CN114586625A - Simplified high-yield onion cultivation method in saline-alkali soil - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a simple and high-yield cultivation method for onion in saline-alkali soil, which adopts a series of technical means of saline-alkali tolerant onion hybrid planting Tianzheng 105, irrigation for pressing alkali, deep ploughing for cutting alkali, additional application of organic fertilizer, mulching film mulching, AMF bacterial fertilizer seed dressing and the like in the saline-alkali soil, solves the problems of difficult seedling maintenance, slow development and low yield of 0.3-0.5% of onion in saline-alkali soil, and realizes high yield and high quality of onion in moderate saline-alkali soil. Compared with the traditional cultivation method, the cultivation method provided by the invention realizes high-yield and high-quality production of the onions in moderate saline-alkali soil.

Description

Simple and high-yield onion cultivation method in saline-alkali soil

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of onion planting, in particular to a simple and high-yield cultivation method for onions in saline-alkali soil.

Background

The onion is also called onion, garlic and the like, belongs to a biennial herb plant of the allium of the amaryllidaceae, takes the hypertrophied fleshy bulb as an edible organ, has higher edible and medicinal value, is rich in flavonoid, dietary fiber and other nutritional ingredients, has better auxiliary treatment effect on cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and bronchial asthma of human, and also has good prevention effect on cancer, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. The vegetables are cultivated in various places in China and are important export-earning vegetables.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) are an important class of soil microorganisms, and play an important physiological and ecological role by establishing symbionts with plant roots. Research shows that AM fungus induces plants to enhance disease resistance and stress resistance by regulating a series of physiological and biochemical responses of host plants. The formation of plant mycorrhiza can obviously improve the nutrient absorption and the drought and high salt stress resistance of the host plant under the adverse conditions such as low phosphorus, drought, high salt and the like. Researches show that the AMF inoculated under certain conditions can promote the absorption and utilization of plants on phosphorus, zinc, copper and the like in soil, and has certain effect on the absorption of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, sulfur and the like.

Different types of saline-alkali soil are distributed from coastal areas to inland areas and from low lands to plateau areas in China, the total area is about 5 hundred million and more acres, wherein 1 hundred million and more acres of reclaimed saline-alkali soil and 3 hundred million and more acres of saline-alkali soil are waiting for development and utilization. How to reasonably improve and utilize the saline-alkali soil also has important significance on the quality and the yield of agricultural products in China.

The onion is suitable for being planted in neutral soil, yellow leaves and dead seedlings are easily caused in saline-alkali soil cultivation, and the onion belongs to crops sensitive to saline-alkali reaction. Most varieties have conductivities higher than 1.2 dS.m^-1Can not grow normally and even die in the soil. The main production way of the onion in the saline-alkali soil at present is to firstly improve the saline-alkali soil and then plant the onion,the method for improving saline-alkali soil is various, such as utilizing irrigation to punch saline and alkali, planting saline-alkali tolerant crops to reduce salt alkalinity, using a large amount of farmyard manure, utilizing a saline-alkali modifier and the like, and the main defects of the methods are that the improvement effect is slow and the cost is high.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the problems, the invention provides a simple and high-yield cultivation method for onions in saline-alkali soil, which can enable the onions to grow normally in soil with salt content of 0.3-0.5%, and obtain high yield, and solves the problems of seedling shortage and ridge breaking, slow growth in middle stage and serious yield reduction of the onions in the seedling stage in the traditional cultivation mode. To achieve the above object, the present invention specifically provides the following.

A simplified high-yield cultivation method for onion in saline-alkali soil comprises the following steps:

(1) and (3) dressing seeds with AMF bacterial manure: mixing the Tianzheng 105 onion seeds with AMF bacterial manure before sowing.

(2) Sowing: and sowing the onion seeds after seed dressing within 9 months and 10-15 days. Before sowing, the seedbed is irrigated with enough bottom water, the seedbed is scraped when the water is about to seep down, onion seeds are uniformly sowed on the seedbed, and then the seedbed is covered with screened fine soil.

(3) Covering: after sowing and earthing, the small arch is inserted and covered by a sun-shading net, so that moisture preservation and rain prevention are facilitated, the seedling field is kept moist, and the covering can be removed when the emergence rate reaches more than 65%.

(4) And (3) fertilizer and water management in the seedling stage: spraying water or irrigating according to soil moisture content of a seedbed in the seedling emergence process to promote seedling emergence, and spraying a herbicide after covering soil to prevent and kill weeds in the seedbed; after the covering is uncovered, water is sprayed in time according to weather conditions, so that the seedbed is prevented from being hardened. After the seedlings are grown out completely, the soil is kept dry and wet, and water and fertilizer are controlled. And (5) watering and dressing urea in the middle and later stages, and culturing strong seedlings with proper age through fertilizer water regulation.

(5) Weeding and thinning: weeds on a seedbed are pulled out in time during the growth period of the onion seedlings, and meanwhile, dense crowded seedlings are pulled out.

(6) Lifting seedlings: when the onion seedlings grow to have three leaves and one heart or four leaves, the pseudostem is 0.5-0.65 cm thick and the plant height is 18-24 cm, lifting the seedlings and preparing for field planting.

(7) Deep ploughing and alkali breaking, soil preparation and bed making: after the land for planting is determined, a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is applied, the field is deeply ploughed after the fertilizer is applied, soil is leveled and finely raked after the deep ploughing, and then the farmland is made. Leveling the surface of the ridge, watering and irrigating the ridge, and spraying the herbicide after water seeps. Then covering with colorless and transparent mulching film to prepare for field planting.

(8) Applying organic fertilizer and calcium fertilizer: spreading decomposed cow dung on the field planting land, and additionally applying calcium ammonium nitrate in the vigorous growth period of the onions.

(9) Preparing green onion seedlings: selecting seedlings before field planting of the onions, and removing rootless, short and delicate seedlings, overgrown seedlings with overlong leaves, tillering seedlings and pest-suffered seedlings. The seedlings are classified according to size and are planted respectively, so that the growth of the plants in the field is uniform and convenient to manage. For large seedlings with leaf sheath diameter of 1cm, one third of leaf part can be cut off before planting to reduce early bolting, but leaf cutting can not be excessive. The seedlings before planting are stored under a humid condition to protect the root system.

(10) Reasonably close planting: the planting density is 15cm multiplied by 15cm, and during planting, the seedlings are planted by pricking holes on the mulching film according to the determined plant-row spacing; in the planting process, the roots are buried for 2-3 cm, and soil at the roots of the green onion seedlings is compacted.

Further, in the step (1), the AMF bacterial manure is formed by mixing two strains of Rhizoglomus irregulare and Fusneliformis geospore. Preferably, the mass ratio of Rhizoglomus irregular to Funneliformis geosporum is 1: 1.

Further, in the step (1), the using amount of the AMF bacterial manure is 4-5 g of the bacterial manure per 100g of seeds.

Further, in the step (2), the ratio of the area of the seedbed to the area of the planting field is 1: 15-1: 20. Preferably, every 100m²400-550 g of seeds are sowed in the area of the seedbed.

Further, in the step (2), the thickness of the covering soil is 0.8-1.5 cm. If the seedling growing quantity is large, a special precision seeder can be used for drilling and a micro-spray belt is used for sprinkling irrigation.

Further, in the step (4), the seeds cannot be flushed out by flood irrigation during irrigation.

Further, in the step (4), the method for cultivating the strong seedlings with the suitable age by regulating and controlling the fertilizer and water comprises the following steps: spraying 0.2-0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the surface of the onion seedling growing period 10-15 days before planting.

Further, in the step (5), the weeding is performed after watering.

Further, in the step (6), for the convenience of seedling lifting, small water is poured once 2-3 days before seedling lifting, when the bed soil is dry and wet properly, seedlings are shoveled by the seedlings, the seedlings are prevented from being pulled out by hands as much as possible, roots are prevented from being injured, and the survival rate is reduced.

Further, in the steps (4) and (7), the herbicide is pendimethalin missible oil spray. The dosage of the pendimethalin missible oil per mu is 100-150 ml.

Further, in the step (7), the application amount of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is 48-51 kg per mu; and deeply ploughing the field after fertilization, wherein the depth is 30-35 cm, destroying soil capillaries, reducing the evaporation of soil moisture and reducing the penetration of soil saline and alkaline to a plough layer.

Further, in the step (7), the width of the ridge surface is 1.2-2 m, and the width of the ridge surface is 25-35 cm.

Further, in the step (8), the spreading amount of the cow dung is 6-8 m per mu³。

Further, after the step (10) is completed, the method further comprises the following steps:

(11) managing before overwintering: and watering the seedlings once 7 days after the field planting. In the middle 12 months, enough overwintering water is poured to facilitate the safe overwintering of the onions. The field mulching film is required to be inspected and pressed firmly to avoid being blown away by wind.

(12) Managing the green turning period: in spring of the next year, the green turning water is poured once in the late 3 months depending on weather conditions, and 10kg of urea and 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer are applied to each mu in combination with watering, so that the growth of seedlings is promoted.

(13) Managing in a vigorous growth period: before the bulb of the onion expands in the vigorous growth period in the last ten days of 4 months, 10kg of urea and 10kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu of land along with watering. In the vigorous growth period, the soil is kept moist, the watering amount is increased properly, and the watering is carried out once every 7 days.

(14) And (3) managing the bulb expansion period: watering once every 5-7 days according to soil conditions, and generally performing topdressing twice. The first additional fertilization is carried out at the initial stage of bulb expansion, 10kg of urea, 10kg of potassium sulfate or 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is applied to each mu in combination with watering. The second time of topdressing is carried out in the middle of the expansion of the bulb, and 10kg of urea and 15kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu in combination with watering. Watering was stopped 7 days before harvest.

(15) Harvesting at proper time: when the pseudostem of the plant is soft, the overground part is lodged and 1-2 leaves on the lower part are withered and yellow, the harvesting optimum period is obtained.

Further, in the step (15), a sunny day is selected during harvesting, and harvesting is carried out by hands or special tools. And (3) drying in the air for 2-3 days after harvesting, cutting off roots with scissors, leaving 5cm of pseudostems, cutting off the rest stems and leaves, primarily grading according to the size and the spherical shape of the onion market requirement, and filling into a mesh bag.

During planting, measures for preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests need to be made according to conditions, and the measures are as follows:

(1) the prevention principle is as follows: the chemical control is scientifically and reasonably used, and the principles of 'prevention is mainly and comprehensively controlled' are adopted, agricultural control, physical control and biological control are preferably adopted, the chemical control is scientifically and reasonably used, and high-toxicity and high-residue pesticides prohibited by national regulations and pesticides which cannot be used and are limited on vegetables in national regulations are not used.

(2) The preventive measures are as follows: by selecting disease and insect resistant varieties, strong seedlings are cultivated, cultivation management is enhanced, scientific fertilization is carried out, the ecological environment of a vegetable field is improved and optimized, and environmental conditions favorable for growth and development of the onions are created.

Before sowing, 50% thiram wettable powder or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder with the seed amount of 0.3% -0.4% is used for seed dressing. After sowing and covering soil, 0.1kg of hymexazol granule and 100kg of fine soil are mixed into medicine soil which is scattered on the surface of the ridge to prevent the occurrence of seedling diseases.

(3) Disease control:

seedling stage damping off. In the early stage of the disease, the pesticide can be sprayed with 20% of tolclofos-methyl emulsion 1200 times, 36% of thiophanate-methyl suspending agent 500 times and 5% of validamycin aqua 1500 times.

② damping-off at seedling stage. The method generally adopts 3000 times liquid of 70 percent hymexazol wettable powder, 400 times liquid of 72.2 percent propamocarb aqueous solution, 600 to 800 times liquid of 25 percent metalaxyl wettable powder or 500 times liquid of 70 percent mancozeb wettable powder for spraying prevention and control, 1 time of spraying in 7 days, and 2 to 3 times of continuous prevention and control.

Thirdly, downy mildew. At the initial stage of disease development, spraying 72% of 600-fold liquid of frost urea-manganese zinc wettable powder, or spraying 1500-fold liquid of 25% azoxystrobin suspending agent, 600-fold liquid of 68% metalaxyl-manganese zinc water dispersible granules, or spraying 1000-fold liquid of 50% dimethomorph wettable powder, or spraying 700-fold liquid of 72.2% propamocarb aqueous solution and the like for 1 time every 7-10 days, and alternately using the agents for continuously preventing and treating for 2-3 times.

And fourthly, gray mold. And (3) controlling the bacterial strain by using a 1000-time liquid of 43% fluorine bacterium and trifloxystrobin suspending agent, or a 600-time liquid of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder, or a 500-time liquid of 50% thiophanate methyl wettable powder, or a 1000-1500-time liquid of 50% iprodione suspending agent at the initial stage of disease attack, and continuously controlling for 3-4 times once in 7-10 days.

Purpura. And (3) controlling by using 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600-fold solution, or 70% mancozeb wettable powder 500-fold solution, or 64% oxadixyl-mancozeb wettable powder 500-fold solution, or 25% azoxystrobin suspension 1000-fold solution, or 10% difenoconazole water dispersible granule 1000-fold solution at the initial stage of disease attack, wherein the controlling is carried out once every 7-10 days and 3-4 times continuously.

(4) Pest control:

underground pests. 3-5 kg of 3% phoxim granules are used for each mu of seedbed, and are mixed with 30kg of fine soil for broadcast application, so that the grub and cutworms can be prevented and treated.

② beet armyworm and prodenia litura. The pesticide can be sprayed with 20% chlorantraniliprole, or 2000-3000 times of 15% indoxacarb suspending agent, or 1500 times of 5% chlorfluazuron missible oil for prevention and treatment.

③ thrips. At the beginning of the emergence, 2500 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder or 1500 times of 50% phoxim emulsifiable solution is used for spray control. Utilizing the blue-trending habit of thrips in the thrips peak period, and arranging blue in the field

The colored sticky boards are used for trapping and killing imagoes, the hanging direction is preferably that the board faces the east and west direction, 15-20 sticky boards with the length of 20cm multiplied by 30cm are hung per mu, and the height of the sticky boards is equal to that of crops.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the salt content in the plough layer soil can be reduced through flooding, the soil fertility and microbial community can be increased through additionally applying organic fertilizer, the growth of the overground part of the onion can be improved through additionally applying calcium fertilizer, and the saline-alkali tolerance of the onion is improved; the film covering can reduce evaporation and eliminate surface accumulation of salt, and the existence probability of the onion in the saline-alkali soil can be improved by adopting a salt-alkali tolerant onion variety, so that the high yield of the onion in the severe saline-alkali soil in the seashore is realized. Compared with the traditional cultivation method, the common variety plastic film mulching cultivation method has poor growth in more than 0.30 percent of moderate and severe saline-alkali soil and can hardly obtain high yield. The cultivation method provided by the invention realizes high-yield and high-quality production of the onions in moderate and severe saline-alkali soil, and the income of onion growers is increased.

Detailed Description

It is to be understood that all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, unless otherwise defined. The reagents or starting materials used in the present invention can be purchased from conventional sources, and unless otherwise specified, the reagents or starting materials used in the present invention can be used in a conventional manner in the art or in accordance with the product specifications.

In addition, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the methods of the present invention. The preferred embodiments and materials described herein are intended to be exemplary only. The invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following specific examples. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

Example 1

A simple and high-yield cultivation method for onions in saline-alkali soil is carried out in Dongying, and comprises the following steps:

1. seed selection: salt and alkali resistant onion hybrid Tianzheng 105 is selected, the variety is bred by vegetable research institute of academy of agricultural sciences in Shandong province, and the variety passes approval by the variety approval committee in Shandong province in 2014; the yield per mu is generally more than 6000 kg. The green onion balls have good commodity, golden yellow outer skins and luster, and the harvested green onion balls have good hardness and high storage resistance. The average sphericity index is 0.85, the pseudostem is thin, the closing is good, the average single-sphere weight is 300g, and the high regularity and commodity are shown.

2. Seed dressing with AMF bacterial manure: before onion seeds are sown, seed dressing is carried out by using AMF bacterial manure, and the bacterial manure is prepared by mixing two strains of Rhizoglomus irregular and Fusneliformis geospore according to the proportion of 1:1, wherein the using amount is 5g of bacterial manure for each 100g of seeds.

3. Timely sowing, and culturing strong seedlings: sowing in 9, 12 months in 2020; every 100m²500g of seeds are sowed in the area of the seedbed. The ratio of the area of the seedbed to the area of the planting field is 1: 18.

(1) A sowing mode: adopting a broadcast sowing mode, before sowing, firstly, filling the seedbed with enough bottom water, when the water is about to seep down, using tools such as a wood board and the like to strickly the seedbed, uniformly broadcasting the onion seeds on the seedbed, then covering and sieving fine soil, and covering soil with the thickness of 1.0 cm.

(2) Covering: after sowing and earthing, the small arch is inserted and covered by a sunshade net, so that moisture preservation and rain prevention are facilitated, and the soil of the seedling field is kept moist. The mulch was removed when 70% of emergence was achieved.

(3) And (3) fertilizer and water management in the seedling stage: the water spray promotes the emergence of seedlings in the process of emergence of seedlings, and prevents the seeds from being washed out by flood irrigation. After covering soil, spraying with 33% pendimethalin missible oil, wherein the dosage of the pendimethalin missible oil is 120ml per mu, and preventing and killing seedbed weeds. After seedlings are grown out completely, the soil is kept dry and wet. And (5) watering and dressing urea in the middle and later stages, and culturing strong seedlings with proper age through fertilizer water regulation.

(4) Weeding and thinning: removing weeds in the seedbed in time during the growth period of the onion seedlings, preferably after watering, and removing dense crowded seedlings.

(5) Lifting seedlings: the onion seedlings grow to three leaves and one heart or four leaves, the pseudostem is 0.5-0.65 cm thick and the plant height is 18-24 cm, and the seedlings are lifted for field planting. Spraying 0.3 percent potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the leaf surfaces of the onion seedlings 10 days before planting. In order to facilitate seedling raising, small water is poured once 3 days before seedling raising, when the bed soil is properly dry, the seedlings are shoveled, the seedlings are prevented from being pulled out by hands to the greatest extent, roots are prevented from being injured, and the survival rate is reduced.

4. Timely planting and field management enhancement

(1) Deep ploughing and alkali breaking, soil preparation and bed making: after the planting land is determined, 50kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is applied per mu. Soil is leveled and harrowed finely, and then furrows are made according to local planting habits. And deeply ploughing the field after fertilization, keeping the depth between 30 and 35cm, destroying soil capillaries, reducing the evaporation of soil moisture and reducing the penetration of soil saline and alkaline to a plough layer. And after deep ploughing, leveling and making ridges, wherein the width of each ridge surface is 1.5m, and the width of each ridge surface is 30 cm. And (4) watering and irrigating the ridge after leveling the ridge surface, and spraying herbicide after water seeps. Uniformly spraying 33% pendimethalin missible oil 100ml per mu, and then covering a colorless transparent mulching film for field planting.

(2) Applying organic fertilizer and calcium fertilizer: spreading decomposed cow dung 8m per mu of field planting land³And additionally applying 20kg of calcium ammonium nitrate per mu in the vigorous growth period of the onions.

(3) Timely planting: the saline-alkali soil is slowly heated, the survival rate of potato seedlings is influenced, so that the proper planting time of the onion in the saline-alkali soil is 26 days in 10 months in 2020, and the soil temperature is high, thereby being beneficial to rooting and seedling revival of the onion and enhancing the overwintering capacity.

(4) Preparing green onion seedlings: selecting seedlings before field planting of the onions, and removing rootless, short and delicate seedlings, overgrown seedlings with overlong leaves, tillering seedlings and pest-suffered seedlings. The seedlings are classified according to size and are planted respectively, so that the growth of the plants in the field is uniform and convenient to manage. For big seedlings with leaf sheath diameter close to 1cm, one third of leaf part can be cut off before planting to reduce early bolting, but leaf cutting can not be excessive. The seedlings before planting are stored under a humid condition to protect the root system.

(5) Reasonably close planting: the planting density is 15cm multiplied by 15cm, and during planting, holes are pricked on the mulching film according to the determined planting row spacing for planting. In the planting process, the root part should be buried for 2-3 cm, and the soil at the root part of the onion seedling is compacted.

(6) Managing before overwintering: and watering the seedlings once 7 days after the field planting. And in 2020, 16 days 12 and 16 days of the year, enough overwintering water is poured to facilitate the safe overwintering of the onions. And (5) paying attention to checking and firmly pressing the field mulching film to avoid being blown away by wind.

(7) Managing the green turning period: the water for turning green is poured once in 20 days in 3 months in 2021, and 10kg of urea and 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer are additionally applied to each mu in combination with watering, so that the growth of seedlings is promoted.

(8) Managing in a vigorous growth period: before the bulbs of the onions are expanded in the vigorous growth period (4 months and 4 days in 2021), 10kg of urea and 10kg of potassium sulfate are respectively applied to each mu of land along with watering. In the vigorous growth period, the soil is kept moist, the watering amount is increased properly, and the watering is carried out once every 7 days.

(9) And (3) managing the bulb expansion period: watering once every 7 days, and generally dressing twice. The first additional fertilization is carried out at the initial stage of bulb expansion, 10kg of urea, 10kg of potassium sulfate or 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is applied to each mu in combination with watering. The second time of topdressing is carried out in the middle of the expansion of the bulb, and 10kg of urea and 15kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu in combination with watering. Watering was stopped 7 days before harvest.

5. Harvesting: harvesting in 2021 year, 5 months and 20 days, and harvesting by hands or special tools. Drying in the air for 2 days after harvesting, cutting off the root with scissors, leaving a 5cm pseudostem, cutting off the other stem leaves, primarily grading according to the size and spherical shape required by onion market, and packaging into mesh bags.

Example 2

A simple and high-yield cultivation method for onions in saline-alkali soil is carried out in Dongying, and comprises the following steps:

1. the same procedure as in example 1 was repeated.

2. And (3) dressing seeds with AMF bacterial manure: before onion seeds are sown, seed dressing is carried out by using AMF bacterial manure, and the bacterial manure is prepared by mixing two strains of Rhizoglomus irregular and Fusneliformis geospore according to the proportion of 1:1, wherein the using amount is 4g of bacterial manure for each 100g of seeds.

3. Timely sowing, and cultivating strong seedlings: sowing in 9, 10 and 2020; every 100m²400g of seeds are sowed in the area of the seedbed. The ratio of the area of the seedbed to the area of the planting field is 1: 15.

(1) A sowing mode: adopting a broadcast sowing mode, before sowing, firstly, filling the seedbed with enough bottom water, when the water is about to seep down, using tools such as a wood board and the like to strickly the seedbed, uniformly broadcasting the onion seeds on the seedbed, then covering and sieving fine soil, and covering soil with the thickness of 0.8 cm.

(2) Covering: after sowing and earthing, the small arch is inserted and covered by a sunshade net, so that moisture preservation and rain prevention are facilitated, and the soil of the seedling field is kept moist. The mulch was removed when 65% emergence was achieved.

(3) And (3) fertilizer and water management in the seedling stage: water is sprayed in the seedling emergence process to promote seedling emergence and prevent seeds from being flushed out by flood irrigation. After covering soil, spraying with 33% pendimethalin missible oil, wherein the dosage of each mu is 100ml, and preventing and killing the weeds in the seedbed. After seedlings are grown out completely, the soil is kept dry and wet. And (5) watering and dressing urea in the middle and later stages, and culturing strong seedlings with proper age through fertilizer water regulation.

(4) Weeding and thinning: removing weeds in the seedbed in time during the growth period of the onion seedlings, preferably after watering, and removing dense crowded seedlings.

(5) Lifting seedlings: the onion seedlings grow to three leaves and one heart or four leaves, pseudostems are 0.5-0.65 cm thick, the plant height is 18-24 cm, and the seedlings are lifted for field planting. Spraying 0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the leaf surface of onion seedling 13 days before planting. In order to facilitate seedling raising, small water is poured once 3 days before seedling raising, when the bed soil is properly dry, the seedlings are shoveled, the seedlings are prevented from being pulled out by hands to the greatest extent, roots are prevented from being injured, and the survival rate is reduced.

4. Timely planting and field management enhancement

(1) Deep ploughing and cutting alkali, preparing land and making furrows: after the land for planting is determined, 48kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is applied to each mu. Soil is leveled and harrowed finely, and then furrows are made according to local planting habits. And deeply ploughing the field after fertilization, keeping the depth between 30 and 35cm, destroying soil capillaries, reducing the evaporation of soil moisture and reducing the penetration of soil saline and alkaline to a plough layer. And after deep ploughing, leveling and making ridges, wherein the width of each ridge surface is 1.2m, and the width of each ridge surface is 25 cm. And (4) watering and irrigating the ridge after leveling the ridge surface, and spraying herbicide after water seeps. Uniformly spraying 33% pendimethalin missible oil 100ml per mu, and then covering a colorless transparent mulching film for field planting.

(2) Applying organic fertilizer and calcium fertilizer: spreading decomposed cow dung 6m per mu of field planting land³And additionally applying 20kg of calcium ammonium nitrate per mu in the vigorous growth period of the onions.

(3) Timely planting: the saline-alkali soil is slowly heated, the survival rate of potato seedlings is influenced, so that the proper planting time of the onion in the saline-alkali soil is 10 months and 23 days after 2020, the soil temperature is high, the onion rooting and seedling reviving are facilitated, and the overwintering capability is enhanced.

(4) Preparing green onion seedlings: selecting seedlings before field planting of the onions, and removing rootless, short and delicate seedlings, overgrown seedlings with overlong leaves, tillering seedlings and pest-suffered seedlings. The seedlings are classified according to size and are planted respectively, so that the growth of the plants in the field is uniform and convenient to manage. For large seedlings with leaf sheath diameter close to 1cm, one third of leaf part can be cut off before planting to reduce early bolting, but leaf cutting can not be excessive. The seedlings before planting are stored under a humid condition to protect the root system.

(5) Reasonably close planting: the planting density is 15cm multiplied by 15cm, and during planting, holes are pricked on the mulching film according to the determined planting row spacing for planting. In the planting process, the root part should be buried for 2-3 cm, and the soil at the root part of the onion seedling is compacted.

(6) Managing before overwintering: and watering the seedlings once 6 days after the field planting. The overwintering water is watered at 18 days 12 and 12 months in 2020, so that the onion can safely overwinter. And (5) paying attention to checking and firmly pressing the field mulching film to avoid being blown away by wind.

(7) Managing the green turning period: the water for turning green is poured once in 20 days in 3 months in 2021, 10kg of urea and 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer are applied to each mu in combination with watering, so that the growth of seedlings is promoted.

(8) Managing in a vigorous growth period: before the bulbs of the onions are expanded in the vigorous growth period (4 months and 4 days in 2021), 10kg of urea and 10kg of potassium sulfate are respectively applied to each mu of land along with watering. In the vigorous growth period, the soil is kept moist, the watering amount is increased properly, and the watering is carried out once every 7 days.

(9) And (3) managing the bulb expansion period: watering once every 7 days, and generally dressing twice. The first additional fertilization is carried out at the initial stage of bulb expansion, 10kg of urea, 10kg of potassium sulfate or 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is applied to each mu in combination with watering. The second time of topdressing is carried out in the middle of the expansion of the bulb, and 10kg of urea and 15kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu in combination with watering. Watering was stopped 7 days before harvest.

5. Harvesting: harvesting in 2021 year, 5 months and 17 days, and harvesting by hand or special tool. Drying in the air for 2 days after harvesting, cutting off the root with scissors, leaving a 5cm pseudostem, cutting off the other stem leaves, primarily grading according to the size and spherical shape required by onion market, and packaging into mesh bags.

Example 3

A simple and high-yield cultivation method for onions in saline-alkali soil is carried out in Dongying, and comprises the following steps:

1. the same procedure as in example 1 was repeated.

2. And (3) dressing seeds with AMF bacterial manure: before onion seeds are sown, seed dressing is carried out by using AMF bacterial manure, and the bacterial manure is prepared by mixing two strains of Rhizoglomus irregular and Fusneliformis geospore according to the proportion of 1:1, wherein the using amount is 5g of bacterial manure for each 100g of seeds.

3. Timely sowing, and cultivating strong seedlings: sowing in 9, 15 days in 2020; every 100m²550g of seeds are sown in the area of the seedbed. The ratio of the area of the seedbed to the area of the planting field is 1: 20.

(1) A sowing mode: adopting a broadcast sowing mode, before sowing, firstly, filling the seedbed with enough bottom water, when the water is about to seep down, using tools such as a wood board and the like to strickly the seedbed, uniformly broadcasting the onion seeds on the seedbed, then covering and sieving fine soil, and covering soil with the thickness of 0.8 cm.

(2) Covering: after the seeding and soil covering, the small arch is inserted and covered by a sunshade net, so that the moisture preservation and the rain prevention are convenient, and the seedling field is kept moist. The mulch was removed when 70% emergence was achieved.

(3) And (3) fertilizer and water management in the seedling stage: the water spray promotes the emergence of seedlings in the process of emergence of seedlings, and prevents the seeds from being washed out by flood irrigation. After covering soil, spraying with 33% pendimethalin missible oil, wherein the dosage of the pendimethalin missible oil is 150ml per mu, and preventing and killing seedbed weeds. After seedlings are grown out completely, the soil is kept dry and wet. And (5) watering and dressing urea in the middle and later stages, and culturing strong seedlings with proper age through fertilizer water regulation.

(4) Weeding and thinning: removing weeds in the seedbed in time during the growth period of the onion seedlings, preferably after watering, and removing dense crowded seedlings.

(5) Lifting seedlings: the onion seedlings grow to three leaves and one heart or four leaves, pseudostems are 0.5-0.65 cm thick, the plant height is 18-24 cm, and the seedlings are lifted for field planting. Spraying 0.2 percent potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the leaf surfaces of the onion seedlings 15 days before planting. In order to facilitate seedling raising, small water is poured once 2 days before seedling raising, when the bed soil is properly dry, the seedlings are shoveled, the seedlings are prevented from being pulled out by hands to the greatest extent, roots are prevented from being injured, and the survival rate is reduced.

4. Timely planting and field management enhancement

(1) Deep ploughing and cutting alkali, preparing land and making furrows: after the planting land is determined, 51kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is applied per mu. Leveling and finely raking the soil, and then making ridges according to local planting habits. And deeply ploughing the field after fertilization, keeping the depth between 30 and 35cm, destroying soil capillaries, reducing the evaporation of soil moisture and reducing the penetration of soil saline and alkaline to a plough layer. And after deep ploughing, leveling and making ridges, wherein the width of each ridge surface is 2m, and the width of each ridge surface is 35 cm. And (4) watering and irrigating the ridge after leveling the ridge surface, and spraying herbicide after water seeps. Uniformly spraying 33% pendimethalin missible oil 100ml per mu, and then covering a colorless transparent mulching film for field planting.

(2) Applying organic fertilizer and calcium fertilizer: spreading decomposed cow dung 7.5m per mu of field planting land³And additionally applying 20kg of calcium ammonium nitrate per mu in the vigorous growth period of the onions.

(3) Timely planting: the saline-alkali soil is slowly heated, the survival rate of potato seedlings is influenced, so that the proper planting time of the onion in the saline-alkali soil is 10 months and 20 days in 2020, the soil temperature is high, the onion rooting and seedling reviving are facilitated, and the overwintering capability is enhanced.

(4) Preparing green onion seedlings: selecting seedlings before field planting of the onions, and removing rootless, short and delicate seedlings, overgrown seedlings with overlong leaves, tillering seedlings and pest-suffered seedlings. The seedlings are classified according to size and are planted respectively, so that the growth of the plants in the field is uniform and convenient to manage. For big seedlings with leaf sheath diameter close to 1cm, one third of leaf part can be cut off before planting to reduce early bolting, but leaf cutting can not be excessive. The seedlings before planting are stored under a humid condition to protect the root system.

(5) Reasonably close planting: the planting density is 15cm multiplied by 15cm, and during planting, holes are pricked on the mulching film according to the determined planting row spacing for planting. In the planting process, the root part should be buried for 2-3 cm, and the soil at the root part of the onion seedling is compacted.

(6) Managing before overwintering: and watering the seedlings once 5 days after the field planting. The overwintering water is watered at 18 days 12 and 12 months in 2020, so that the onion can safely overwinter. And (5) inspecting and pressing the field mulching film firmly to avoid being blown away by wind.

(7) Managing the green turning period: the water for turning green is poured once in 20 days in 3 months in 2021, 10kg of urea and 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer are applied to each mu in combination with watering, so that the growth of seedlings is promoted.

(8) Managing in a vigorous growth period: before the bulbs of the onions are expanded in the vigorous growth period (4 months and 4 days in 2021), 10kg of urea and 10kg of potassium sulfate are respectively applied to each mu of land along with watering. In the vigorous growth period, the watering quantity is increased properly to keep the soil moist, and the watering is carried out once every 7 days.

(9) And (3) managing the bulb expansion period: watering once every 7 days, and generally dressing twice. The first additional fertilization is carried out at the initial stage of bulb expansion, 10kg of urea, 10kg of potassium sulfate or 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is applied to each mu in combination with watering. The second time of topdressing is carried out in the middle of the expansion of the bulb, and 10kg of urea and 15kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu in combination with watering. Watering was stopped 7 days before harvest.

5. Harvesting: harvesting at 2021 year, 5 month and 24 days, and harvesting with hands or special tools. Drying in the sun for 2 days after harvesting, cutting off the roots with scissors, leaving 5cm of pseudostems, cutting off the other stem leaves, primarily grading according to the size and the spherical shape required by the onion market, and filling into a mesh bag.

In addition, in 2020 + 2021, the traditional cultivation technology is used for cultivating the saline-alkali tolerant variety Tianzhen 105 (comparison group 1) and the Zhongjia Gaohuang onion saline-alkali tolerant test (comparison group 2). The experimental results show that: the yield of the Tianzhen 105 cultivated in the examples 1, 2 and 3 reaches 7009.1kg, 6917.6kg and 7128.4kg per mu respectively, while the yield of the Tianzhen 105 cultivated in the traditional plastic film mulching cultivation technology and the yield of the Jiazhonghuang cultivated in the quanzhou are 5498.5kg and 5103.8kg respectively. It can be seen that:

example 1 increased the production by 27.47% and 37.33% compared to control 1 and control 2, respectively.

Example 2 increased the production of 25.81% and 35.53% respectively over comparative group 1 and comparative group 2.

Example 3 increased production by 29.64% and 39.67% over control 1 and control 2, respectively.

The test results prove that compared with the traditional method, the technology of the invention can obviously increase the yield of the onions under the condition of moderate saline-alkali soil (salt content is 0.47%).

Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that changes may be made in the embodiments and/or equivalents thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A simplified high-yield cultivation method for onion in saline-alkali soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) and (3) dressing seeds with AMF bacterial manure: mixing the Tianzheng 105 onion seeds with AMF bacterial manure before sowing;

(2) sowing: sowing the onion seeds after seed dressing within 9 months and 10-15 days; before sowing, the seedbed is irrigated with enough bottom water, the seedbed is scraped when the water is about to seep down, onion seeds are uniformly sowed on the seedbed, and then screened fine soil is covered;

(3) covering: after sowing and earthing, inserting the small arch and covering the small arch with a sunshade net, so as to be convenient for moisture preservation and rain prevention, keeping the soil of the seedling field moist, and removing the covering when the emergence rate reaches more than 65%;

(4) and (3) fertilizer and water management in the seedling stage: spraying water or irrigating according to soil moisture content of a seedbed in the seedling emergence process to promote seedling emergence, and spraying a herbicide after covering soil; after the covering is uncovered, water is sprayed in time according to the weather condition, so that the seedbed is prevented from hardening; after seedlings are grown out completely, keeping the soil dry and wet, and controlling water and fertilizer; in the middle and later periods, watering and dressing urea, and culturing strong seedlings with proper age through fertilizer water regulation;

(5) weeding and thinning: timely removing weeds in a seedbed during the growth period of the onion seedlings, and simultaneously removing dense crowded seedlings;

(6) lifting seedlings: when the onion seedlings grow to have three leaves and one heart or four leaves, the pseudostem is 0.5-0.65 cm thick and the plant height is 18-24 cm, lifting the seedlings and preparing for field planting;

(7) deep ploughing and alkali breaking, soil preparation and bed making: after a planting land is determined, applying a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, deeply ploughing the field after fertilizing, leveling and finely raking the soil after deeply ploughing, and then making beds; after the surface of the ridge is leveled, watering and irrigating the ridge, and spraying herbicide after water seeps; then covering a colorless transparent mulching film for preparing field planting;

(8) applying organic fertilizer and calcium fertilizer: spreading decomposed cow dung on the field planting land, and additionally applying calcium ammonium nitrate in the vigorous growth period of the onions;

(9) preparing green onion seedlings: selecting onion seedlings before field planting, and removing rootless, short and weak seedlings, overgrown seedlings with overlong leaves, tillering seedlings and pest-suffered seedlings; the seedlings are respectively planted according to size grading, so that the growth of the field plants is regular and consistent, and one third of the leaf part can be cut off before field planting for large seedlings with the leaf sheath diameter reaching 1 cm; the seedlings before planting are stored under a humid condition;

(10) reasonably close planting: the planting density is 15cm multiplied by 15cm, and during planting, the seedlings are planted by pricking holes on the mulching film according to the determined plant-row spacing; in the planting process, the roots are buried for 2-3 cm, and soil at the roots of the green onion seedlings is compacted.

2. The simplified high-yield cultivation method for onion in saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein in step (1), said AMF bacterial manure is a mixture of Rhizoglomus irregalare and Fusneliformis geosporium;

preferably, the mass ratio of Rhizoglomus irregulare to Funneliformis geosporum is 1: 1;

preferably, in the step (1), the using amount of the AMF bacterial manure is 4-5 g of the bacterial manure per 100g of seeds.

3. The simple and high-yield cultivation method for the onions in the saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the ratio of the area of a seedbed to the area of a planting field is 1: 15-1: 20; preferably, every 100m²400-550 g of seeds are sown in the area of the seedbed; preferably, in the step (2), the thickness of the covering soil is 0.8-1.5 cm.

4. The simplified high-yield cultivation method for onions in saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the method for cultivating strong seedlings with suitable age by regulating and controlling the fertilizer and water comprises the following steps: spraying 0.2-0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the surface of the onion seedling growing period 10-15 days before planting; preferably, in step (5), the weeding is performed after watering.

5. The simplified high-yield cultivation method for onions in saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, characterized in that in step (6), for seedling lifting convenience, small water is poured once 2-3 days before seedling lifting, and when the bed soil is dry and wet properly, seedlings are lifted by a seedling shovel.

6. The simplified high-yield cultivation method for onions in saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, characterized in that in the steps (4) and (7), the herbicide is pendimethalin missible oil spray; preferably, the dosage of the pendimethalin missible oil per mu is 100-150 ml.

7. The simplified high-yield cultivation method for onions in saline-alkali soil as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (7), the application amount of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is 48-51 kg per mu; and deeply ploughing the field after fertilization, wherein the depth is 30-35 cm.

8. The simplified high-yield cultivation method for the onions in the saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein in the step (7), the width of the ridge surface is 1.2-2 m, and the width of the ridge surface is 25-35 cm.

9. The simplified high-yield cultivation method for onions in saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein in the step (8), the spread amount of the cow dung is 6-8 m per mu³。

10. The method for cultivating onions in a saline-alkali soil according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the method further comprises the following steps after the step (10) is completed:

(11) managing before overwintering: watering the seedlings once 7 days after the field planting; 12, in the middle ten days of the month, watering the overwintering water;

(12) managing the green turning period: in spring of the next year, pouring green turning water once in the late 3 months depending on weather conditions, and additionally applying 10kg of urea and 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer per mu in combination with watering to promote the growth of seedlings;

(13) managing in a vigorous growth period: before the bulbs of the onions in the vigorous growth period expand in the last ten days of 4 months, 10kg of urea and 10kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu of land along with watering; in the vigorous growth period, the soil is kept moist, the watering amount is increased properly, and the soil is watered once every 7 days;

(14) and (3) managing the bulb expansion period: watering once every 5-7 days according to soil conditions, and generally performing topdressing twice; the first time of topdressing is carried out at the initial stage of bulb expansion, 10kg of urea, 10kg of potassium sulfate or 20kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is applied to each mu in combination with watering; the second time of topdressing is carried out in the middle of bulb expansion, 10kg of urea and 15kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu in combination with watering; stopping watering 7 days before harvest;

(15) harvesting at proper time: when the pseudostem of the plant is soft, the overground part is lodged and 1-2 leaves on the lower part are withered and yellow, the harvesting optimum period is obtained.