CN1145630A - 交联的聚合物体系 - Google Patents
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Abstract
具有可逆的温控辐射透过性的聚合物体系,该体系用辐射诱导进行交联,该体系的生产方法以及其用于通过改变温度来可逆地控制玻璃窗系统和太阳能装置的辐射透过性的用途。
Description
本发明涉及具有可逆的温控辐射透过性、由辐射透导交联的聚合物体系。
本发明还涉及制备这些聚合物体系的方法,以及它们用于通过温度变化来可逆地控制玻璃窗系统和太阳能装置的辐射透过性的应用。
用光线照射封闭空间或工业设备(如太阳能收集器)可将它们加热,根据光量及光线的强度,加热程度会有所不同,在某些情况下会造成损害。例如,太阳光的能量(随昼长和季节而变化)可在建筑物、温室、汽车和房屋内产生不希望的高温。这个问题至今只能用昂贵的遮挡系统、例如覆盖物和百叶窗加以改善。
基于聚合物混合物的、具有温控透光性的玻璃窗系统已公开了于DE 34 36 477 C2中。其中的聚合物混合物在低于某一特定温度时是透明的,而高于此温度时会分离从而浊化。这在以下被称为热致变行为。
然而,上述方法的缺点是,分离的浊化聚合物不能反复地逆向转变为其原来的透明性混合状态。因此,它不能满足温度控制的遮光系统的要求。这种系统需要不断交替地在高温下遮光、在低温下透光。
DE4206317A1叙述了一种化学交联的聚合物混合物,它甚至在长时间加热时也能在一定程度上保持不再分离,因此可逆向转变回到冷却的透明状态。
这些聚合物混合物例如作为一种溶液涂覆到要保护的玻璃表面,并蒸发掉溶剂。
然而DE4206317A1的缺点是,化学交联通常在应用之前进行,这种交联在聚合物与交联剂在溶液中混合后立即进行并且在涂覆玻璃板的过程中持续。这造成热致变聚合物层的粗糙、不均匀表面。该不均匀表面不适于透玻璃窗,在浊化温度之下的温度希望该玻璃窗是透明的。
另外,该聚合物链中需要被交联的活性官能基来进行化学交联,这样就限制了选择适宜的聚合物来制备热致变聚合物的范围。
本发明的一个目的就是克服上述问题。
我们发现此目的可通过具有可逆的温控辐射透过性的聚合物体系(其用辐射诱导交联),通过制备该新颖聚合物体系的方法,以及通过它们用于通过温度变化来可逆地控制玻璃窗系统和太阳能装置的辐射透过性得以实现。
概括地说温度控制、可逆地浊化聚合物的机理在于,该聚合物体系的结构在某一确定的温度发生变化,从而使辐射透过性改变。
当聚合物混合物的不同折射率的组分随温度变化而分离时,常常会出现这种现象。发生此过程的温度被称为较低的临界分离温度。此温度和热致聚合物混合物的情况都已在DE3436477C2中概括地论述过。
具有温度诱导的辐射透过性的聚合物体系有利地包括至少两种聚合物P1和P2,如果满足了以下约束条件,这些聚合物的化学组成本身并不是重要的。为了得到一种在低温(低于临界分离温度)下是相容的因而也是透明的聚合物混合物,一般需要在聚合物P1和P2之间发生相互作用,在聚合物体系的两种聚合物之间的相互作用必须既不太强也不太弱。如果相互作用太强,聚合物混合物的分离温度很高(可能高于100℃)。如果两种聚合物之间的相互作用太弱,则该聚合物混合物在一定的环境下甚至在室温下就会分离,从而不透明。该转换温度-在该温度该聚合物体系的辐射透过性变化-因而是低于约20℃。在某些情况下,冷却时也根本不相容,因而该聚合混合物仍保持为不透明的。
为了实现短的响应时间-聚合物体系由温度诱导的改变辐射透过性所用的时间-有利的是使用聚合物P1和P2,其相容的混合物具有低于聚合物体系转换温度的玻璃化转变温度。这里聚合物混合物的至少一个聚合物组分的高分子流动性是重要的。分子流动性的一个量度是聚合物的玻璃化转变温度。高流动性可由低分子量聚合物组分支持。在聚合物混合物中只要有一种聚合物具有低玻璃化转变温度、因而也具有高分子流动性就足够了。例如,如果聚合物P2具有低玻璃化转变温度,则第二种聚合物P1可以具有高于转换温度的高玻璃化转变温度,只要相容聚合物混合物的玻璃化转变温度保持在低于浊化温度以下就行。此低流动性的第二种聚合物因此也可被交联而不会太大地增加该聚合物混合物的响应时间,在这方面的进一步细节在DE4206317A1论述。
两聚合物之间的相互作用可通过化学中众所周知的各种机理来达到,例如盐的形成、氢键、配合物的形成、丌电子相互作用(在芳族结构中)或偶极作用。
可从众多的已知聚合物中选择适合的聚合物P1和P2,例如其混合物具有适宜范围内的浊化点的均聚物或共聚物。合适的聚合物P1和P2的例子是聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯基甲基醚、聚(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物、聚(ε-己内酯)、氯化橡胶、乙烯-乙酸乙烯基酯共聚物、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚碳酸酯、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚丙烯酸乙酯、聚丙烯酸正丁酯、丙烯酸乙基己基酯-丙烯酸共聚物、甲基丙烯酸十四烷基酯-苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸(3-二甲氨基-2,2-二甲基丙基)酯共聚物、苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸羟乙基酯共聚物和聚环氧丙烷。
改变共聚物中各个共聚单体(相互作用基团)的相对含量是调整临界浊化温度至所希望的值的一种非常简单的方法。
共聚单体的相对含量是不重要的,它通常在0.1-50mol%的范围,优选0.5至25mol%。
聚合物P1和P2的分子量Mn(数均)本身并不重要,但其通常在500-1000000范围内,优选1000-500000。
聚合物P1和P2的混合比取决于所希望的浊化温度,并可在一定范围内自由选择。通常,P1∶P2混合比在5∶95至95∶5的范围,优选20∶80至80∶20%(重量)。
聚合物P1和P2可通过为此目的已知的制备方法来制备,例如本体聚合、溶液聚合、悬浮聚合、分散聚合和乳液聚合。如果共聚物制备中共聚单体的相对活性差别很大,则在某些制备这些聚合物的方法中可能出现聚合物链中共聚单体的非均匀分布,这就造成聚合物混合物的相容性问题。此缺点例如可以用如下措施克服,聚合反应在单体低转化率条件下终止,例如单体转化率从10至20%(重量)。
该新颖的聚合物体系可以另外含有光引发剂。这些引发剂是化合物,它们暴露于辐射、例如光线时形成游离基。它们可以与聚合物P1和P2反应,导致聚合物链彼此相互交联和/或接技。这种类型化合物是本领域熟练人员公知的且是商业上可买到的,例如二苯甲酮、苯偶烟、乙酰苯、苯偶酰二甲基缩酮,二硫化二苯甲酰、邻-酰基-α-肟酮、硫代苯甲酸S-苯基酯、酰基氧化膦、二苯甲酰基甲烷、苯偶氮基-4-二苯砜、4-吗啉代-α-二烷氨基乙酰苯,樟脑醌、芴酮、α-苯并二氢呋喃酮、蒽醌和对二苯代酚酞。它们的用量以聚合物体系的固体含量为基准为0.1-15%(重量),优选0.5-10%(重量)。
然而,新颖聚合物体系中的光引发剂也可以作为共聚单体成为聚合物链的一部分,如DE3844445A1中所述。对于本发明来说,光引发剂共聚单体例如是,苯甲酰苯甲酸烯丙基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸2-烷氧-2-苯基-2-苯甲酰乙基酯、(甲基)丙烯酰氧基乙基碳酸酯乙酰苯和(甲基)丙烯酰氧基丁基碳酸酯乙酰苯。对于本发明来说,优选的是(甲基)丙烯酰氧基丁基碳酸酯二苯甲酮、(甲基)丙烯酰氧基乙基碳酸酯二苯甲酮、(甲基)丙烯酰氧基丙基碳酸酯二苯甲酮以及特别优选(甲基)丙烯酰氧基丁基碳酸酯二苯甲酮。
在这些情况下,光引发剂共聚单体在各个共聚物中所共聚的量从0.01-15mol%,优选从0.1-12mol%,特别优选从0.5-10mol%。
因此,对于本发明来说,优选的聚合物体系含有均聚物或共聚物P2,它具有低玻璃化转变温度和从500至50000的分子量Mn,例如聚环氧乙烷、聚四氢呋喃、聚乙烯基·甲基醚,特别是聚环氧丙烷,以及如果需要的话还含有可共聚合的光引发剂,例如(甲基)丙烯酰氧基丁基碳酸酯二苯甲酮。优选的聚合物P1是苯乙烯和(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体的分子均匀的共聚物,特别是苯乙烯和一种或多种能与聚合物P2形成氢键的单体的共聚物,例如(甲基)丙烯酸羟乙基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸二甲基氨乙基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸以及对羟基苯乙烯,以及如果希望的话还可以有可共聚的光引发剂,例如,(甲基)丙烯酰氧基丁基碳酯酯二苯甲酮。根据聚合物P2,为了使聚合物混合物的浊化温度为20-120℃,能形成氢键的共聚单体量可为0.1-30mol%。由于聚合物P1和P2可能组合的多样性,一般不能给出共聚单体的准确含量。
除了以上所说的组分,该新颖的聚合物体系还可以含有常规的添加剂,例如染料、颜料、抗腐蚀剂和增塑剂,它们的用量为常规用量。
为了改进聚合物在太阳能装置中的稳定性,可以在辐射诱导交联之前或之后加入抑制光化学、氧化、热或其它降解的常规稳定剂。
该新颖的聚合物体系可按如下方法来制备:把根据本发明的各组分溶解在合适的溶剂中、例如甲苯或二甲苯中,把该溶液施于一支撑体上、例如玻璃板、塑料板或塑料薄膜上。在蒸发溶剂的过程之中和之后,辐射所处理的区域。该辐射波长从100-2000nm,优选从100-1000nm,尤其是从100-800nm。除了UV辐射或可见光以外,还可以使用具有能量范围从100-500kev的电子束或γ射线进行交联。
该新颖聚合物体系的膜也可不用溶剂而进行制备,例如通过熔融根据本发明已混合的各组分。这例如可以在一挤出机内实现,将熔融混合物通过缝型模头以薄膜形式挤出,然后辐照。此外该薄膜可以在要被涂覆的物体上直接生产;这可通过加热和辐照该新颖的聚合物体系而完成。
该干燥薄膜的厚度在大约50μm-2mm的范围。该新颖的聚合物体系不一定需要被施于一支撑体上,也可以例如薄膜或板的形式直接使用。
该新颖聚合物体系的临界分离温度一般在20-120℃的范围,优选在30-110℃的范围。
聚了玻璃窗系统,例如建筑物、暖房或温室的窗户之外,该新颖的聚合物体系还可用于太阳能领域。这就是指这样的领域,例如防止过热而保持太阳能收集器的场合。应用本发明新颖聚合物体系的透明隔热装置,其在较冷的时间期间可帮助在室内利用太阳能,而且也可防止在夏天强烈阳光照射下被隔热的房间过热以及隔热装置本身被破坏。
该新颖的聚合物体系表现出各种加工性能、短的响应时间和低蠕变趁势。
实施例
实施例1
将15份分子均匀的共聚物(P1)和35份聚环氧丙烷(P2)(Mn=4000)在室温下溶于50份甲苯中得到一透明溶液,该共聚物(P1)含有93.5mol%苯乙烯、6mol%甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯和0.5mol%作为光引发剂的4-丙烯酰氧基丁基碳酸酯二苯甲酮。使用200μm刀涂机把该混合物涂覆在试样板上并将溶剂蒸发。将所得聚合物薄膜用一平直UV暴露单元暴露于UV光线(光谱区290-450nm)30分钟(其辐射强度:在UV/A区域30mW/cm2)。然后加热该聚合物层,并测量其浊化温度,为68℃。
实施例2-4
该程序类似于实施例1的程序,但是使用不同的聚合物P1和P2的混合比(表1)
表1
实施例号 | P1份数 | P2份数 | 浊化温度(℃) |
234 | 202530 | 302520 | 80100130 |
实施例5
该程序类似于实施例1程序,但用3份聚环氧丙烷(P2)与20份均匀共聚物P1a混合,P1a含有95.5mol%苯乙烯、4mol%甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯和0.5mol%4-丙烯酰氧基丁基碳酸酯二苯甲酮。此混合物的浊化温度是40℃。
实施例6
该程序类似于实施例1程序,但用21份聚环氧丙烷(P2)与29份均匀共聚物P1b混合,P1b含有95mol苯乙烯、4mol%甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯和1mol%4-丙烯酰氧基丁基碳酸酯二苯甲酮。浊化温度是41℃。将该聚合物层在120储存150分钟。快速冷却至室温之后,8分钟之后它又变成透明的。
Claims (8)
1。一种具有可逆的温控辐射透过性、由辐射诱导交联的聚合物体系。
2。如权利要求1所要求的聚合物体系,它包括至少两种聚合物的混合物。
3。如权利要求1或2所要求的聚合物体系,它含有光引发剂。
4。如权利要求2或3所要求的聚合物体系,其中,混合物中至少一种聚合物的玻璃化转变温度低于该聚合物混合物的浊化温度。
5。如权利要求2至4中任一项所要求的聚合物体系,其中,混合物中至少两种聚合物的折射系数差在0.01-1范围内。
6。如权利要求1至5中任一项所要求的聚合物体系,其中用于交联的辐射波长为100-2000nm范围,或电子辐射能量为100-500keV。
7。一种制备聚合物体系的方法,包括使如权利要求1所要求的聚合物呈特定应用所需要的形式,然后辐射该聚合物。
8。如权利要求1至7任一项所要求的聚合物体系用于通过改变温度来可逆地控制玻璃窗系统和太阳能装置的辐射透过性的应用。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DEP4408156.1 | 1994-03-11 | ||
DE4408156A DE4408156A1 (de) | 1994-03-11 | 1994-03-11 | Vernetzte Polymersysteme |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CN1145630A true CN1145630A (zh) | 1997-03-19 |
Family
ID=6512453
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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CN95192510A Pending CN1145630A (zh) | 1994-03-11 | 1995-02-25 | 交联的聚合物体系 |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US5977201A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0749465B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JPH09509976A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR970701769A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1145630A (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE217897T1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU679619B2 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2185368A1 (zh) |
DE (2) | DE4408156A1 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2177633T3 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO1995024453A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE19601084A1 (de) * | 1996-01-13 | 1997-07-17 | Basf Ag | Gele mit thermotropen Eigenschaften |
DE19601085A1 (de) * | 1996-01-13 | 1997-07-17 | Basf Ag | Gele mit thermotropen Eigenschaften |
US6387982B1 (en) * | 1998-11-23 | 2002-05-14 | Dentsply Detrey G.M.B.H. | Self etching adhesive primer composition and polymerizable surfactants |
KR100574482B1 (ko) * | 1999-09-07 | 2006-04-27 | 주식회사 하이닉스반도체 | 유기 난반사 방지막용 조성물과 이의 제조방법 |
DE19943169A1 (de) * | 1999-09-09 | 2001-03-15 | Basf Ag | Thermotrope Gewächshausfolien |
US7135209B2 (en) * | 2001-06-08 | 2006-11-14 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Water soluble radiation activatable polymer resins |
FR2833961B1 (fr) * | 2001-12-20 | 2004-04-02 | Virsol | Procede de preparation de films a base de poly(oxyde d'ethylene) reticule |
CN101382668B (zh) * | 2007-09-04 | 2010-09-08 | 成都博深高技术材料开发有限公司 | 热敏调光材料及其制备方法和由其构成的光学器件 |
JP5459685B2 (ja) * | 2008-09-23 | 2014-04-02 | コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エヌ ヴェ | 熱的に変化する反射素子を備えた照明デバイス |
US8617304B2 (en) * | 2010-02-23 | 2013-12-31 | Ben Wen | Bio-based coating |
DE102013010702C5 (de) * | 2013-06-27 | 2022-07-07 | TropoTherm, S.L. | Pflanzenbau-Bedachung mit temperaturabhängiger Strahlungstransparenz und Masterblend für deren Herstellung |
US20210145542A1 (en) * | 2019-11-20 | 2021-05-20 | David J. Clark | Dental Composite Capsule With Useful Life Indicator |
Family Cites Families (9)
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US4559117A (en) * | 1982-11-12 | 1985-12-17 | The Firestone Tire & Rubber Company | Block copolymers made by radiation crosslinking of miscible mixture of homopolymers |
DE3436477A1 (de) * | 1984-10-05 | 1986-04-10 | Röhm GmbH, 6100 Darmstadt | Verglasungen mit temperaturgesteuerter lichtdurchlaessigkeit |
US4900135A (en) * | 1985-04-13 | 1990-02-13 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Optical element |
DE3643690A1 (de) * | 1986-12-20 | 1988-07-07 | Dornier System Gmbh | Steuerbare scheibe |
US5147923A (en) * | 1987-10-05 | 1992-09-15 | Ciba-Geigy Corporation | Thermotropic biphilic hydrogels and hydroplastics |
EP0311566B1 (en) * | 1987-10-05 | 1993-03-24 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Thermotropic biphilic hydrogels and hydroplastics |
US4877675A (en) * | 1988-09-29 | 1989-10-31 | Waqidi Falicoff | Light transmitting or reflective sheet responsive to temperature variations |
JPH04278075A (ja) * | 1991-02-28 | 1992-10-02 | W R Grace & Co | 細胞培養試験用基材およびその製造方法 |
DE4206317A1 (de) * | 1992-02-29 | 1993-09-02 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Material mit temperaturabhaengiger lichttransmission |
-
1994
- 1994-03-11 DE DE4408156A patent/DE4408156A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1995
- 1995-02-25 ES ES95910522T patent/ES2177633T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-25 EP EP95910522A patent/EP0749465B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-25 JP JP7523192A patent/JPH09509976A/ja not_active Ceased
- 1995-02-25 KR KR1019960705031A patent/KR970701769A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-02-25 AT AT95910522T patent/ATE217897T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-02-25 AU AU17597/95A patent/AU679619B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1995-02-25 WO PCT/EP1995/000692 patent/WO1995024453A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 1995-02-25 CA CA002185368A patent/CA2185368A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-02-25 DE DE59510212T patent/DE59510212D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-25 CN CN95192510A patent/CN1145630A/zh active Pending
-
1998
- 1998-01-06 US US09/003,353 patent/US5977201A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2185368A1 (en) | 1995-09-14 |
WO1995024453A1 (de) | 1995-09-14 |
EP0749465A1 (de) | 1996-12-27 |
EP0749465B1 (de) | 2002-05-22 |
KR970701769A (ko) | 1997-04-12 |
US5977201A (en) | 1999-11-02 |
ES2177633T3 (es) | 2002-12-16 |
AU679619B2 (en) | 1997-07-03 |
DE4408156A1 (de) | 1995-09-14 |
MX9604029A (es) | 1997-12-31 |
DE59510212D1 (de) | 2002-06-27 |
JPH09509976A (ja) | 1997-10-07 |
ATE217897T1 (de) | 2002-06-15 |
AU1759795A (en) | 1995-09-25 |
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