CN114600701A

CN114600701A - Soapberry fruit growth and development nursing method

Info

Publication number: CN114600701A
Application number: CN202210353351.5A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 贾黎明; 王冕之; 刘济铭; 郑玉琳; 宋怡静; 李露; 翁学煌
Original assignee: Fujian Yuanhua Forestry Biotechnology Co ltd; Beijing Forestry University
Current assignee: Fujian Yuanhua Forestry Biotechnology Co ltd; Beijing Forestry University
Priority date: 2022-04-06
Filing date: 2022-04-06
Publication date: 2022-06-10

Abstract

The invention discloses a sapindus mukorossi fruit growth and development nursing method, wherein the fruit head is protected in a closed way by a protection bag for preventing water vapor from condensing on the inner wall from the end of the initial fruit stage to the beginning stage of the expansion stage, and the fruit head is placed in the protection bag in an empty state until the fruit is ripe; the protection bag is provided with air holes. The sapindus mukorossi fruit growth and development nursing method disclosed by the invention is used for carrying out pest and disease damage protection and management on sapindus mukorossi fruit in the growth and development period, and effectively solves the problem that the sapindus mukorossi fruit blackens and mildews in the current-stage cultivation by arranging the protection bag, so that the healthy development and maturity of the sapindus mukorossi fruit are ensured. The invention can effectively reduce the use of pesticides, reduce the times of pesticide spraying, reduce the pesticide residue on fruits, improve the fruit quality, improve the fruit surface color, prevent and control the harm of diseases and insects, reduce the harm of external adverse environment to the fruits and greatly improve the comprehensive quality of the fruits.

Description

Soapberry fruit growth and development nursing method

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of soapberry planting, and relates to a soapberry fruit protection management method in a growth and development period.

Background

Sapindaceae (Sapindaceae) Sapindus L, is a general name for Soapberry, Soapberry (Soapberry), hand washing fruit, Soapberry, whistle, etc. The soapberry has 13 varieties in the whole world, 4 varieties of 1 variety in China, is widely distributed in the east, south and southwest parts of China, is a common tree variety in low mountains, hills and limestone mountainous regions, and has obvious interspecific and intraspecific genetic differentiation and abundant germplasm resources.

The oil content of the soapberry seed kernel is as high as about 40 percent, the oleic acid and the linoleic acid in the grease are as high as 62.5 percent, and the fatty acid of C16-C20 accounts for 98.2 percent, thereby meeting various standards of modern biomass diesel and being refined into high-grade lubricating oil; the pulp contains 10-27% of saponin, and is an excellent natural washing cosmetic raw material, and the elution rate is over 90%; the seed shell can be made into high-grade active carbon; the research at home and abroad finds that the kernel, the pulp and the root system of the Chinese medicinal composition have functional active ingredients with great development potential for resisting cancer, reducing blood fat and lowering blood pressure.

Therefore, the sapindus mukorossi is a multifunctional raw material tree which integrates biomass energy, biochemical engineering and biological medicine into a whole.

In recent years, the soapberry industry is rapidly developed, large-scale soapberry raw material forest cultivation is successively developed in Fujian province, Zhejiang province, Guizhou province, Yunnan province, Guangdong province and the like at home, and a batch of soapberry comprehensive processing and utilizing enterprises are formed. At present, artificial raw material forests of nearly 2.6 million hectares have been developed in Fujian, Zhejiang, Guizhou and the like, nursery stocks generally enter full-grown fruit periods, but serious fruit blackening and mildewing phenomena exist in partial areas, the fruit quality is influenced, in recent years, the phenomena of serious fruit blackening and mildewing exist, the fruit ratio of orchards is more and more rampant, the fruit ratio of orchards is less than 20 percent, and the development of soapberry poly-generation industry is seriously hindered.

For example, pericarp of a scab fruit breaks, gradually pus out, causing the pericarp to turn black, resulting in a mature fruit with no flesh but only pericarp, and finally, until the entire fruit is unripe and falls off.

Through investigation, sapindus diseases and insect pests are known to include sootiness, scab, anthracnose, canker, psylla chinensis, arrowhead scale, asterias amurensis, spodoptera exigua, codling moth, sandworm, aleurites fordii, wax apple, aphid and the like. At present, pest and disease damage treatment on soapberry fruits is still in a stage of spraying a large amount of pesticides, and the problems of unstable control effect, fruit pollution and environmental pollution caused by pesticides and the like exist.

In the process of implementing the invention, the inventor finds that not only the fruit is not mature and falls off due to plant diseases and insect pests, but also the fruit falls off due to factors such as wind, rainfall and the like.

In the prior art, the management means for sapindus mukorossi cultivation is extensive, and how to maintain the yield and improve the quality is continuously explored.

In the process of implementing the invention, the inventor finds that the sapindus mukorossi fruit growth and development can reduce the incidence rate of plant diseases and insect pests of the sapindus mukorossi fruit, improve the oil content of the sapindus mukorossi kernel and shorten the cultivation period by a scientific nursing means.

Disclosure of Invention

In view of the above, the present invention aims to provide a soapberry fruit care method with high yield preservation and quality improvement.

The invention provides a sapindus mukorossi fruit growth and development nursing method, which comprises the following steps of providing a protective bag for hermetically protecting the fruit cluster from water vapor condensation on the inner wall when the initial fruit stage of the fruit is finished to the beginning stage of the expansion period, and placing the fruit cluster in the protective bag till the fruit is mature; the protection bag is provided with air holes.

According to one embodiment of the sapindus mukorossi fruit growth and development nursing method, the protective bag is provided with a bag opening, and the bag opening is tightly wrapped and fixed on the fruit handle.

According to one embodiment of the sapindus mukorossi fruit growing and developing nursing method, less than 60% of transparent or semitransparent surface area is arranged on the protection bag.

According to one embodiment of the sapindus mukorossi fruit growth and development nursing method, the protecting bag is made of the parchment paper or kraft paper and the transparent plastic film, so that the fruit photosynthesis is ensured, and the fruit cultivation period is shortened.

According to one embodiment of the sapindus mukorossi fruit growth and development nursing method of the present invention, a protective pouch is made entirely of a parchment paper or kraft paper to delay the fruit ripening cycle.

According to one embodiment of the sapindus mukorossi fruit growth and development nursing method, pesticide spraying is firstly carried out 2-3 days before cluster is subjected to closed protection by using the protection bag, and then closed protection is carried out after liquid medicine is dried.

According to one embodiment of the soapberry fruit growth and development nursing method, the pesticide is a bactericide and/or an insecticide.

According to one embodiment of the soapberry fruit growth and development nursing method, the pesticide is one or more of emamectin benzoate microemulsion, avermectin and tebuconazole.

According to one embodiment of the sapindus mukorossi fruit growth and development nursing method, the period of the closed protection ranges from 7 to 10 months.

According to one embodiment of the sapindus mukorossi fruit growth and development nursing method, the length of the protective bag is 40-50 cm, and the width of the protective bag is 30-40 cm.

Compared with the prior art, one of the technical schemes has the following advantages:

a) the sapindus mukorossi fruit growth and development nursing method disclosed by the invention is used for carrying out pest and disease damage protection and management on sapindus mukorossi fruit in the growth and development period, and effectively solves the problem that the sapindus mukorossi fruit blackens and mildews in the current-stage cultivation by arranging the protection bag, so that the healthy development and maturity of the sapindus mukorossi fruit are ensured. The invention can effectively reduce the use of pesticides, reduce the times of pesticide spraying, reduce the pesticide residue on fruits, improve the fruit quality, improve the fruit surface color, prevent and control the harm of diseases and insects, reduce the harm of external adverse environment to the fruits and greatly improve the comprehensive quality of the fruits.

b) According to the sapindus mukorossi fruit growth and development nursing method, the rotten fruit rate of the protective bag is less than 5% of that of the protective bag, the rotten fruit quantity is greatly reduced, and the sapindus mukorossi fruit yield of the raw material forest can be fully guaranteed.

c) Tests show that the average single seed weight and the kernel oil content of the sapindus mukorossi fruit growth and development nursing method are obviously improved.

d) The method is simple and easy to operate, low in cost, easy to master by raw material forest cultivation workers, and suitable for popularization and application.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a photograph comparing soapberry fruits obtained by different treatments.

Fig. 2 is a photograph comparing the soapberry seeds obtained by different treatments.

Detailed Description

The following specific examples are set forth.

To illustrate the technical effects of the present invention, 4 synchronous processes are set in this embodiment, which are respectively a no-protection-bag process (CK) and 3 comparison processes using different protection bags, wherein process 1 is a protection bag made of transparent plastic film, process 2 is a protection bag made of semi-parchment paper + semi-transparent film, and process 3 is an opaque protection bag made of parchment paper.

4 treatments are all carried out on the same raw material forest land, the treatment period is synchronous, and other treatment measures are consistent except for different protection bags.

Through the research on the ripening process of the soapberry fruit and the dynamic changes of grease and saponin of the soapberry fruit and observation, the development and color transition period of the soapberry fruit is determined, and finally through experimental verification, the closed protection of the cluster of the soapberry is started by using a protection bag after the initial fruit period of the soapberry fruit is ended to the beginning stage of the expansion period in 7 months in each year. The closed protection means that the ears are physically isolated from the environment of the raw material forest land, specifically, pathogenic germs and pests are isolated. In the invention, the closed protection is not closed protection, and the protection bag is provided with the air holes to ensure the normal respiration of the fruit clusters and the evaporation of water in the bag. The closing protection cut-off date is the fruit mature period, and different protection bags are used, so that the fruit mature periods are different. The mature period of the fruits treated 2 is in the middle 10 months, and the mature period of the fruits treated 3 is from the middle to the end of 11 months.

In this embodiment, the method for caring the growth and development of the sapindus mukorossi fruit comprises the following steps.

1. Protection bag for preparation

The protection bag is rectangular, and the length and the width are 50 cm: 40cm, or 40 cm: 30 cm. The specification of the protective bag is selected according to the size of the fruit cluster in production.

The protection bag includes preceding page or leaf and back page or leaf, and preceding page or leaf and back page or leaf are the rectangle, and trilateral links to each other, reserves for the sack on one side, sets up seal assembly on the sack, for example string, iron wire etc. are convenient for fix the sack on the carpopodium, are provided with the bleeder vent on the protection bag.

The treatment 1 is a protective bag made of transparent plastic films, namely, the front page and the back page are made of transparent plastic films.

Treatment 2 a protective bag made of half parchment paper plus a half transparent film was used. The front page is made of parchment paper, and the back page is made of a transparent plastic film. Namely, the protective bag is provided with a 50% transparent surface area.

Treatment 3 a light-tight protective bag made of parchment paper was used. Namely, the front page and the back page are both made of parchment paper.

The protective bags in treatments 2 and 3 belong to protective bags that prevent moisture from condensing on the inner walls. During the test, it was found that the protection bags in treatment 1 contained more water, and the protection bags in treatment 2 and treatment 3 did not have the condensation and aggregation phenomenon.

2. Spraying pesticide

In late 7 th month, after the initial fruit period of the soapberry fruits is ended and the expansion period is started, the isolation protection is carried out 2-3 days before the clusters are prepared to be isolated and protected by using the protection bags, pesticides are applied according to the pest and disease conditions of the raw material forest, and the isolation protection is carried out after the pesticide liquid is dried. If rainfall occurs after spraying the pesticide and before isolation protection, the pesticide should be sprayed after the rainfall, so as to ensure no plant diseases and insect pests in the protection bag and ensure the normal growth and development of fruits.

Preferably, the pesticide is a mixed agent:

the emamectin benzoate (content: 5%) microemulsion is mixed with water in a ratio of 1: 3000;

or, the abamectin (the content of the imidacloprid is 26.5 percent, and the content of the abamectin is 2.5 percent) suspending agent is mixed with water according to the proportion of 1: 3000;

or the tebuconazole (content 430g/L) suspending agent is added with water in a ratio of 1: 3000.

After the protection bag is used, only one-time pesticide spraying is needed before isolation protection, and the protection bag can reduce pesticide spraying times and reduce pesticide spraying workload.

3. Mounting protection bag

After the liquid medicine is dried, isolation protection is carried out, the protection bag is opened, the sapindus fruit ears are completely positioned in the center of the bag body, the fruit stalks are placed at the opening above the bag, the fruit ears are not directly grabbed and touched by hands, the fruit ears are ensured to be placed in the fruit bag in an empty state, and the fruit ears do not touch the bag body. The bag opening is tied tightly by using the sealing assembly, so that the protection bag is prevented from falling off, and pests are prevented from entering the protection bag. Excessive water in the protective bag can cause the fruit of the soapberry to develop badly and rot.

4. Maintenance of protective bag

Paying attention to the development process of the fruit, the damaged protection bag is removed and replaced in time.

5. Fruit picking

The soapberry fruit is changed from green to golden and transparent, and then the fruit can be picked.

In 2021, 10 months and 10 days, randomly picking 3 clusters for comparison, recording related data and taking pictures. A photograph of a fruit of Sapindus mukorossi subjected to different treatments is shown in FIG. 1, and a photograph of a seed of Sapindus mukorossi subjected to different treatments is shown in FIG. 2. The treatment 1 is that the rotten degree of the fruit in the transparent protective bag is high, and the seeds can not be stripped, so that no seed picture is available. The economic indicators of the different treated fruits are shown in table 1 below.

In the CK treatment, browning of the fruit begins in many cases, and the browned fruit is rotten before ripening.

In treatment 1, the fruit was poorly developed and rotten to a high degree, and the seeds could not be peeled off. In FIG. 2, the boxed seeds are mildewed seeds. The CK seed mildew rate was much higher than treatment 2 and treatment 3.

In the treatment 2, the fruits are emerald green, and the fruits need to be ripe for 2-3 weeks.

In treatment 3, the fruits were golden and transparent, had matured and reached the picking standard.

Table 1 economic indicators of the different treated fruits:

TABLE 2 comparison of the trends

	Reduced rotten fruit rate	Single fruit peelDry weight of	Single seed weight	Oil content of kernel
					Processing 2 than CK	-96％	-28％	50％	16％
Processing 3 than CK	-95％	25％	6％	10％
					Treatment 2 vs. treatment 3	-15％	-42％	42％	5％

Experiments show that the use of the protection bag and the selection of the type of the protection bag have extremely obvious influence on the growth and development of the soapberry fruit. The full transparent protective bag can not protect fruits, but can lead to poor fruit development and high rotting degree of the soapberry.

Compared with CK, the treatment 2 and the treatment 3 have the advantages that the rotten fruit rate is reduced by 96% and 95% respectively, and the protective bag is used for isolation protection of the soapberry ears, so that a very obvious protective effect can be achieved. On one hand, the fruits are isolated and protected in the whole fruit growth and development period by the treatments 2 and 3; on the other hand, the microclimate formed in the protection bag is more beneficial to the growth and development of the fruits.

The process from the development to the maturity of the soapberry fruit has a process of water loss shrinkage, and as can be seen from the change data of the dry weight of the single fruit peel and the single seed weight, at the same period:

in the treatment 2, the fruit maturity is highest, and the maturation period is shortest; the dry weight of the single peel is reduced by 28 percent compared with the CK control, and the dehydration shrinkage degree is higher; the weight of single seeds is higher, and the oil content of kernels is higher;

in the treatment 3, the maturity of the fruit is later than CK, the fruit is picked again in 11 months and 13 days, the fruit is not completely ripe, and the obvious delay effect is achieved, but the weight of a single seed is large, and the oil content is also obviously higher than CK.

Because the fruit in treatment 3 is not yet fully mature, the oil content of the final kernel may be increased.

In addition, the cultivation period of the treatment 2 is shorter, so that the fruits can be picked in advance, the cultivation period is shortened, and the fruit drop caused by wind and the like in the fruit development process is reduced. The shorter the time from fruit setting to mature development, the lower the cultivation cost and the higher the yield.

In the prior art, no technical measures and technical references are provided for carrying out isolation protection on sapindus mukorossi ears by using nursing measures so as to reduce the rotten fruit rate, shorten the development period of sapindus mukorossi fruits and improve the quality of the sapindus mukorossi fruits.

The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that the above preferred embodiment should not be considered as limiting the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention should be subject to the scope defined by the claims. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and adaptations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and these modifications and adaptations should be considered within the scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A sapindus mukorossi fruit growth and development nursing method is characterized in that, the fruit head is protected in a closed way by a protective bag which prevents water vapor from condensing on the inner wall from the end of the initial fruit stage to the beginning stage of the expansion stage, and the fruit head is placed in the protective bag in an empty state until the fruit is ripe; the protection bag is provided with air holes.

2. The soapberry fruit growth and development nursing method according to claim 1, wherein the protection bag has a bag opening, and the bag opening is tightly wrapped and fixed on the fruit stem.

3. The method for nursing the growth and development of the soapberry fruit according to claim 1, wherein the protective bag has less than 60% transparent or translucent surface area.

4. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the protective bag is made of a paper sulfate or kraft paper and a transparent plastic film to ensure fruit photosynthesis and shorten fruit cultivation period.

5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the protective bag is made of kraft paper or kraft paper to delay the ripening cycle of the fruit.

6. The sapindus mukorossi fruit growing and developing nursing method according to claim 1, wherein the pesticide is sprayed first and the liquid medicine is dried and then the protection is performed in a closed manner 2-3 days before the clusters are protected in a closed manner by the protection bag.

7. The method for nursing growth and development of soapberry fruit according to claim 6, wherein said pesticide is a bactericide and/or an insecticide.

8. The soapberry fruit growth and development nursing method according to claim 7, wherein the pesticide is one or more of emamectin benzoate microemulsion, avermectin and tebuconazole.

9. The sapindus mukorossi fruit growing and developing nursing method according to claim 1, wherein the period of the closed protection is from late 7 to early 10 and middle 10 months.

10. The method for nursing growth and development of soapberry fruit according to claim 1, wherein the protective bag is 40-50 cm long and 30-40 cm wide.