CN114468181A - 促海蜇生长的调水人工饲料及制备方法 - Google Patents
促海蜇生长的调水人工饲料及制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114468181A CN114468181A CN202210025027.0A CN202210025027A CN114468181A CN 114468181 A CN114468181 A CN 114468181A CN 202210025027 A CN202210025027 A CN 202210025027A CN 114468181 A CN114468181 A CN 114468181A
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- jellyfish
- water
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种促海蜇生长的调水人工饲料及制备方法,该饲料为由外部饲料、内部饲料和增氧粉组成为一体的球状饲料,按质量分数计,外部饲料69‑130份、内部饲料11‑30份和增氧粉8‑15份;制备方法为,按配比取外部饲料制成面团,将面团置于容器,用保鲜膜密封,25‑40℃发酵1‑2小时,制成料匹;按配比取内部饲料制成球状,放入恒温恒湿干燥箱,在35℃下干燥1h;取增氧粉与料匹均匀混合,均匀的包裹于球状料匹外层,制成球状,放入恒温恒湿干燥箱,在45‑55℃下干燥2‑4h。本发明解决目前海蜇产量低、伞状海蜇皮易受损,水质易污染、缺氧以及人工饲料需求量大、养殖成本高等问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及海蜇饲料技术领域,具体涉及一种促海蜇生长的调水人工饲料及制备方法。
背景技术
海蜇(Rhopilema esculenta)隶属腔肠动物门、钵水母纲、根口水母目、根口水母科、海蜇属,是一种大型近岸食用水母。海蜇具有较高的食用价值、药用价值和经济价值,已成为我国重要的海水养殖经济种类之一。20世纪80年代后已有许多关于海蜇生物学和生态学的研究,而有关海蜇食性和产业养殖等方面的研究报道近几年才渐渐丰富。同时,我国水产养殖的发展空间受到限制;水生生物资源遭到严重破坏;饮用水资源被污染等等这些都严重影响到我国水产养殖业的健康、可持续发展。有鉴于此,充分利用有限的养殖空间,进一步提高养殖生物对营养物质的利用率和养殖单位产量,减少污染物向外界的排放,也就是发展一种高效的优化养殖模式己经成为水产养殖业发展的必然趋势。现海蜇养殖大多配以缢蛏或为菲律宾蛤仔等贝类,形成立体养殖,保证产量。因此在保证养殖产量的基础上,开发一种营养丰富又能调节水质的海蜇饲料,坚持绿色渔业,变得尤为重要。
发明内容
发明目的:本发明提供一种促海蜇生长的调水人工饲料及制备方法,其目的在于解决目前缺少海蜇的专用人工饲料,以及现有人工饲料不适用于立体混合养殖,从而导致海蜇产量低、伞状海蜇皮易受损,水质易污染、缺氧以及人工饲料需求量大、养殖成本高等问题。
技术方案:
一种促海蜇生长的调水人工饲料,该饲料为由外部饲料、内部饲料和增氧粉组成为一体的球状饲料,按质量分数计,外部饲料69-130份、内部饲料11-30份和增氧粉8-15份;
外部饲料包括鱼粉8-12份、虾粉8-12份、海带粉3-7份、酵母3-7份、淀粉8-12份、鱼油3-6份、氯化胆碱0.2-1份、生物酶1-3份、卵磷脂0.5-2份、玉米秸秆粉3-7份、贝壳粉3-5份、乌贼内脏粉3-6份、艾素粉2-4份、马齿苋粉3-6份、大豆浓缩蛋白8-12份、米糠粕6-10份、益生菌发酵剂2-4份、磷酸二氢脂1-3份、雪花粉2-4份、复合维生素1-3份、复合矿物质1-3份、添加剂0.1-1份;需混合制成面团的水120-180份;
内部饲料包括硅藻土2-5份、复合酶0.5-2份、预混料1-3份、螺旋藻粉2-4份、包膜维生素C0.01-0.03份、复合芽孢杆菌0.5-2份、FeCl3·6H2O0.01-0.1份 、MnCl2·4H2O0.01-0.1份、H3BO30.5-2份、Na2EDTA1-3份、NaH2PO4·2 H2O 0.5-2份 、NaNO2 4-6份 。需混合制成面团的水20-40份。
所述添加剂的组分及组分质量比为,大豆发酵氨基酸0.1份、腐殖酸钠0.1份、叶酸0.1份、活性钙0.1份、乳酸钙0.1份、蛋白酶0.1份、β-葡萄糖0.01份、甘露寡糖0.1份、维生素C0.005份、维生素B60.01份、维生素B120.01份。
一种促海蜇生长的调水人工饲料的制备方法,依次按照如下步骤制备而成:
步骤1:按配比取外部饲料的鱼粉、虾粉、海带粉、酵母、淀粉、鱼油、氯化胆碱、生物酶、卵磷脂、玉米秸秆粉、贝壳粉、乌贼内脏粉、艾素粉、马齿苋粉、大豆浓缩蛋白、米糠粕、益生菌发酵剂、磷酸二氢脂、雪花粉、复合维生素、复合矿物质和添加剂以及水,混合均匀,制成面团;
步骤2:将上述面团置于容器,用保鲜膜密封,25-40℃发酵1-2小时,制成料匹;
步骤3:按配比取内部饲料的硅藻土、复合酶、预混料、螺旋藻粉、包膜维生素C、复合芽孢杆菌、FeCl3·6H2O 、MnCl2·4H2O、H3BO3 、Na2EDTA、NaH2PO4·2 H2O 、NaNO2 和水均匀混合,制成球状,放入恒温恒湿干燥箱,在35℃下干燥1h;
步骤4:取8-15份增氧粉与步骤2的料匹均匀混合,均匀的包裹于步骤3的球状料匹外层,制成球状,放入恒温恒湿干燥箱,在45-55℃下干燥2-4h即可。
有益效果:
本发明价格低廉、营养丰富,各组分相互配合可有效促进海蜇生长。相比培养浮游动植物作为饵料,本发明在价格方面占据明显优势,不需要在养殖场设置饵料车间,同时不受季节与天气的影响,排除了饵料不足造成生产停滞的问题,避免了人工造成的技术误差,减少成本。本发明外敷球状饲料,入水可溶,含有增氧粉,在水中生成气泡,推动饲料维持在水面上或水体中,慢慢扩散,同时改善水体缺氧的问题。含有雪花粉,缩短颗粒料粉化时间,在水面上形成“饲料雾”,即便于吸引海蜇进食,又形成细小颗粒饲料,利于海蜇摄取。内部饲料配比巧妙,可形成适应藻类生长的营养环境,满足海蜇对浮游动植物的需求量,快速肥水,减少饵料投入,减少养殖成本。本发明关注上下层水体营养情况,保证上层海蜇营养所需,如果是混养模式,又能确保下层贝类有足够的浮游动植物,同时饲料外层含有诸多微量元素和益生菌如芽孢杆菌等调节水质,营造良好的养殖环境。降低换水次数,节约水资源。
附图说明
图1是使用本发明实施例与其它饵料的海蜇的生长情况对比图;
图2是使用本发明实施例与其它饵料的海蜇的存活情况对比图。
具体实施方式
以下结合说明书附图更详细说明本发明。
本专利为一种促海蜇生长的调水人工饲料,符合海蜇的营养需求,提高其生存状态,改善养殖水体品质,维持生态平衡,同时饲料成本低,对养殖业帮助显著。本专利对海蜇营养的需求及其适宜的比例关系进行深入、系统的研究,构建出营养更加均衡的饲料。目前,对于已知的市面常见的人工饲料,不具备上述优点,如果饵料剩余必然坏水,使养殖水体产生大量氨氮和亚硝酸氮等有害物质,影响海蜇生长。若饵料不足,水营养不够,水中浮游动植物无法满足海蜇生长所需。海蜇养殖密度较大,由于其运动特性,无法在水体内增设大型氧泵搅动水体,造成缺氧的情况时有发生,影响生产,市面的所有饲料均无法解决这个问题。且市面尚未有满足立体养殖的海蜇饲料,大多只针对海蜇,未考虑贝类生长,造成生态失衡。
实施例1
一种促海蜇生长的调水人工饲料,按照如下步骤制备而成:
步骤1:取外部饲料100g,鱼粉、虾粉、海带粉、酵母、淀粉、鱼油、氯化胆碱、生物酶、卵磷脂、玉米秸秆粉、贝壳粉、乌贼内脏粉、艾素粉、马齿苋粉、大豆浓缩蛋白、米糠粕、益生菌发酵剂、磷酸二氢脂、雪花粉、复合维生素、复合矿物质和添加剂以及水,混合均匀,制成面团;所述鱼粉、虾粉、海带粉、酵母、淀粉、鱼油、氯化胆碱、生物酶、卵磷脂、玉米秸秆粉、贝壳粉、乌贼内脏粉、艾素粉、马齿苋粉、大豆浓缩蛋白、米糠粕、益生菌发酵剂、磷酸二氢脂、雪花粉、复合维生素、复合矿物质和添加剂以及水的质量比为10:10:5:5:10:4:0.5:2:1:5:4:5:3:5:10:8:3:2:3:2:2:0.5:150;所述添加剂的组分质量比大豆发酵氨基酸0.1g、腐殖酸钠0.1g、叶酸0.1g、活性钙0.1g、乳酸钙0.1g、蛋白酶0.1g、β-葡萄糖0.01g、甘露寡糖0.1g、维生素C0.005g、维生素B60.01g、维生素B120.01g。
步骤2:将上述面团置于容器,用保鲜膜密封,30℃发酵1.5小时,制成料匹;外部饲料添加雪花粉等成分,加速在水中的溶解速率,起到诱食作用的同时便于海蜇摄取。
步骤3:取内部饲料20g,硅藻土、复合酶、预混料、螺旋藻粉、包膜维生素C、复合芽孢杆菌、FeCl3·6H2O 、MnCl2·4H2O、H3BO3 、Na2EDTA、NaH2PO4·2 H2O、NaNO2和水均匀混合,制成球状,放入恒温恒湿干燥箱,在35℃下干燥1h;所述硅藻土、水性硅肥、复合酶、预混料、螺旋藻粉、复合芽孢杆菌、FeCl3·6H2O 、MnCl2·4H2O、H3BO3 、Na2EDTA、NaH2PO4·2 H2O、NaNO3和水的质量比3.92:1:2:3:0.01:1:0.05:0.02:1:2:1:5:25;步骤3形成内部饲料,在外部饲料溶解后,落到水低,不影响海蜇进食,同时调节底泥养分,形成“肥沃”土壤,利于硅藻生长。其余微量元素的添加满足浮游植物营养所需,加速繁殖,间接提高浮游动物的含量,以确保海蜇生长所需的必要生物素,加快海蜇生长。
步骤4:取10g增氧粉步骤2的料匹均匀混合,均匀的包裹于步骤3的料匹外层。可适当喷水,保持一定的湿度,便于成型,制成球状(本发明对制成球状的大小无要求,可以根据实际情况,比如饲养池的大小,饲养密度等情况进行调整,本发明实施例1-3中根据实际情况制备的球状直径大约为4-6cm)。放入恒温恒湿干燥箱,在50℃下干燥3h即可。生长旺季,海蜇体积变大,密度升高,常常出现缺氧现象,但其伞顶部分相对脆弱,因此养殖池塘一般不便添加增氧机。本发明解决上述问题,添加一定量的增氧粉,即加速饲料溶解又增加池塘氧气含量。
实施例2
一种促海蜇生长的调水人工饲料,按照如下步骤制备而成:
步骤1:取外部饲料100g,鱼粉、虾粉、海带粉、酵母、淀粉、鱼油、氯化胆碱、生物酶、卵磷脂、玉米秸秆粉、贝壳粉、乌贼内脏粉、艾素粉、马齿苋粉、大豆浓缩蛋白、米糠粕、益生菌发酵剂、磷酸二氢脂、雪花粉、复合维生素、复合矿物质和添加剂以及水,混合均匀,制成面团;所述鱼粉、虾粉、海带粉、酵母、淀粉、鱼油、氯化胆碱、生物酶、卵磷脂、玉米秸秆粉、贝壳粉、乌贼内脏粉、艾素粉、马齿苋粉、大豆浓缩蛋白、米糠粕、益生菌发酵剂、磷酸二氢脂、雪花粉、复合维生素、复合矿物质和添加剂以及水的质量比为10:10:5:5:10:4:0.5:2:1:5:4:5:3:5:10:8:3:2:3:2:2:0.5:150;所述添加剂的组分质量比大豆发酵氨基酸0.1g、腐殖酸钠0.1g、叶酸0.1g、活性钙0.1g、乳酸钙0.1g、蛋白酶0.1g、β-葡萄糖0.01g、甘露寡糖0.1g、维生素C0.005g、维生素B60.01g、维生素B120.01g。
步骤2:将上述面团置于容器,用保鲜膜密封,30℃发酵1.5小时,制成料匹;外部饲料添加雪花粉等成分,加速在水中的溶解速率,起到诱食作用的同时便于海蜇摄取。
步骤3:取内部饲料20g,硅藻土、复合酶、预混料、螺旋藻粉、包膜维生素C、复合芽孢杆菌、FeCl3·6H2O 、MnCl2·4H2O、H3BO3 、Na2EDTA、NaH2PO4·2 H2O、NaNO2 和水均匀混合,制成球状,放入恒温恒湿干燥箱,在35℃下干燥1h;所述硅藻土、水性硅肥、复合酶、预混料、螺旋藻粉、复合芽孢杆菌、FeCl3·6H2O 、MnCl2·4H2O、H3BO3 、Na2EDTA、NaH2PO4·2 H2O、NaNO3和水的质量比3.92:1:2:3:0.01:1:0.05:0.02:1:2:1:5:25;步骤3形成内部饲料,在外部饲料溶解后,落到水低,不影响海蜇进食,同时调节底泥养分,形成“肥沃”土壤,利于硅藻生长。其余微量元素的添加满足浮游植物营养所需,加速繁殖,间接提高浮游动物的含量,以确保海蜇生长所需的必要生物素,加快海蜇生长。
步骤4:取15g增氧粉步骤2的料匹均匀混合,均匀的包裹于步骤3的料匹外层。可适当喷水,保持一定的湿度,便于成型,制成球状。放入恒温恒湿干燥箱,在50℃下干燥3h即可。生长旺季,海蜇体积变大,密度升高,常常出现缺氧现象,但其伞顶部分相对脆弱,因此养殖池塘一般不便添加增氧机。本发明解决上述问题,添加一定量的增氧粉,即加速饲料溶解又增加池塘氧气含量。
实施例3
一种促海蜇生长的调水人工饲料,按照如下步骤制备而成:
步骤1:取外部饲料117.2g,鱼粉、虾粉、海带粉、酵母、淀粉、鱼油、氯化胆碱、生物酶、卵磷脂、玉米秸秆粉、贝壳粉、乌贼内脏粉、艾素粉、马齿苋粉、大豆浓缩蛋白、米糠粕、益生菌发酵剂、磷酸二氢脂、雪花粉、复合维生素、复合矿物质和添加剂以及水,混合均匀,制成面团;所述鱼粉、虾粉、海带粉、酵母、淀粉、鱼油、氯化胆碱、生物酶、卵磷脂、玉米秸秆粉、贝壳粉、乌贼内脏粉、艾素粉、马齿苋粉、大豆浓缩蛋白、米糠粕、益生菌发酵剂、磷酸二氢脂、雪花粉、复合维生素、复合矿物质和添加剂以及水的质量比为15:8:8:3:3:6:1:1:0.2:15:6:3:4:3:15:10:5:3:2:3:1:2:180;所述添加剂的组分质量比大豆发酵氨基酸0.1g、腐殖酸钠0.1g、叶酸0.1g、活性钙0.1g、乳酸钙0.1g、蛋白酶0.1g、β-葡萄糖0.01g、甘露寡糖0.1g、维生素C0.005g、维生素B60.01g、维生素B120.01g。
步骤2:将上述面团置于容器,用保鲜膜密封,30℃发酵1.5小时,制成料匹;外部饲料添加雪花粉等成分,加速在水中的溶解速率,起到诱食作用的同时便于海蜇摄取。
步骤3:取内部饲料29.23g,硅藻土、复合酶、预混料、螺旋藻粉、包膜维生素C、复合芽孢杆菌、FeCl3·6H2O 、MnCl2·4H2O、H3BO3 、Na2EDTA、NaH2PO4·2 H2O 、NaNO2 和水均匀混合,制成球状,放入恒温恒湿干燥箱,在35℃下干燥1h;所述硅藻土、水性硅肥、复合酶、预混料、螺旋藻粉、复合芽孢杆菌、FeCl3·6H2O 、MnCl2·4H2O、H3BO3 、Na2EDTA、NaH2PO4·2 H2O、NaNO3和水的质量比5:2:3:4:0.03:2:0.1:0.1:2:3:2:6:40。
步骤4:取15g增氧粉步骤2的料匹均匀混合,均匀的包裹于步骤3的料匹外层。可适当喷水,保持一定的湿度,便于成型,制成球状。放入恒温恒湿干燥箱,在50℃下干燥3h即可。生长旺季,海蜇体积变大,密度升高,常常出现缺氧现象,但其伞顶部分相对脆弱,因此养殖池塘一般不便添加增氧机。本发明解决上述问题,添加一定量的增氧粉,即加速饲料溶解又增加池塘氧气含量。
本发明实施例所用原料均为外购,复合矿物质采购自奥立安(湖北)生物工程有限公司,复合维生素、预混料采购自新乡市华畜商贸有限公司。
将本发明实施例所得颗粒料饲料进行测定,实施例1每千克饲料中含粗蛋白19.9%、粗脂肪6.99%、粗灰分25%;实施例2每千克饲料中含粗蛋白21.5%、粗脂肪6.87%、粗灰分25%;实施例3每千克饲料中含粗蛋白19.5%、粗脂肪7.02%、粗灰分26%。本发明含有鱼粉和虾粉等,提供优质的蛋白质;饲料中添加酵母粉和麦素糖并在低温发酵,使饲料更易被海蜇吸收,营养更加均衡,提高饲料利用率,减低饵料系数,提高饲料品质;添加的玉米秸秆粉、马齿笕粉的米糠粕等,含有海蜇自身无法合成且自然界中不易获得的营养源,同时价格低廉易获得,且来源于植物,对环境无害,废物利用,节约成本,为养殖户带来更多的收益;添加少量的腐殖酸,激活水体,调节水质,防止赤潮的发生;含有适量的增氧粉,改善水体缺氧的情况,且添加量适宜,防止气泡病的发生;添加乳酸菌、益生菌发酵剂和生物酶等,保持水体平衡,营造良好的菌类环境,促进海蜇生长;内部饲料含有水溶性硅藻泥和硅肥,既能吸附水体中多余的杂质又能提供足量的硅类营养,配合氮磷钾等无机盐,创造更加适宜的养殖水环境;饲料中含有甘露寡糖、包膜维生素C等抗应激和免疫物质,提高海蜇体质,减少疾病的发生,高饲料转化率和利用率,提高抗应激能力,增强体质,从而达到促进海蜇快速生长的目的进而降低养殖成本;添加维生素和胆碱等保持海蜇较好的生长状态,进而提高了海蜇存活率;烘干时控制温度,前后温度变化,保持干燥的同时,外表皮坚硬,不遇水可维持其形状;投饵时工作人员可在岸上操作,向水中投掷饲料,待其遇水溶化,即可满足饵料需求,节约开船等操作成本;外部饲料入水可溶,含有增氧粉,在水中生成气泡,推动饲料维持在水面上或水体中,慢慢扩散,同时改善水体缺氧的问题。含有雪花粉,缩短颗粒料粉化时间,在水面上形成“饲料雾”,既便于吸引海蜇进食,有形成细小颗粒饲料,利于海蜇摄取。内部饲料相对外部饲料溶解较为缓慢,可在外部饲料全部溶解后,内部饲料落于底层,缓慢溶解。配比巧妙,添加藻类生长所需的营养盐,可形成适应藻类生长的营养环境,满足海蜇对浮游动植物的需求量,快速肥水,减少饵料投入,减少养殖成本。本发明关注上下层水体营养情况,保证上层海蜇营养所需,如果是混养模式,又能确保下层贝类有足够的浮游动植物,同时饲料外层含有诸多微量元素和益生菌如芽孢杆菌等调节水质,营造良好的养殖环境。降低换水次数,节约水资源。
取本发明实施例、浮游动物及浮游植物分别作为海胆养殖的饵料,浮游动物多为桡足类,如哲水蚤等,浮游植物多为小球藻。按照常规方法对海蜇进行养殖,周期为10d。本发明实施例1-3(对应图中施例组1-3)与其它饵料的海蜇的生长情况和存活情况见图1和图2。方差分析表明,实验初始,各饵料模式下海蜇的伞径无显著差异( P>0.05) ,而在测量的各生长阶段,饵料模式对海蜇的伞径均有极显著影响 ( P<0.01) 。相对浮游植物,本发明实施例存活率提高10%左右,相对浮游植物,本发明实施例存活率提高5%左右,效果明显。
采用实施例1-3制备的饲料,以128g的饲料为标准,3m3的养殖水槽,每个水槽10只海蜇,每天投喂1次,每次1枚饲料向养殖池进行投喂。并通过按照表1的分析方法分别测定水中氨氮、溶氧、叶绿素a含量以及 pH值,结果见表2。
表1.水质指标与测定方法
表2.海蜇池塘投喂施例组饲料后的水质指标变化动态
从表2中可知实施例1、2、3均可满足海蜇生长所需。叶绿素含量较高,证明池塘内浮游植物量有所增加,提高池塘溶解氧的同时,为海蜇提供优质饵料。溶解氧的含量也符合海蜇生长要求,并未出现缺氧的现象。氨氮并未超标,pH也较为稳定,可提供海蜇适宜的生存条件。
Claims (3)
1.一种促海蜇生长的调水人工饲料,其特征在于,该饲料为由外部饲料、内部饲料和增氧粉组成为一体的饲料,按质量分数计,外部饲料69-130份、内部饲料11-30份和增氧粉8-15份;
外部饲料包括鱼粉8-12份、虾粉8-12份、海带粉3-7份、酵母3-7份、淀粉8-12份、鱼油3-6份、氯化胆碱0.2-1份、生物酶1-3份、卵磷脂0.5-2份、玉米秸秆粉3-7份、贝壳粉3-5份、乌贼内脏粉3-6份、艾素粉2-4份、马齿苋粉3-6份、大豆浓缩蛋白8-12份、米糠粕6-10份、益生菌发酵剂2-4份、磷酸二氢脂1-3份、雪花粉2-4份、复合维生素1-3份、复合矿物质1-3份、添加剂0.1-1份;
内部饲料包括硅藻土2-5份、复合酶0.5-2份、预混料1-3份、螺旋藻粉2-4份、包膜维生素C0.01-0.03份、复合芽孢杆菌0.5-2份、FeCl3·6H2O0.01-0.1份 、MnCl2·4H2O0.01-0.1份、H3BO30.5-2份、Na2EDTA1-3份、NaH2PO4·2 H2O 0.5-2份 、NaNO2 4-6份 。
2.根据权利要求1所述的促海蜇生长的调水人工饲料,其特征在于,所述添加剂的组分及组分质量比为,大豆发酵氨基酸0.1份、腐殖酸钠0.1份、叶酸0.1份、活性钙0.1份、乳酸钙0.1份、蛋白酶0.1份、β-葡萄糖0.01份、甘露寡糖0.1份、维生素C0.005份、维生素B60.01份、维生素B120.01份。
3.一种如权利要求1所述的促海蜇生长的调水人工饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,依次按照如下步骤制备而成:
步骤1:按配比取外部饲料的鱼粉、虾粉、海带粉、酵母、淀粉、鱼油、氯化胆碱、生物酶、卵磷脂、玉米秸秆粉、贝壳粉、乌贼内脏粉、艾素粉、马齿苋粉、大豆浓缩蛋白、米糠粕、益生菌发酵剂、磷酸二氢脂、雪花粉、复合维生素、复合矿物质和添加剂以及水,混合均匀,制成面团;
步骤2:将上述面团置于容器,用保鲜膜密封,25-40℃发酵1-2小时,制成料匹;
步骤3:按配比取内部饲料的硅藻土、复合酶、预混料、螺旋藻粉、包膜维生素C、复合芽孢杆菌、FeCl3·6H2O 、MnCl2·4H2O、H3BO3 、Na2EDTA、NaH2PO4·2 H2O 、NaNO2 和水均匀混合,制成球状,放入恒温恒湿干燥箱,在35℃下干燥1h;
步骤4:取8-15份增氧粉与步骤2的料匹均匀混合,均匀的包裹于步骤3的球状料匹外层,制成球状,放入恒温恒湿干燥箱,在45-55℃下干燥2-4h。
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