CN114231452A

CN114231452A - Soil improvement method for crop planting

Info

Publication number: CN114231452A
Application number: CN202111546264.3A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 张怡; 肖云璐; 钟苹; 李雪
Original assignee: Sichuan Yunran Landscape Engineering Co ltd
Current assignee: Sichuan Yunran Landscape Engineering Co ltd
Priority date: 2021-12-16
Filing date: 2021-12-16
Publication date: 2022-03-25
Anticipated expiration: 2041-12-16
Also published as: CN114231452B

Abstract

The invention provides a soil improvement method for crop planting, and firstly provides a microbial agent which comprises an activated strain and comprises the following components in parts by weight: 1-10 parts of saccharomycetes, 0.1-5 parts of nitrobacteria, 0.5-5 parts of lactic acid bacteria, 0.1-5 parts of bacillus, 0.1-2 parts of photosynthetic bacteria and 0.1-5 parts of actinomycetes; the invention also provides a soil conditioner prepared by using the microbial agent. The method of the invention adopts the soil conditioner to improve the soil, can reduce the nutrient consumption in the soil to the maximum extent, and ensures the nutrient sufficiency of the planted plants, thereby promoting the normal growth and reproduction of crops.

Description

Soil improvement method for crop planting

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of soil improvement, in particular to a soil improvement method for crop planting.

Background

The soil improvement refers to a series of technical measures for removing or preventing adverse factors influencing crop growth and causing soil degradation, improving soil properties, improving soil fertility and creating good soil environmental conditions for crops by applying theories and technologies of multiple subjects such as soil science, biology, ecology and the like. The basic measures comprise: the method comprises the following steps of firstly, improving soil water conservancy, for example, establishing farmland drainage and irrigation projects, adjusting underground water level, improving soil moisture condition, and removing and preventing swamp formation and salinization; secondly, improving soil engineering, such as applying engineering measures of land leveling, terrace building, flood diversion, silt overflowing and the like to improve soil conditions; thirdly, soil biological improvement, namely, various biological ways (such as planting green manure) are applied to increase soil organic matters so as to improve soil fertility, or a protection forest is built to prevent water and soil loss and the like; fourthly, soil cultivation improvement, namely improving soil conditions by improving a cultivation method; and fifthly, chemically improving the soil, such as applying chemical fertilizers and various soil conditioners and the like to improve the soil fertility, improve the soil structure, eliminate soil pollution and the like.

Microorganisms are used in agricultural production in a very wide range of applications. The beneficial microorganisms in the microbial fertilizer can generate carbohydrate, and the carbohydrate can be combined with plant mucus, mineral embryo and organic colloid together, so that the granular structure of the soil can be improved, the physical property of the soil can be enhanced, the loss of soil particles can be reduced, and the carbohydrate can also participate in the formation of humus under certain conditions, so that the physical property of the soil can be improved by applying the microbial fertilizer, and the improvement of the soil fertility is facilitated.

The existing soil improvement method directly mixes microorganisms into soil, but certain nutrients are consumed in the propagation process of the microorganisms, so that a large part of the nutrients in the soil can be consumed by a large amount of increased microorganisms, the propagation condition of the microorganisms in the soil is not ideal, the nutrients of planted plants cannot be sufficient, and the normal growth and propagation of trees are influenced finally.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a soil improvement method for crop planting, which can reduce the consumption of nutrients in soil to the maximum extent and ensure the sufficient nutrients of crops, thereby promoting the normal growth and reproduction of the crops.

The inventor discovers in the soil improvement method that saccharomycetes, nitrobacteria, lactic acid bacteria and bacillus have a certain promotion effect on the growth of plants, but the disease-resistant effect on the plants is not ideal, and through continuous experimental research, the saccharomycetes, the nitrobacteria, the lactic acid bacteria, the bacillus, the photosynthetic bacteria and the actinomycetes are matched together to be used for improving the soil, so that the content of effective nutrient elements in the soil can be improved, the growth of plant pathogenic bacteria can be inhibited, the disease-resistant effect is achieved, and the immunity of the plants is improved.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:

the invention aims to provide a microbial agent, which comprises an activated strain, wherein each kg of the activated strain comprises the following components in parts by weight: 1-10 parts of saccharomycetes, 0.1-5 parts of nitrobacteria, 0.5-5 parts of lactic acid bacteria, 0.1-5 parts of bacillus, 0.1-2 parts of photosynthetic bacteria and 0.1-5 parts of actinomycetes.

The yeast, nitrobacteria, lactobacillus, bacillus, photosynthetic bacteria and actinomycetes are all powder.

Further, the activated strain comprises the following components in parts by weight: 2-6 parts of saccharomycetes, 0.5-2 parts of nitrobacteria, 1-3 parts of lactic acid bacteria, 0.5-3 parts of bacillus, 0.5-1 part of photosynthetic bacteria and 0.5-2 parts of actinomycetes.

Further, yeast: nitrifying bacteria: lactic acid bacteria: bacillus: photosynthetic bacteria: the mass ratio of the actinomycetes is 4:2:2:3:1: 1.

The preparation method of the microbial agent comprises the following steps: adding 1-2 kg of brown sugar and 6-9 kg of sterile water into 1kg of activated strain, sealing and storing for 4-8 h to obtain 10kg of strain stock solution, and diluting the stock solution by 50 times to obtain the activated strain.

The second purpose of the invention is to provide a soil conditioner, which comprises the following contents:

(1) mixing and stacking straw powder and soil, and fermenting to obtain a microbial fertilizer; activating a microbial agent, mixing the activated microbial agent with straw powder to obtain a mixture 1, mixing the mixture with a microbial fertilizer, stacking, and fermenting to obtain a mixture 2;

(2) carbonizing the straws to obtain biochar;

(3) an egg shell powder.

The soil conditioner of the invention can be used for planting plants, including but not limited to arbors, herbages, vines and crops.

The multi-carbon aromatic structure contained in the biochar is difficult to degrade by microorganisms, the carbon can be fixed in soil for a long time, the carbon storage capacity of the soil is increased, meanwhile, nutrient substances can be slowly released for plant growth and utilization, the biochar also has the effects of improving soil fertility, promoting crop growth and adsorbing heavy metal elements in the soil, sufficient nutrient substances are introduced by combining fermented straw powder, the change process of the microorganisms to the soil environment can be fully propagated, and the sufficiency of nutrients in the soil is ensured.

The microorganism can be attached and propagated in the porous structure of the biochar, so that the normal propagation of the microorganism is ensured, the soil environment is effectively improved, and the crops have better normal growth environment and survival rate. The active strain can be used for generating beneficial substances such as antioxidants and the like while supporting the activities of other microorganisms, eliminating putrefaction, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria, forming a good growth environment and improving the immunity of plants.

Further, the mass ratio of the straw powder to the soil in the step (1) is 1: 80-120, preferably 1: 100;

the fermentation conditions were: the temperature is 5-55 ℃, and the fermentation time is 3-15 d; further, the fermentation condition is that the temperature is 10-50 ℃ and the fermentation time is 5-8 d.

(2) Medium straw powder: the mass ratio of the activated microbial fertilizer is 1: 2-6, and further 1: 4.

(3) Mixture 1 in (1): the mass ratio of the microbial fertilizer is 1-3: 2-8, and further is 2: 5;

the fermentation conditions were: the temperature is 40-60 ℃, and the time is 5-15 d; further, the temperature is 50 ℃ and the time is 8-10 days.

Further, in the step (4), the carbonization temperature is 400-680 ℃, and the carbonization time is 220-300 min.

The third purpose of the invention is to provide a soil improvement method for crop planting, which is used for improving soil by using the soil improvement agent and comprises the following steps:

s1, taking out soil surface layer soil with the thickness of 15-35 cm, laying biochar on the soil surface after deep ploughing the soil, laying the biochar with the thickness of 5-10 cm, spreading lime 280-320 kg/mu, laying mixture 2 with the thickness of 3-5 cm, laying the surface layer soil, and fermenting for 2-7 weeks;

s2, uniformly mixing all the mixture after being covered by surface soil and fermented for 2-7 weeks with 10-20 kg/mu of eggshell powder, turning over the soil, wherein the mass ratio of biomass charcoal amount to soil amount is 20-40: 1000, and obtaining the improved soil for planting crops.

According to the invention, lime is used, so that the pH value of soil can be improved, and the respiration intensity and the enzyme activity in the soil can be effectively improved; the egg shell is used as a phosphate fertilizer, so that the crop yield is increased, the quality is improved, the tillering of grain crops is accelerated, the grain plumping is promoted, and the sugar content of beet, watermelon and the like and the oil content of rapeseed are increased.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

(1) according to the invention, the microbial fertilizer obtained by fermenting the straw powder is mixed with the active strains, a proper bacterial variety can be selectively selected for mass propagation, and then the bacteria are mixed with the fermented mixture, lime and eggshell powder and then spread in soil, so that the soil problem can be accurately improved.

(2) The method can reduce the nutrient consumption in the soil to the maximum extent and ensure the nutrient sufficiency of crops, thereby promoting the normal growth and reproduction of the arbor.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions of the present invention are described clearly and completely below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, not all embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

In the embodiment, if the range value appears, it is understood that any end value of the two ends or any value in the middle of the two ends can be selected.

Example 1

A method of improving soil for crop planting comprising the steps of:

1. preparing biochar, selecting a straw raw material, screening and removing metal and broken stone impurities in the straw raw material, crushing the straw raw material, screening by using a screen with 300-400 meshes, putting the screened straw powder into a drying furnace, drying the straw powder by the drying furnace, and putting the dried straw powder into a carbonization furnace for carbonization, wherein the temperature of the carbonization furnace is kept between 400 ℃ and 680 ℃, the working time of the carbonization furnace is kept at 260min, the heating speed of the carbonization furnace is kept between 40 ℃ and 60 ℃/min, when the biochar is taken out after carbonization is completed, the surface of the biochar is timely extinguished by open fire, the biochar is naturally cooled to 60 ℃, and the biochar finished product is obtained after stacking for 24 hours.

2. Preparing a microbial fertilizer, selecting straw powder and mixing the straw powder with soil particles (the mass ratio of the straw powder to the soil particles is 1:100) to obtain a mixture, uniformly mixing the mixture, stacking and placing the mixture, performing a fermentation process, keeping the temperature between 10 and 50 ℃ in the fermentation process, turning the stacked mixture once every 5 to 10 hours in the fermentation process, and keeping the fermentation time between 5 and 8 days, thus obtaining the microbial fertilizer through the decomposition effect.

3. Preparing an activated strain solution: 2-6 parts of saccharomycetes, 0.5-2 parts of nitrobacteria, 1-3 parts of lactic acid bacteria, 0.5-2 parts of bacillus, 0.5-1 part of photosynthetic bacteria and 0.5-2 parts of actinomycetes; yeast: nitrifying bacteria: lactic acid bacteria: bacillus: photosynthetic bacteria: the mass ratio of the actinomycetes to the actinomycetes is 4:2:2:3:1:1, 1kg of the actinomycetes is added with 1kg of brown sugar and 8kg of sterile water, the mixture is sealed and stored for 5-7 hours, and then 10kg of strain stock solution can be prepared and used after being diluted by 50 times; 1kg of activated strain should not be mixed with antibiotics, insecticides, bactericides, disinfectants and the like.

4. Mixing straw powder with diluted activated strain solution (the mass ratio of the straw powder to the activated strain solution is 1:4) to obtain a mixture 1 of microorganisms and nutrient components; and (3) mixing the mixture 1 and the microbial fertilizer obtained in the mixture 2 (the mass ratio of the mixture 1 to the microbial fertilizer is 2:5), stacking, covering by using a plastic film, turning the stack when the temperature reaches 50 ℃, turning the stack once every 3 days, and integrally stacking and fermenting for 8-10 days to obtain a mixture 2.

5. Drying raw egg shells in the air, and then crushing for later use.

6. Taking down surface soil of soil to be improved, wherein the thickness of the surface soil is 15-35 cm, then deeply ploughing the soil to be improved, keeping the deep ploughing depth at 20-45 cm, and smashing hardened soil blocks without obvious large soil blocks.

7. And (3) paving the biochar finished product obtained in the step (1) on the surface of the soil after deep ploughing, spreading a layer of lime of 300 kg/mu, paving a mixture 2 of 3-5 cm, and finally covering the surface soil.

8. Covering surface soil, fermenting for 3-5 weeks, then uniformly scattering 15 kg/mu of eggshell powder, turning over the soil for 3-4 times to fully mix the soil with the mixture, the biochar and other substances, controlling the ratio of the amount of the biochar to the amount of the soil to be 20:1000, planting corn on the soil, and continuously planting for two years to obtain the improved soil.

Example 2

A method of improving soil for crop planting comprising the steps of:

3. Preparing an activated strain solution: 2-6 parts of saccharomycetes, 0.5-2 parts of nitrobacteria, 1-3 parts of lactic acid bacteria, 0.5-2 parts of bacillus, 0.5-1 part of photosynthetic bacteria and 0.5-2 parts of actinomycetes; nitrifying bacteria: lactic acid bacteria: bacillus: photosynthetic bacteria: the mass ratio of the actinomycetes to the actinomycetes is 4:2:2:3:1:1, 1kg of the actinomycetes is added with 1kg of brown sugar and 8kg of sterile water, the mixture is sealed and stored for 5-7 hours, and then 10kg of strain stock solution can be prepared and used after being diluted by 50 times; 1kg of activated strain should not be mixed with antibiotics, insecticides, bactericides, disinfectants and the like.

5. Drying raw egg shells in the air, and then crushing for later use.

8. Covering surface soil, fermenting for 3-5 weeks, then uniformly scattering 15 kg/mu of eggshell powder, turning over the soil for 3-4 times to fully mix the soil with the mixture, the biochar and other substances, controlling the ratio of the amount of the biochar to the amount of the soil to be 30:1000, planting corn on the soil, and continuously planting for two years to obtain the improved soil.

Example 3

A method of improving soil for crop planting comprising the steps of:

5. Drying raw egg shells in the air, and then crushing for later use.

8. Covering surface soil, fermenting for 3-5 weeks, then uniformly scattering 15 kg/mu of eggshell powder, turning over the soil for 3-4 times to fully mix the soil with the mixture, the biochar and other substances, controlling the ratio of the amount of the biochar to the amount of the soil to be 40:1000, planting corn on the soil, and continuously planting for two years to obtain the improved soil.

Comparative example 1

The growth of the corn of examples 1-3 was compared to a blank (without biochar) and the results are shown in Table 1:

TABLE 1

The pH value of the soil is positively correlated with the content of the added biochar, and the acid soil can be effectively improved. The microbial content in the soil is firstly increased along with the gradual increase of the addition amount of the biochar, but the microbial content is slightly reduced when the addition amount of the biochar is continuously increased, and the microbial content is highest when the biochar content is 30 g/Kg; the content of organic carbon increases with the addition of biochar, but the content of organic carbon gradually decreases with the passage of time, the content of organic carbon in example 1 (decreased to 18.3g/Kg) and the blank group (decreased to 7.4g/Kg) changes smoothly, and the decrease of examples 2 and 3 after 8 months is large, which are respectively: 17.8g/Kg and 18.4g/Kg, but the growth conditions of corn are relatively good, and the best growth is obtained in example 2, and the yield per mu is highest.

Comparative example 2

Pot culture test of microorganism activating strain: classification into 3 categories: firstly, 2 to 6 parts of microzyme, 0.5 to 2 parts of nitrobacteria, 1 to 3 parts of lactic acid bacteria, 0.5 to 2 parts of bacillus, 0.5 to 1 part of photosynthetic bacteria and 0.5 to 2 parts of actinomycetes; secondly, 2 to 6 parts of microzyme, 1 to 3 parts of azotobacter, 1 to 8 parts of lactobacillus, 1 to 4 parts of phosphate solubilizing bacteria, 0.5 to 2 parts of bacillus and 0.5 to 2 parts of actinomycetes; thirdly, microzyme (2-6 shares), azotobacter (1-3 shares), potassium bacteria (2-8 shares), phosphate bacteria (1-4 shares) and photosynthetic bacteria (0.5-2 shares). In the 3 types of strain combinations, the mass ratio of each strain is 4:2:2:3:1:1 in the front-back sequence, and the strain is mixed with the biochar respectively, and the specific operation steps and the method are the same as the embodiment.

The obtained mixed soil was filled into plastic pots, 5 watermelon seedlings were planted in each pot, data statistics on relevant indexes and changes were started 15 days after planting, and the results were compared with those of a blank group CK (without addition of activated strain) and are shown in table 2.

TABLE 2

The data in table 2 show that the effect of using different combinations of active species is significant compared to CK, and the indexes of soil nutrients are all effectively improved: the test group of the content of available phosphorus in the soil has good effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, and has no big difference with the first group; the content of quick-acting potassium in the soil is superior to that of the other two groups; the content of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen in the soil is more than two, the effect is good, more than two, and the content of available nitrogen for plants is increased because nitrifying bacteria perform nitrogen circulation by taking oxygen as a final electron acceptor. The nitrogen fixing bacteria are good at converting nitrogen in the air into nitrogen fertilizer, and the advantages are not obvious in a short time. Indexes of blight of watermelon seedlings of the first, second, third and CK groups after 15 days of planting are respectively 2.01%, 2.53%, 3.56% and 28.9%, lactic acid bacteria can absorb saccharides generated by photosynthetic bacteria and saccharomycetes to generate lactic acid to inhibit organic matter decay, and the sterilization effect is very strong. The addition of the activated strain can not only enable the soil to generate beneficial substances, increase the microbial content and reduce the fermentation time, but also generate antioxidant, eliminate putrefaction, inhibit pathogenic bacteria of watermelon fusarium wilt, form a good growth environment and improve the immunity of plants, thereby effectively improving the yield.

Therefore, it is preferable to use a composite strain of a combination of yeast, nitrifying bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, bacillus, photosynthetic bacteria, and actinomycetes as an activated strain for producing the microbial fertilizer.

Comparative example 3

Pot culture test of activated strain dosage ratio:

the experiment was set up with 3 treatment groups, T1: the ratio of the using amount (weight ratio) of the yeast, the nitrobacteria, the lactic acid bacteria, the bacillus, the photosynthetic bacteria and the actinomycetes is 2:2:1:1:1: 1; t2: the ratio of the yeast, the nitrobacteria, the lactic acid bacteria, the bacillus, the photosynthetic bacteria and the actinomycetes is 4:2:2:3:1: 1; t3 yeast, nitrobacteria, lactobacillus, bacillus, photosynthetic bacteria and actinomycetes in the ratio of 4:1:2:2:0.5: 0.5. The remaining operations were unchanged and tomato potting experiments were performed with the results shown in table 3.

TABLE 3

Table 3 the results show that: the treatment effect of T2 is good, which shows that the mixture ratio of the strains enables the strains to better interact with each other, and effectively improves the organic matter content of the soil; the photosynthetic bacteria can promote photosynthesis of plants, convert solar energy into energy and nutrient substances required by growth, and effectively increase the vitamin C content of the tomatoes; the nitrifying bacteria can effectively improve the salinization, so that the lycopene content shows the result that T2 is more than T3 is more than T1. And finally, selecting a proper mixture ratio from the view of overall data: the proportion of the yeast, the nitrobacteria, the lactic acid bacteria, the bacillus, the photosynthetic bacteria and the actinomycetes is 4:2:2:3:1:1, so that the optimal effect can be achieved, meanwhile, the application of the fertilizer can be effectively reduced by using the microbial activated strain, the soil pollution is reduced, the hardened and saline-alkaline conditions of the soil are improved, and the ecological restoration and the agricultural sustainable development are facilitated.

Comparative example 4

The control group mainly comprises biochar made of different raw materials, 3 different gradient planted rice are arranged for screening, and the specific steps are the same as those in example 1. The relevant test data are reported in table 4:

TABLE 4

The results show that the straw biochar has advantages in carbonization temperature and time due to good combustion characteristics, labor cost and time can be saved, meanwhile, the effective phosphorus content is much higher than that of biochar made of branches and wood, and the disease resistance of rice can be effectively improved due to the fact that ash of the straw is rich in silicon and potassium, and the yield is improved. The organic matter content is increased with the increase of the using amount after the biochar is applied to the soil, but the difference between different raw materials is not obvious.

Comparative example 5

In the comparative example, on the basis of mainly using straw biochar (30 g/kg of biochar is selected to be mixed with soil), lime and egg shells are not added in the test group 1; only lime was added to test group 2; only egg shells were added to test group 3; the test group 4 was supplemented with lime and egg shells and the rest of the procedure was identical to that of example 2. Comparative tests were carried out with rapeseeds planted in the soil, the results and test data statistics are given in table 5:

TABLE 5

The result shows that the lime can effectively improve the pH value of the acid soil, and the effect is more obvious by combining with the biochar; but also can effectively promote the activities and decomposition and digestion of beneficial microorganisms, increase the accumulation of effective nitrogen in soil and promote the release of organic phosphorus. The egg shell can be used as a phosphate fertilizer, so that the yield of rapeseeds is increased, the quality of the rapeseeds is improved, and the oil content is increased. However, the use of lime and egg shells is not obvious on the plant height of the rapeseeds, and the combined use of the lime and the egg shells enables the rapeseeds to be effectively improved on the whole level.

Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. The microbial agent comprises an activated strain and is characterized in that the activated strain comprises the following components in parts by weight: 1-10 parts of saccharomycetes, 0.1-5 parts of nitrobacteria, 0.5-5 parts of lactic acid bacteria, 0.1-5 parts of bacillus, 0.1-2 parts of photosynthetic bacteria and 0.1-5 parts of actinomycetes.

2. The microbial agent according to claim 1, wherein the activated strain comprises the following components in parts by weight: 2-6 parts of saccharomycetes, 0.5-2 parts of nitrobacteria, 1-3 parts of lactic acid bacteria, 0.5-3 parts of bacillus, 0.5-1 part of photosynthetic bacteria and 0.5-2 parts of actinomycetes.

3. The microbial inoculant according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the yeast: nitrifying bacteria: lactic acid bacteria: bacillus: photosynthetic bacteria: the mass ratio of the actinomycetes is 4:2:2:3:1: 1.

4. The microbial agent according to any one of claims 1 to 3, which is prepared by a method comprising: adding 1-2 kg of brown sugar and 6-9 kg of sterile water into 1kg of activated strain, sealing and storing for 4-8 h to obtain 10kg of strain stock solution, and diluting the stock solution by 50 times to obtain the activated strain.

5. A soil conditioner is characterized by comprising the following components:

(1) mixing and stacking straw powder and soil, and fermenting to obtain a microbial fertilizer; activating the microbial agent of claim 4, and mixing with straw powder to obtain a mixture 1; mixing the mixture 1 with a microbial fertilizer, stacking and fermenting to obtain a mixture 2;

(2) carbonizing the straws to obtain biochar;

(3) an egg shell powder.

6. A soil conditioner as claimed in claim 5, wherein the mass ratio of the straw powder to the soil in (1) is 1: 80-120, preferably 1: 100;

7. A soil amendment according to claim 5, wherein the ratio of straw powder in (2): the mass ratio of the activated microbial fertilizer is 1: 2-6, and further 1: 4.

8. A soil amendment according to claim 5, wherein in (3), the mixture of 1: the mass ratio of the microbial fertilizer is 1-3: 2-8, and further is 2: 5;

9. A soil conditioner as claimed in claim 5, wherein the temperature of carbonization in (4) is 400 to 680 ℃ and the time of carbonization is 220 to 300 min.

10. A soil improvement method for crop planting, characterized in that the soil is improved by the soil improvement agent according to any one of claims 5 to 9, comprising the following steps: