CN114373892B - 一种可控构筑磷酸盐包覆层的方法及其应用 - Google Patents
一种可控构筑磷酸盐包覆层的方法及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114373892B CN114373892B CN202111582613.7A CN202111582613A CN114373892B CN 114373892 B CN114373892 B CN 114373892B CN 202111582613 A CN202111582613 A CN 202111582613A CN 114373892 B CN114373892 B CN 114373892B
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- phosphate
- lithium
- coating layer
- solution
- core
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- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 96
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000011258 core-shell material Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- JUWGUJSXVOBPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-B titanium(4+);tetraphosphate Chemical compound [Ti+4].[Ti+4].[Ti+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O JUWGUJSXVOBPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-B 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-GPIVLXJGSA-N Inositol-hexakisphosphate Chemical group OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]1[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-GPIVLXJGSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phytic acid Natural products OP(O)(=O)OC1C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C1OP(O)(O)=O IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000005543 nano-size silicon particle Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229940068041 phytic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000467 phytic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000002949 phytic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910000152 cobalt phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- ZBDSFTZNNQNSQM-UHFFFAOYSA-H cobalt(2+);diphosphate Chemical compound [Co+2].[Co+2].[Co+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O ZBDSFTZNNQNSQM-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910000159 nickel phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- JOCJYBPHESYFOK-UHFFFAOYSA-K nickel(3+);phosphate Chemical compound [Ni+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O JOCJYBPHESYFOK-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 10
- CNHRNMLCYGFITG-UHFFFAOYSA-A niobium(5+);pentaphosphate Chemical compound [Nb+5].[Nb+5].[Nb+5].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O CNHRNMLCYGFITG-UHFFFAOYSA-A 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000002572 peristaltic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- OPBPKFFRPGKDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-A tantalum(5+) pentaphosphate Chemical compound [Ta+5].[Ta+5].[Ta+5].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O OPBPKFFRPGKDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-A 0.000 claims description 10
- HFCVPDYCRZVZDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li+].[Co+2].[Ni+2].[O-][Mn]([O-])(=O)=O Chemical compound [Li+].[Co+2].[Ni+2].[O-][Mn]([O-])(=O)=O HFCVPDYCRZVZDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012716 precipitator Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 phosphide Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 7
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- LQFNMFDUAPEJRY-UHFFFAOYSA-K lanthanum(3+);phosphate Chemical compound [La+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LQFNMFDUAPEJRY-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetamide Chemical compound CC(N)=O DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamide Chemical compound NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 108010001441 Phosphopeptides Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N divanadium pentaoxide Chemical compound O=[V](=O)O[V](=O)=O GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylenetetramine Chemical compound C1N(C2)CN3CN1CN2C3 VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NRJJZXGPUXHHTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[O--].[Zr+4].[La+3] Chemical compound [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[O--].[Zr+4].[La+3] NRJJZXGPUXHHTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- INZDTEICWPZYJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(chloromethyl)-4-[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]benzene Chemical compound C1=CC(CCl)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(CCl)C=C1 INZDTEICWPZYJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium acetate Chemical compound N.CC(O)=O USFZMSVCRYTOJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005695 Ammonium acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000013 Ammonium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004254 Ammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052580 B4C Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ferrous sulfide Chemical compound [Fe]=S MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MRLQSGZHMHONNG-UHFFFAOYSA-K P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].[Ge+3] Chemical compound P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].[Ge+3] MRLQSGZHMHONNG-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- ABKDZANKXKCXKG-UHFFFAOYSA-B P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].[W+4].P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].[W+4].[W+4] Chemical compound P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].[W+4].P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].[W+4].[W+4] ABKDZANKXKCXKG-UHFFFAOYSA-B 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium nitride Chemical compound [Ti]#N NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001807 Urea-formaldehyde Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YWJVFBOUPMWANA-UHFFFAOYSA-H [Li+].[V+5].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O Chemical compound [Li+].[V+5].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O YWJVFBOUPMWANA-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 2
- QDAYJHVWIRGGJM-UHFFFAOYSA-B [Mo+4].[Mo+4].[Mo+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O Chemical compound [Mo+4].[Mo+4].[Mo+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QDAYJHVWIRGGJM-UHFFFAOYSA-B 0.000 claims description 2
- ZMVMBTZRIMAUPN-UHFFFAOYSA-H [Na+].[V+5].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O Chemical compound [Na+].[V+5].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O ZMVMBTZRIMAUPN-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-SLPGGIOYSA-N aldehydo-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-SLPGGIOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium phosphate Chemical compound O1[Al]2OP1(=O)O2 ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- CVJYOKLQNGVTIS-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminum;lithium;titanium(4+);phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Al+3].[Ti+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O CVJYOKLQNGVTIS-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940043376 ammonium acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019257 ammonium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012538 ammonium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012501 ammonium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].OP(O)([O-])=O LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VZTDIZULWFCMLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium formate Chemical compound [NH4+].[O-]C=O VZTDIZULWFCMLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000148 ammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019289 ammonium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XJMWHXZUIGHOBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;propanoic acid Chemical compound N.CCC(O)=O XJMWHXZUIGHOBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CFJRGWXELQQLSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanylidyneniobium Chemical compound [Nb]#N CFJRGWXELQQLSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SKKMWRVAJNPLFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanylidynevanadium Chemical compound [V]#N SKKMWRVAJNPLFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron carbide Chemical compound B12B3B4C32B41 INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GVEHJMMRQRRJPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(2+);methanidylidynechromium Chemical compound [Cr+2].[Cr]#[C-].[Cr]#[C-] GVEHJMMRQRRJPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000151 chromium(III) phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- IKZBVTPSNGOVRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K chromium(iii) phosphate Chemical compound [Cr+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O IKZBVTPSNGOVRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- INPLXZPZQSLHBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+);sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Co+2] INPLXZPZQSLHBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000388 diammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019838 diammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- QHGJSLXSVXVKHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium;dioxido(dioxo)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Mn]([O-])(=O)=O QHGJSLXSVXVKHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004312 hexamethylene tetramine Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010299 hexamethylene tetramine Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VAKIVKMUBMZANL-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron phosphide Chemical compound P.[Fe].[Fe].[Fe] VAKIVKMUBMZANL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+) phosphate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000664 lithium aluminum titanium phosphates (LATP) Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SBWRUMICILYTAT-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium;cobalt(2+);phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Co+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O SBWRUMICILYTAT-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- DVATZODUVBMYHN-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium;iron(2+);manganese(2+);phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Mn+2].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O DVATZODUVBMYHN-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GVALZJMUIHGIMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H magnesium phosphate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GVALZJMUIHGIMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004137 magnesium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000157 magnesium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960002261 magnesium phosphate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010994 magnesium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- GEYXPJBPASPPLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Mn]O[Mn]=O GEYXPJBPASPPLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N melamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NFFIWVVINABMKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidynetantalum Chemical compound [Ta]#C NFFIWVVINABMKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FBMUYWXYWIZLNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel phosphide Chemical compound [Ni]=P#[Ni] FBMUYWXYWIZLNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011146 organic particle Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoferriooxy)iron hydrate Chemical compound O.O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- AMWVZPDSWLOFKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphanylidynemolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]#P AMWVZPDSWLOFKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BDVMTRCCIQHRBL-UHFFFAOYSA-J phosphonato phosphate;titanium(4+) Chemical compound [Ti+4].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O BDVMTRCCIQHRBL-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QLNJFJADRCOGBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionamide Chemical compound CCC(N)=O QLNJFJADRCOGBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940080818 propionamide Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- YPMOSINXXHVZIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylideneantimony Chemical compound [Sb]=S YPMOSINXXHVZIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WWNBZGLDODTKEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenenickel Chemical compound [Ni]=S WWNBZGLDODTKEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003468 tantalcarbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- AFNRRBXCCXDRPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(ii) sulfide Chemical compound [Sn]=S AFNRRBXCCXDRPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- CFJRPNFOLVDFMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium disulfide Chemical compound S=[Ti]=S CFJRPNFOLVDFMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ADDWXBZCQABCGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(iii) phosphide Chemical compound [Ti]#P ADDWXBZCQABCGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003470 tongbaite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000166 zirconium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- LEHFSLREWWMLPU-UHFFFAOYSA-B zirconium(4+);tetraphosphate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[Zr+4].[Zr+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LEHFSLREWWMLPU-UHFFFAOYSA-B 0.000 claims description 2
- CHZUADMGGDUUEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mn](=O)(=O)([O-])[O-].[Co+2] Chemical compound [Mn](=O)(=O)([O-])[O-].[Co+2] CHZUADMGGDUUEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- UBEWDCMIDFGDOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+);cobalt(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Co+2].[Co+3].[Co+3] UBEWDCMIDFGDOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000005955 Ferric phosphate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229940032958 ferric phosphate Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000399 iron(III) phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- BDKWOJYFHXPPPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium dioxido(dioxo)manganese nickel(2+) Chemical compound [Mn](=O)(=O)([O-])[O-].[Ni+2].[Li+] BDKWOJYFHXPPPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 25
- 229910001463 metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 54
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 9
- FRMOHNDAXZZWQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium manganese(2+) nickel(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mn+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] FRMOHNDAXZZWQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910000572 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Manganese Oxide (NCM) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- FBDMTTNVIIVBKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Mn+2].[Co+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] Chemical compound [O-2].[Mn+2].[Co+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] FBDMTTNVIIVBKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000006138 lithiation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 4
- YHWCPXVTRSHPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-olate;titanium(4+) Chemical compound [Ti+4].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-] YHWCPXVTRSHPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910011328 LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- GPKIXZRJUHCCKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylphenoxy)methyl]oxirane Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1OCC1OC1 GPKIXZRJUHCCKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CWLKGDAVCFYWJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-aminophenol Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 CWLKGDAVCFYWJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940018563 3-aminophenol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910017119 AlPO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002099 LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LSYVCAOPFHHUHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N [hydroxy-[hydroxy-[hydroxy(phosphonooxy)phosphoryl]oxyphosphoryl]oxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O LSYVCAOPFHHUHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;nickel Chemical compound [Ni].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005587 carbonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940011182 cobalt acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(II) acetate Chemical compound [Co+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000398 iron phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940078494 nickel acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 1
- YHBDIEWMOMLKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-I pentachloroniobium Chemical compound Cl[Nb](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl YHBDIEWMOMLKOO-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004537 pulping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010942 self-nucleation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- OEIMLTQPLAGXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-I tantalum(v) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Ta](Cl)(Cl)(Cl)Cl OEIMLTQPLAGXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
- C01B25/26—Phosphates
- C01B25/37—Phosphates of heavy metals
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- C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
- C01B25/26—Phosphates
- C01B25/37—Phosphates of heavy metals
- C01B25/372—Phosphates of heavy metals of titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, hafnium or tantalum
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/02—Silicon
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
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- C01B33/12—Silica; Hydrates thereof, e.g. lepidoic silicic acid
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/137—Electrodes based on electro-active polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种可控构筑磷酸盐包覆层的方法及其应用。本发明的方法可用于构筑多种金属磷酸盐的包覆层,且可以在不同的基底表面均可实现可控的包覆,方法简便易行、反应条件温和,普适性强,在锂离子电池领域有着很高的实用性和应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于材料领域,具体涉及一种可控构筑磷酸盐包覆层的方法及其应用。
背景技术
包覆作为一种重要的材料改性手段,被广泛应用各个领域中。尤其在锂离子电池领域中,电极材料在充放电的过程中与电解液的接触发生不可逆的反应从而造成容量的衰减。为了缓解容量衰减,提高电池寿命和电池使用的安全性,最直接有效的方法就是在电极材料表面涂覆一层均匀、完整的保护层,因此包覆层的可控构筑不论是在科学研究,还是在实际应用方面均具有极大的价值。
磷酸盐作为一种很好的包覆物种,在锂离子电池材料的改性中发挥了重要的作用。其自身十分稳定,能够有效抑制电极材料与电解液之间的副反应,同时可以降低材料的界面电阻,因此可以极大地改善正极材料的循环稳定性及倍率性能。大量的研究工作探索了磷酸盐包覆层的构筑方法,最直接的策略是通过磷酸盐颗粒直接的简单吸附,通常这种方法难以实现均匀、可控的包覆效果。现有技术中已有公开采用尿素调节pH值从而控制磷酸盐的沉淀过程来实现均匀可控的包覆。然而这种利用尿素作为pH控制剂的反应过程,一方面需要在加热的条件下,促使尿素水解产生氨来调控pH值,其反应条件要求严格;另一方面这类方法的适用范围窄,仅适用于构筑少量磷酸盐,如AlPO4、Co3(PO4)2,Mn3(PO4)2或FePO4。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种可控构筑磷酸盐包覆层的方法及其应用,其利用间接的磷源与金属沉淀得到磷酸盐对不同材料进行原位厚度可控的包覆的方法。
本发明提供一种可控构筑磷酸盐包覆层的方法,所述方法包括:
1)配置溶液A,所述溶液A中至少含有:包覆底物和金属盐和任选的包覆助剂;
2)配置溶液B,所述溶液中至少含有沉淀剂;
3)将所述溶液B加入所述溶液A中,沉淀剂、金属盐通过共沉淀反应,在包覆底物的颗粒表面形成含有磷和金属的包覆层的中间体;所述反应的温度为10~40℃;
4)将步骤3)所制备的包覆层的中间体经煅烧处理,得到含有磷酸盐包覆层的核-壳结构颗粒。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述溶液A和溶液B中还包含下述溶剂中的至少一种:水、甲醇、乙醇、乙二醇、丙醇、异丙醇、丙二醇、正丁醇、乙腈、丙酮。优选地,所述溶液A和溶液B中的溶剂优选为乙醇。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述包覆底物选自金属、非金属、碳化物、氮化物、氧化物、硫化物、磷化物、磷酸盐、锂盐、有机物颗粒中的至少一种。
优选地,所述金属选自钌、铑、钯、银、铂、金、锗、锡、锑及其合金中的至少一种。
优选地,所述非金属选自碳、硅、磷、硫、硒中的至少一种。
优选地,所述碳化物选自碳化钛、碳化钒、碳化铬、碳化钽、碳化钨、碳化硼、碳化硅中的至少一种。
优选地,所述氮化物选自氮化钛、氮化钒、氮化铌、氮化钨、氮化硼、氮化硅、氮化磷中的至少一种。
优选地,所述氧化物选自二氧化硅、二氧化钛、五氧化二钒、二氧化锰、四氧化三锰、三氧化二铁、四氧化三铁、四氧化三钴、氧化镍、氧化锆、氧化钼、氧化铟锡、氧化锡、锂镧锆氧、中的至少一种。
优选地,所述硫化物选自二硫化钛、硫化铁、硫化钴、硫化镍、硫化钼、硫化锡、硫化锑中的至少一种。
优选地,所述磷化物选自磷化钛、磷化铁、磷化钴、磷化镍、磷化钼、磷化锡中的至少一种。
优选地,所述磷酸盐选自磷酸肽、焦磷酸钛、磷酸肽锂、磷酸钛铝锂、磷酸钒锂、磷酸钒钠、磷酸铁、磷酸铁锂、磷酸铁锰锂、磷酸钴锂中的至少一种。
优选地,所述锂盐选自锰酸锂、钴酸锂、镍酸锂、镍锰酸锂、镍钴锰酸锂、富锂镍钴锰酸锂中的至少一种。
优选地,所述有机物选自酚醛树脂、脲醛树脂、三聚氰胺数值、聚苯乙烯中的至少一种。
根据本发明的实施方案,溶液A中,所述包覆底物浓度为0.1~150g/L。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述金属盐选自相应金属元素的氯化盐、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、醋酸盐和醇盐中的至少一种。优选地,所述金属盐为含有与所述沉淀剂发生配位沉淀的金属元素的金属盐。示例性地,所述金属盐中含有镁、铝、钛、铬、钴、镍、锗、锆、铌、钼、钽、钨或镧金属元素中的至少一种。
根据本发明的实施方案,溶液A中,所述金属盐的浓度为0.001~0.1mol/L;
根据本发明的实施方案,所述沉淀助剂的加入有利于形成更加均匀的包覆层。发明人发现,当所述核结构的平均粒径在纳米级(例如为小于1μm),通过加入沉淀助剂更有利于形成更加均匀的包覆层。
优选地,所述沉淀助剂选自尿素、甲酰胺、乙酰胺、丙酰胺、三乙醇胺、六次甲基四胺、氨水、甲酸铵、乙酸铵、丙酸铵、碳酸氢铵、碳酸铵、磷酸铵、磷酸氢二铵、磷酸二氢铵、氢氧化锂、氢氧化钠和氢氧化钾中的至少一种。
优选地,溶液A中,所述沉淀助剂的浓度为0.05~0.5mol/L。
根据本发明的实施方案,溶液B中,所述沉淀剂选自植酸,所述植酸也可以称为肌醇六磷酸或环己六醇六磷酸。
根据本发明的实施方案,溶液B中,所述沉淀剂的浓度为0.02~0.2mol/L。
根据本发明的实施方案,步骤3)在搅拌条件下进行。优选地,所述搅拌条件可选用本技术领域常用的搅拌条件,只要能实现溶液A和溶液B充分反应即可。
根据本发明的实施方案,步骤3)中,溶液B加入溶液A的方法为缓慢滴加,例如通过蠕动泵滴加。
根据本发明的实施方案,步骤3)中,所述反应的时间为1~24h。
根据本发明的实施方案,步骤3)中,所述反应的温度为10~40℃,例如为10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、40℃。
发明人发现,当反应的温度过高时,会加速包覆层的沉淀速度,从而导致包覆层不均匀。同时,当反应温度过高时,沉淀助剂还会发生分解。同时在实际应用中,在共沉淀反应过程中加热,还会额外增加能耗和制备成本,因此本发明中步骤3)的反应的温度优选为10~40℃,极大的降低了反应温度,同时可以实现均匀包覆。
根据本发明的实施方案,步骤4)中,所述煅烧的气氛选自空气、氧气、氮气、氩气中的至少一种。
根据本发明的实施方案,步骤4)中,所述煅烧的温度为400~900℃,所述煅烧的时间为1~10h。
本发明还提供一种含有磷酸盐包覆层的核-壳结构颗粒,所述的含有磷酸盐包覆层的核-壳结构颗粒通过上述方法制备得到,其中,核结构选自上述包覆底物,所述磷酸盐包覆层在核结构表面原位生长,所述磷酸盐包覆层均匀、连续、完整。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述包覆层选自磷酸镁、磷酸铝、磷酸钛、磷酸铬、磷酸钴、磷酸镍、磷酸锗、磷酸锆、磷酸铌、磷酸钼、磷酸钽、磷酸钨、磷酸镧中的至少一种。
示例性地,所述含有磷酸盐包覆层的核-壳结构颗粒选自磷酸钛包覆硅纳米颗粒、磷酸钴包覆酚醛树脂、磷酸镍包覆二氧化硅、磷酸铌包覆磷酸铁锂、磷酸钽包覆镍锰酸锂、磷酸镧包覆钴酸锂、磷酸钛包覆镍钴锰酸锂颗粒中的至少一种。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述包覆层的厚度为1~200nm。优选地,所述包覆层的厚度为1~20nm。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述核结构的平均粒径为10nm~10μm,优选为10nm~1μm,例如10nm、20nm、30nm、40nm、50nm、100nm、200nm、300nm、400nm、500nm、600nm、700nm、800nm、900nm、1μm、10μm或上述任意两个数值间的范围值。
本发明还提供上述含有磷酸盐包覆层的核-壳结构颗粒在锂离子电池中的应用。
本发明还提供一种正极材料,所述正极材料包含上述含有磷酸盐包覆层的核-壳结构颗粒。
根据本发明的实施方案,当通过上述方法制备所述核-壳结构颗粒、所述包覆底物选自所述锂盐时,所述正极材料即为所述核-壳结构包覆型颗粒。
根据本发明的实施方案,当通过上述方法制备所述核-壳结构颗粒、所述包覆底物选自非所述锂盐时,所述正极材料可由所述核-壳结构颗粒经锂化处理得到。
优选地,所述锂化处理可选用本技术领域常用的锂化处理条件,只要能达到对所述核-壳结构颗粒的锂化即可。示例性地,所述锂化处理包括如下步骤:所述核-壳结构颗粒与氢氧化锂或碳酸锂混合烧结;其中,所述核-壳结构颗粒与氢氧化锂或碳酸锂的摩尔比为1:(1~1.1),例如1:(1~1.08)、1:(1.02~1.06);所述烧结优选在含氧气氛下进行,例如空气或氧气气氛下;所述烧结的温度为400~1000℃,例如500~900℃、600~800℃;所述所述烧结的时间为1~10h,例如2~8h、4~6h;所述烧结可以为一步烧结,或两次以上的多步烧结,每步烧结温度和时间可以相同或不同。
本发明还提供一种高能量型储锂器件,所述高能量型储锂器件包含上述含有磷酸盐包覆层的核-壳结构颗粒或上述正极材料。优选地,所述高能量型储锂器件为锂离子电池。
本发明的有益效果:
本发明采用液相法,利用沉淀剂(如植酸)和金属的配位沉淀作用,在常温(如10~40℃)下即可获得均匀的包覆层,且无需调节反应体系的pH值,也无需加热至高温来促进沉淀剂分解。同时,发明人发现,当所述核结构的平均粒径在纳米级(例如为10nm~1μm),通过加入沉淀助剂(如尿素)更有利于形成更加均匀的包覆层。本发明的方法利用植酸作为磷源,同时通过对沉淀剂(如植酸)、金属盐、沉淀助剂(如尿素)三者沉淀动力学的调控,如金属离子自由度的控制、溶液离子强度的控制、包覆底物表面电性及吸附能力的调控,从而降低包覆底物自身成核均相生长的趋势,促进含磷及金属的包覆层中间体在上述核结构表面原位生长。
本发明所提供的构筑包覆层的方法简单,通过沉淀剂植酸与金属盐发生配位沉淀即可在包覆底物颗粒表面原位包覆厚度可控的包覆层,所述包覆层的厚度可以通过改变溶液B中的沉淀剂如植酸浓度、或改变溶液A中的金属盐、沉淀助剂或上述作为核的包覆底物的浓度进行调节。另外,本发明的方法可用于构筑多种金属磷酸盐的包覆层,且可以在不同的基底表面均可实现可控的包覆,方法简便易行、反应条件温和,普适性强,在锂离子电池领域有着很高的实用性和应用前景。通过本发明的方法得到的磷酸盐包覆层的核-壳结构颗粒可作为锂离子电池正极材料,尤其可用于高能量型储锂器件的锂离子电池或锂电池的正极,表现出优异的循环稳定性。
当本发明应用在锂离子电池的正极材料时,通过在正极材料的表面均匀包覆一层磷酸盐包覆层,一方面可以阻止正极材料与电解质溶液之间的副反应;另一方面可以降低正极材料的表面膜阻抗和电荷转移阻抗,加快了锂离子的扩散速度,使得正极材料的循环性能和倍率性能显著改善。同时,本发明通过对磷酸盐包覆层的厚度进行调控,对正极材料的电化学性能进行优化,确定最佳的磷酸盐包覆层厚度以及最佳的电化学性能。
附图说明
图1为实施例1的磷酸钛包覆硅纳米颗粒的透射电子显微镜照片。
图2为实施例2的磷酸钴包覆酚醛树脂的透射电子显微镜照片。
图3为实施例3的磷酸镍包覆二氧化硅的透射电子显微镜照片。
图4为实施例4的磷酸铌包覆磷酸铁锂的透射电子显微镜照片。
图5为实施例5的磷酸钽包覆镍锰酸锂的透射电子显微镜照片。
图6为实施例6的磷酸镧包覆钴酸锂的透射电子显微镜照片。
图7为实施例7的磷酸钛包覆镍钴锰酸锂的透射电子显微镜照片。
图8为电池在20mA/g充放电电流下的循环性能。
图9为对比例2的磷酸钛包覆的硅纳米颗粒的透射电镜照片。
具体实施方式
下文将结合具体实施例对本发明的技术方案做更进一步的详细说明。应当理解,下列实施例仅为示例性地说明和解释本发明,而不应被解释为对本发明保护范围的限制。凡基于本发明上述内容所实现的技术均涵盖在本发明旨在保护的范围内。
除非另有说明,以下实施例中使用的原料和试剂均为市售商品,或者可以通过已知方法制备。
实施例1
制备具有核-壳结构的磷酸钛包覆的硅纳米颗粒
1)将平均粒径为50nm的硅纳米颗粒0.1g、钛酸四丁酯0.2ml和尿素0.4g在60ml乙醇中混合配置成溶液A;
2)将植酸0.346ml分散于30ml乙醇中配置成溶液B;
3)在搅拌下将溶液B通过蠕动泵缓慢加入到溶液A中,并在25℃下继续反应5小时,经离心、洗涤、干燥,将得到的颗粒于500℃氩气气氛下煅烧3小时,得到磷酸钛包覆的硅纳米颗粒。
图1为本实施例的磷酸钛包覆的硅纳米颗粒的透射电镜照片。从图1中可以看出,本实施例的磷酸钛包覆的硅纳米颗粒为核-壳结构,构成本实施例核的包覆底物为平均粒径在50nm的硅纳米颗粒,其包覆层的厚度为20nm,且包覆层均匀覆盖在包覆底物硅纳米颗粒的表面。经X射线衍射分析可知,构成包覆层的材料为磷酸钛。
实施例2
制备具有核-壳结构的磷酸钴包覆的酚醛树脂颗粒
1)将平均粒径400nm的3-氨基苯酚树脂颗粒0.3g、醋酸钴0.15g和尿素0.4g在60ml乙醇中混合配置成溶液A;
2)将植酸0.346ml分散于30ml乙醇中配置成溶液B;
3)在搅拌下将溶液B通过蠕动泵缓慢加入到溶液A中,并在25℃下继续反应5小时,经离心、洗涤、干燥,将得到的颗粒于500℃氩气气氛下煅烧3小时,得到磷酸钴包覆的酚醛树脂颗粒。
图2为本实施例的磷酸钴包覆的酚醛树脂颗粒的透射电镜照片。从图2中可以看出,本实施例的磷酸钴包覆的酚醛树脂颗粒为核-壳结构,构成本实施例核的包覆底物为平均粒径在400nm的酚醛树脂颗粒,其包覆层的厚度为20nm,且包覆层均匀覆盖在包覆底物酚醛树脂颗粒的表面。经X射线衍射分析可知,构成包覆层的材料为磷酸钴。
实施例3
制备具有核-壳结构的磷酸镍包覆的二氧化硅颗粒
1)将平均粒径400nm的二氧化硅颗粒0.3g、醋酸镍0.15g和尿素0.4g在60ml乙醇中混合配置成溶液A;
2)将植酸0.346ml分散于30ml乙醇中配置成溶液B;
3)在搅拌下将溶液B通过蠕动泵缓慢加入到溶液A中,并在25℃下继续反应5小时,经离心、洗涤、干燥,将得到的颗粒于500℃氩气气氛下煅烧3小时,得到磷酸镍包覆的二氧化硅颗粒。
图3为本实施例的磷酸镍包覆的二氧化硅颗粒的透射电镜照片。从图3中可以看出,本实施例的磷酸镍包覆的二氧化硅颗粒为核-壳结构,构成本实施例核的包覆底物为平均粒径在400nm的二氧化硅颗粒,其包覆层的厚度为20nm,且包覆层均匀覆盖在二氧化硅颗粒的表面。经X射线衍射分析可知,构成包覆层的材料为磷酸镍。
实施例4
制备具有核-壳结构的磷酸铌包覆的磷酸铁锂颗粒
1)将磷酸铁锂LiFePO4颗粒1g(粒径为100~500nm)、氯化铌0.152g和尿素0.4g在60ml乙醇中混合配置成溶液A;
2)将植酸0.346ml分散于30ml乙醇中配置成溶液B;
3)在搅拌下将溶液B通过蠕动泵缓慢加入到溶液A中,并在25℃下继续反应5小时,经离心、洗涤、干燥,将得到的颗粒于500℃空气气氛下煅烧3小时,得到磷酸铌包覆的磷酸铁锂颗粒。
图4为磷酸铌包覆的磷酸铁锂颗粒的透射电镜照片。从图4中可以看出,本实施例的磷酸铌包覆的磷酸铁锂颗粒为核-壳结构,构成本实施例核的包覆底物为平均粒径在100~500nm的磷酸铁锂颗粒,其包覆层厚度为10nm,且包覆层均匀覆盖在磷酸铁锂颗粒的表面。经X射线衍射分析可知,构成包覆层的材料为磷酸铌。
实施例5
制备具有核-壳结构的磷酸钽包覆的镍锰酸锂颗粒
1)将镍锰酸锂LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4颗粒1g(粒径为200~500nm)、氯化钽0.16g和尿素0.4g在60ml乙醇中混合配置成溶液A;
2)将植酸0.346ml分散于30ml乙醇中配置成溶液B;
3)在搅拌下将溶液B通过蠕动泵缓慢加入到溶液A中,并在25℃下继续反应5小时,经离心、洗涤、干燥,将得到的颗粒于500℃空气气氛下煅烧3小时,得到磷酸钽包覆的镍锰酸锂颗粒。
图5为本实施例的磷酸钽包覆的镍锰酸锂颗粒的透射电镜照片。从图5中可以看出,本实施例的磷酸钽包覆的镍锰酸锂颗粒为核-壳结构,构成本实施例核的包覆底物为平均粒径在200~500nm的镍锰酸锂颗粒,其包覆层厚度为8nm,且包覆层均匀覆盖在镍锰酸锂颗粒的表面。经X射线衍射分析可知,构成包覆层的材料为磷酸钽。
实施例6
制备具有核-壳结构的磷酸钛包覆的钴酸锂颗粒
1)将钴酸锂LiCoO2颗粒3g(粒径为1~10μm)、钛酸四丁酯0.2ml和尿素0.4g在60ml乙醇中混合配置成溶液A;
2)将植酸0.346ml分散于30ml乙醇中配置成溶液B;
3)在搅拌下将溶液B通过蠕动泵缓慢加入到溶液A中,并在25℃下继续反应5小时,经离心、洗涤、干燥,将得到的颗粒于500℃空气气氛下煅烧3小时,得到磷酸钛包覆的钴酸锂颗粒。
图6为本实施例磷酸钛包覆的钴酸锂颗粒的透射电镜照片。从图6中可以看出,本实施例的磷酸钛包覆的钴酸锂颗粒为核-壳结构,构成本实施例核的包覆底物为平均粒径在1~10μm的钴酸锂颗粒,其包覆层厚度为15nm,且包覆层均匀覆盖在钴酸锂颗粒的表面。经X射线衍射分析可知,构成包覆层的材料为磷酸钛。
实施例7
一、制备具有核-壳结构的磷酸钛包覆的镍钴锰酸锂颗粒
1)镍钴锰酸锂LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2颗粒3g(粒径为1~10μm)、钛酸四丁酯0.2ml和尿素0.4g在60ml乙醇中混合配置成溶液A;
2)将植酸0.346ml分散于30ml乙醇中配置成溶液B;
3)在搅拌下将溶液B通过蠕动泵缓慢加入到溶液A中,并在25℃下继续反应5小时,经离心、洗涤、干燥,将得到的颗粒于800℃氧气气氛下煅烧3小时,得到磷酸钛包覆的镍钴锰酸锂颗粒。
图7为本实施例的磷酸钛包覆的镍钴锰酸锂颗粒的透射电镜照片。从图7中可以看出,本实施例的磷酸钛包覆的镍钴锰酸锂颗粒为核-壳结构,构成其核的包覆底物为平均粒径在1~10μm的镍钴锰酸锂颗粒,其包覆层厚度为7nm,且包覆层均匀覆盖在镍钴锰酸锂颗粒的表面。经X射线衍射分析可知,构成包覆层的材料为磷酸钛。
实施例8
一、制备磷酸钛包覆的镍钴锰酸锂电极
将上述实施例7制备的磷酸钛包覆的镍钴锰酸锂颗粒0.16g与导电添加剂乙炔黑0.02g、粘结剂5%质量浓度的PVDF 0.4g和少许溶剂NMP混合,经制浆、涂片(铝片作为集流体)、干燥,得到磷酸钛包覆的镍钴锰酸锂电极,记为电极8。
二、组装电池
以上述制备的磷酸钛包覆的镍钴锰酸锂电极作为正极,与金属锂作为负极组装成电池,电解液选择浓度为1M的碳酸脂电解液,其中溶剂为DMC:DEC:EC=1:1:1(W/W/W),溶质为LiPF6。
对比例1
组装对比电池1,其不同之处在于,正极材料为未进行包覆的镍钴锰酸锂LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2正极颗粒材料,其余参照实施例8。
测试例
电池测试
使用充放电仪对上述实施例8和对比例1的电池进行恒电流充放电测试,充放电电流为20mA/g,测试电压区间为3~4.5V,测试温度为25℃。电池比容量和充放电电流均以镍钴锰酸锂的质量计算。
图8为电池8和对比电池1在20mA/g的充放电电流下的循环性能,由图可知,通过采用本发明的包覆型改性正极材料制备的电池,其首次放电比容量为193mAh/g;在经过100圈循环后放电比容量为165mAh/g,而未包覆的镍钴锰酸锂正极材料在循环后的放电比容量为143mAh/g。由此可见,本发明的包覆型改性正极材料具有更高的容量保持率和循环稳定性。
对比例2:
不添加尿素时在硅纳米颗粒表面的包覆
1)将平均粒径为50nm的硅纳米颗粒0.1g、钛酸四丁酯0.2ml在60ml乙醇中混合配置成溶液A;
2)将植酸0.346ml分散于30ml乙醇中配置成溶液B;
3)在搅拌下将溶液B通过蠕动泵缓慢加入到溶液A中,并在25℃室温下继续反应5小时,经离心、洗涤、干燥,将得到的颗粒于500℃氩气气氛下煅烧3小时,得到不均匀的磷酸钛包覆的硅纳米颗粒。
图9为本对比例的磷酸钛包覆的硅纳米颗粒的透射电镜照片,从图9中可以看出,本对比例得到的磷酸钛包覆的硅纳米颗粒表面包覆层不均匀。与实施例1对比可知,添加尿素后有利于获得更均匀的包覆层。
由此可知,当所述核结构的平均粒径在纳米级(例如为10nm~1μm)时,通过加入沉淀助剂(如尿素)更有利于形成更加均匀的包覆层。
以上,对本发明的示例性实施方式进行了说明。但是,本发明不拘囿于上述实施方式。本领域技术人员在本发明的精神和原则之内,所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (13)
1.一种可控构筑磷酸盐包覆层的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括:
1)配置溶液A,所述溶液A中至少含有:包覆底物和金属盐和沉淀助剂;所述沉淀助剂选自尿素、甲酰胺、乙酰胺、丙酰胺、三乙醇胺、六次甲基四胺、氨水、甲酸铵、乙酸铵、丙酸铵、碳酸氢铵、碳酸铵、磷酸铵、磷酸氢二铵、磷酸二氢铵、氢氧化锂、氢氧化钠和氢氧化钾中的至少一种;所述沉淀助剂的浓度为0.05~0.5mol/L;所述沉淀助剂的加入有利于形成更加均匀的包覆层;
2)配置溶液B,所述溶液中至少含有沉淀剂;所述沉淀剂选自植酸;所述沉淀剂的浓度为0.02~0.2mol/L;
3)将所述溶液B缓慢加入所述溶液A中,沉淀剂、金属盐通过共沉淀反应,在包覆底物的颗粒表面原位生长形成含有磷和金属的包覆层的中间体;所述反应的温度为10~40℃;
4)将步骤3)所制备的包覆层的中间体经煅烧处理,得到含有磷酸盐包覆层的核-壳结构颗粒;
所述包覆底物选自金属、非金属、碳化物、氮化物、氧化物、硫化物、磷化物、磷酸盐、锂盐、有机物颗粒中的至少一种;
所述金属选自钌、铑、钯、银、铂、金、锗、锡、锑及其合金中的至少一种;
所述非金属选自碳、硅、磷、硫、硒中的至少一种;
所述碳化物选自碳化钛、碳化钒、碳化铬、碳化钽、碳化钨、碳化硼、碳化硅中的至少一种;
所述氮化物选自氮化钛、氮化钒、氮化铌、氮化钨、氮化硼、氮化硅、氮化磷中的至少一种;
所述氧化物选自二氧化硅、二氧化钛、五氧化二钒、二氧化锰、四氧化三锰、三氧化二铁、四氧化三铁、四氧化三钴、氧化镍、氧化锆、氧化钼、氧化铟锡、氧化锡、锂镧锆氧、中的至少一种;
所述硫化物选自二硫化钛、硫化铁、硫化钴、硫化镍、硫化钼、硫化锡、硫化锑中的至少一种;
所述磷化物选自磷化钛、磷化铁、磷化钴、磷化镍、磷化钼、磷化锡中的至少一种;
所述磷酸盐选自磷酸肽、焦磷酸钛、磷酸肽锂、磷酸钛铝锂、磷酸钒锂、磷酸钒钠、磷酸铁、磷酸铁锂、磷酸铁锰锂、磷酸钴锂中的至少一种;
所述锂盐选自锰酸锂、钴酸锂、镍酸锂、镍锰酸锂、镍钴锰酸锂、富锂镍钴锰酸锂中的至少一种;
所述有机物选自酚醛树脂、脲醛树脂、三聚氰胺数值、聚苯乙烯中的至少一种;
所述金属盐为含有与所述沉淀剂发生配位沉淀的金属元素的金属盐;所述金属盐中含有镁、铝、钛、铬、钴、镍、锗、锆、铌、钼、钽、钨或镧金属元素中的至少一种。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述溶液A和溶液B中还包含下述溶剂中的至少一种:水、甲醇、乙醇、乙二醇、丙醇、异丙醇、丙二醇、正丁醇、乙腈、丙酮。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述溶液A和溶液B中的溶剂为乙醇。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,溶液A中,所述包覆底物浓度为0.1~150g/L;
溶液A中,所述金属盐的浓度为0.001~0.1mol/L。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤3)在搅拌条件下进行;
步骤3)中,溶液B加入溶液A的方法为通过蠕动泵滴加;
步骤3)中,所述反应的时间为1~24h;
步骤4)中,所述煅烧的气氛选自空气、氧气、氮气、氩气中的至少一种;
步骤4)中,所述煅烧的温度为400~900℃,所述煅烧的时间为1~10h。
6.一种含有磷酸盐包覆层的核-壳结构颗粒,其特征在于,所述的含有磷酸盐包覆层的核-壳结构颗粒通过权利要求1-5任一项所述的方法制备得到,其中,核结构选自权利要求3中所述的包覆底物,所述磷酸盐包覆层在核结构表面原位生长,所述磷酸盐包覆层均匀、连续、完整。
7.根据权利要求6所述的核-壳结构颗粒,其特征在于,所述磷酸盐包覆层选自磷酸镁、磷酸铝、磷酸钛、磷酸铬、磷酸钴、磷酸镍、磷酸锗、磷酸锆、磷酸铌、磷酸钼、磷酸钽、磷酸钨、磷酸镧中的至少一种。
8.根据权利要求6所述的核-壳结构颗粒,其特征在于,所述含有磷酸盐包覆层的核-壳结构颗粒选自磷酸钛包覆硅纳米颗粒、磷酸钴包覆酚醛树脂、磷酸镍包覆二氧化硅、磷酸铌包覆磷酸铁锂、磷酸钽包覆镍锰酸锂、磷酸镧包覆钴酸锂、磷酸钛包覆镍钴锰酸锂颗粒中的至少一种;
所述包覆层的厚度为1~200nm;
所述核结构的平均粒径为10nm~10μm。
9.根据权利要求8所述的核-壳结构颗粒,其特征在于,所述包覆层的厚度为1~20nm;
所述核结构的平均粒径为10 nm ~1μm。
10.一种根据权利要求6-9任一项所述的含有磷酸盐包覆层的核-壳结构颗粒在锂离子电池中的应用。
11.一种正极材料,其特征在于,所述正极材料包含权利要求6-9任一项所述的含有磷酸盐包覆层的核-壳结构颗粒。
12.一种高能量型储锂器件,其特征在于,所述高能量型储锂器件包含权利要求6-9任一项所述的含有磷酸盐包覆层的核-壳结构颗粒或权利要求11所述的正极材料。
13.根据权利要求12所述的高能量型储锂器件,其特征在于,所述高能量型储锂器件为锂离子电池。
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