冰浴条件下,向盐溶液中加入硼氢化钠溶液进行反应,进行反应,反应完毕后,得到溶液3;
(6)将浓缩HCl加入去离子水中,然后将若干种金属盐依次加入到溶液中,充分溶解,得到溶液4;接着将溶液4加入到步骤(5)的溶液3中,混匀,得到溶液5;
(7)将H2PtCl6·6H2O和HAuCl4·4H2O加入去离子水中,配置成设定浓度的溶液6,去除氧气后,加入到步骤(6)中的溶液5中,得到混合溶液7;将混合溶液7进行保温反应,反应完毕后,过滤洗涤,将滤饼冷冻干燥后,得到样品;将样品在管式炉中退火,并在液氮中淬火,得到多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料。
4.根据权利要求3所述的多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中,浓酸是由体积比为(2~4):1的浓硫酸和浓硝酸组成,浸泡时需要完全浸没碳纳米管;浸泡时间为36~60h。
5.根据权利要求3所述的多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于所述步骤(2)中,浓缩HCl的浓度为36~38%;浓缩HCl与去离子水的体积比为(0.2~0.8):(100~140);预处理后的CNTs的浓度为0.4~0.8mg/mL;多种3d过渡基金属的盐为MnCl2·4H2O、Co(NO3)2·6H2O、NiCl2·6H2O、Cu(NO3)2·xH2O、Al(NO3)3·9H2O和FeSO4·7H2O中的3种以上,其在溶液中的浓度分别为:MnCl2·4H2O:0.1~0.3mg/mL,Co(NO3)2·6H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,NiCl2·6H2O:0.1~0.2mg/mL,Cu(NO3)2·xH2O:0.7~0.8mg/mL,Al(NO3)3·9H2O:0.2~0.3mg/mL,FeSO4·7H2O:0.1~0.2mg/mL;在加入金属盐时,每种金属盐加入的时间需要间隔4~6min,确保金属盐完全溶解。
6.根据权利要求3所述的多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于所述步骤(3)中,多种易水解或不溶的金属盐为NbCl5、ZrCl4、Ti(SO4)2、CrCl3·6H2O、HfCl4、TaCl5和MoCl5中的4种以上,其在浓缩HCl中的浓度分别为:NbCl5:0.03~0.04g/mL,ZrCl4:0.02~0.03g/mL,Ti(SO4)2:0.03~0.04g/mL,CrCl3·6H2O:0.02~0.03g/mL,HfCl4:0.01~0.02g/mL,TaCl5:0.03~0.04g/mL,MoCl5:0.03~0.04g/mL;在加入金属盐时,每种金属盐加入的时间需要间隔4~6min,确保金属盐分散均匀;分散液与溶液1的体积比为(2~3):(110~130)。
7.根据权利要求3所述的多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于所述步骤(4)中,若干种碱金属盐或碱土金属盐或稀土金属盐为LiCl、NaCl、KCl、RbCl、CsCl、MgCl2·6H2O、SrCl2、YCl3·6H2O、LaCl3·7H2O、CeCl3·7H2O、NdCl3·6H2O、SmCl3·6H2O、EuCl3·6H2O、TbCl3·6H2O、DyCl3·6H2O、HoCl3、ErCl3·6H2O、Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、SbCl3和BiCl3中的至少10种,其在溶液2中的浓度分别为:LiCl:0.3~0.4mg/mL,NaCl:0.07~0.09mg/mL,KCl:0.07~0.09mg/mL,RbCl:0.07~0.09mg/mL,CsCl:0.09~0.1mg/mL,MgCl2·6H2O:0.1~0.2mg/mL,SrCl2:0.1~0.2mg/mL,YCl3·6H2O:0.2~0.3mg/mL,LaCl3·7H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,CeCl3·7H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,NdCl3·6H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,SmCl3·6H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,EuCl3·6H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,TbCl3·6H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,DyCl3·6H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,HoCl3:0.3~0.4mg/mL,ErCl3·6H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,Zn(NO3)2·6H2O:0.3~0.5mg/mL,SbCl3:0.06~0.08mg/mL,BiCl3:0.03~0.05mg/mL。
8.根据权利要求3所述的多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于所述步骤(5)中,处理循环的具体步骤为:首先用真空脱泡机搅拌脱泡4~6min,接着用H2-Ar吹扫4~6min,然后通过超声进行分散4~6min;PVP的分子量为24000~40000,PVP在盐溶液中的浓度为0.3~1.4g/L;硼氢化钠溶液的浓度为20~30mmol/L,其与盐溶液的体积比为(180~220):(100~150),硼氢化钠溶液采用滴加的形式加入到盐溶液中,滴入速度为300~1400μL/min;反应时间为8~12h。
9.根据权利要求3所述的多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于所述步骤(6)中,浓缩HCl与去离子水的体积比为(0.3~0.8):(25~35);若干种金属盐为CaCl2·2H2O、ScCl3·6H2O、WCl6、LuCl3·6H2O、In(NO3)3·xH20、SnCl4、Ga(NO3)3·xH2O、RuCl3·xH2O、PdCl2中的至少2种,其在溶液4中的浓度分别为:CaCl2·2H2O:0.3~0.5mg/mL,ScCl3·6H2O:0.7~0.8mg/mL,WCl6:1.4~1.6mg/mL,LuCl3·6H2O:0.3~0.4mg/mL,In(NO3)3·xH20:0.7~0.8mg/mL,SnCl4:0.7~0.8mg/mL,Ga(NO3)3·xH2O:0.6~0.7mg/mL,RuCl3·xH2O:0.4~0.6mg/mL,PdCl2:0.2~0.3mg/mL;溶液4与溶液3的体积比为(28~33):(300~400)。
10.根据权利要求3所述的多族多元素合金/碳纳米管催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于所述步骤(7)中,H2PtCl6·6H2O和HAuCl4·4H2O在溶液6中的浓度分别为3~5mg/mL和0.6~0.7mg/mL;溶液6与溶液5的体积比为(10~20):(300~400),保温的温度为-5~5℃,保温时间为10~14h;退火是在10%H2-Ar气氛下进行,退火温度为873~1273K,退火时间1~3h。
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