CN114223449B - Ecological restoration method for mangrove forest in difficult site - Google Patents
Ecological restoration method for mangrove forest in difficult site Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G23/00—Forestry
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/40—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure
- A01G24/44—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure in block, mat or sheet form
- A01G24/46—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor characterised by their structure in block, mat or sheet form multi-layered
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/28—Raised beds; Planting beds; Edging elements for beds, lawn or the like, e.g. tiles
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Ecology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The application provides a method for ecologically repairing mangrove forests in difficult places, which comprises the steps of selecting a proper elevation range in a difficult place to be repaired in strong stormy waves, paving a planting bed foundation structure comprising a silt layer, a bamboo raft net and a water filtering layer, constructing a mud-protecting strip-shaped weir body, a bamboo basket planting container, a solid soil layer comprising a laminated geotechnical cloth layer and a plant fiber layer and four guard lines of a row-shaped pine pile, and fixing mangrove seedlings close to one side of a wave-eliminating pile by adopting a supporting frame to further stabilize the root systems of the mangrove seedlings from being influenced by strong stormy waves. The method can effectively control the sedimentation of the planting bed, is beneficial to smooth drainage, and provides a good growing environment for the mangrove seedlings; meanwhile, the impact of strong wind waves on the mangrove seedlings is reduced, the serious loss of planting soil is avoided, and the survival rate of the mangrove seedlings is greatly improved; therefore, the ecological restoration method has good effect on the ecological restoration of mangrove forest and provides important guiding significance for the restoration of mangrove forest in difficult places.
Description
Technical Field
The application belongs to the technical field of ecological restoration, and particularly relates to a difficult site mangrove forest ecological restoration method.
Background
Mangrove is woody plant community growing in estuary coastal intertidal zone and immersed by periodic seawater, which not only provides food, habitat and breeding place for various organisms in mangrove ecological system, but also has ecological functions of purifying water quality, protecting coast, fixing dyke, etc. Mangrove can fix stagnancy and repair various terrestrial pollutants (heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants and the like), and has important effect on protecting the environmental health of coasts. With the deep knowledge of the ecological value of mangroves, the improvement of the ecological environment in coastal areas by constructing mangroves is receiving more and more attention. In recent years, a great number of ecological restoration researches of mangroves have been carried out at home and abroad, and the recovery theory and technology of the mangroves under the condition of pleasant forest lands are basically mastered. Low salinity, low stormy waves and low tidal water flow rate are ideal conditions for a suitable forest land of mangrove. However, numerous difficult standing beaches (e.g., strong wind wave beaches, gravel beaches, high salinity beaches, deep water beaches, etc.) are distributed in coastal areas, and thus, the difficulty of constructing mangrove forests is increased.
The construction of mangrove forests in difficult places can obviously improve the local ecological environment, and has important ecological significance. The study on the surface elevation of a mangrove planted by selecting polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes with different specifications on a deep water bare beach for fixing the mangrove and ensuring the growth of the nursery stock shows that the specification of the pipe barrel has obvious influence on the growth of the nursery stock, and the growth of the nursery stock is limited by the pipe barrel with small specification along with the growth of the nursery stock, and in the later-stage management and protection, the survival rate of the mangrove is reduced due to soil loss, floater coverage and pulling and typhoon in the pipe barrel. The scholars suggest that the bamboo poles can be used as supporting tools for the mangrove seedlings under the condition that the storms in the mangrove planting area are large, but the wind resistance of the independent supporting tools is extremely small. The method is characterized in that a learner implants mangrove seedlings into three-layer maintenance sandbags, a T-shaped part is formed by connecting a cross rod and a vertical rod to fix the mangrove plants on the windward side, and a protective pile is arranged at the offshore end 2-5m away from the front edge of a low tide line, but the method cannot effectively resist the scouring of sea waves to planting soil, is difficult to protect the stability of mangrove plant root seedlings, is complex to operate and is not beneficial to popularization of mangrove forest ecological restoration engineering.
Disclosure of Invention
The application aims to provide an ecological restoration method for a mangrove forest in a difficult place, and aims to solve the technical problem of how to better restore the mangrove forest in the difficult place.
In order to achieve the purposes of the application, the technical scheme adopted by the application is as follows:
the application provides a method for ecologically restoring mangrove forests in difficult places, which comprises the following steps:
determining planting elevation at difficult sites of strong stormy waves: taking the yellow sea elevation as a reference, and taking a mangrove planting area as a vertically upward 0.7-1.5 m; the yellow sea elevation area is a first planting area, the yellow sea elevation area is a second planting area, the first planting area is used for planting at least one of avicennia marina, tung flower trees and black sea olive, and the second planting area is used for planting at least one of avicennia marina, tung flower trees, brucea javanica, black sea olive, autumn eggplant, acanthus trifoliatus and olive;
determining a planting boundary at the difficult site, and setting a slope >1 on a side of the planting boundary near the mangrove planting area: 5 a mud-protecting band-shaped weir body;
constructing a planting bed foundation structure in the mangrove planting area: the foundation structure of the planting bed is sequentially provided with a silt layer, a bamboo raft net and a water filtering layer from bottom to top;
laying a bamboo basket planting container on a water filtering layer of the planting bed foundation structure;
backfilling planting soil in the bamboo basket planting container, and soaking the planting soil by using seawater to ensure that the planting soil meets the following conditions: the pH value is 5.0-7.5, and the soil volume weight is less than or equal to 1.2g/cm 3 The total porosity is more than or equal to 50%, the total salt content is less than or equal to 1.2ms/cm, the organic matter is more than or equal to 25g/kg, the total nitrogen is more than or equal to 1.3g/kg, the total phosphorus is more than or equal to 0.6g/kg, and the total potassium is more than or equal to 27g/kg;
paving a soil-fixing layer on the planting soil, wherein the soil-fixing layer comprises a geotechnical cloth layer and a plant fiber layer which are sequentially laminated; wetting the solid soil layer, and then planting red saplings corresponding to the first planting area and the second planting area respectively;
and a row of pine piles are arranged between the mud-protecting strip-shaped weir body and the planting bed, the mangrove seedlings close to one side of the pine piles in the planting bed are fixed by using a supporting frame, and then later maintenance and observation are carried out.
According to the ecological restoration method for the mangrove forest in the difficult site, provided by the application, a proper elevation range is selected in a difficult site to be restored in strong stormy waves, and a planting bed foundation structure sequentially comprising a silt layer, a bamboo raft net and a water filtering layer is paved, so that the planting bed foundation structure can effectively control the sedimentation of a planting bed, is beneficial to smooth drainage, and provides a good growth environment for mangrove seedlings; meanwhile, a mud-protecting banded weir body, a bamboo basket planting container, a solid soil layer containing a laminated geotechnical cloth layer and a plant fiber layer and row-shaped pine piles are constructed, through the four defense lines, the impact of strong storms on red seedlings is reduced, the serious loss of planting soil is effectively avoided, and the survival rate of the red seedlings is improved to 85.5% -95%; in addition, the mangrove seedlings close to one side of the pine piles are fixed by the support frame, so that the mangrove root seedlings are further stabilized and are not affected by strong wind waves. The measures are buckled layer by layer, are inexhaustible, have strong operability and high practicability, and finally screen representative indexes (such as coverage rate, survival rate, lodging rate and plant growth condition) from the perspective of ecological restoration engineering to evaluate restoration effects, and have good advantages in index results, so that the restoration effects are displayed. Therefore, the ecological restoration method provided by the application has a good effect on the ecological restoration of mangroves, and provides important guiding significance for the restoration of mangroves in difficult places.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the drawings required for the description of the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is apparent that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, and other drawings may be obtained according to these drawings without inventive effort for a person skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a difficult site structure formed by the ecological restoration method of a difficult site mangrove forest provided by the embodiment of the application;
fig. 2 is a live view diagram formed by the ecological restoration method of the difficult site mangrove forest provided by the embodiment of the application.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical problems, technical schemes and beneficial effects to be solved more clear, the application is further described in detail below with reference to the embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the application.
In the present application, "at least one" means one or more, and "a plurality" means two or more. "at least one of" or the like means any combination of these items, including any combination of single item(s) or plural items(s).
It should be understood that, in various embodiments of the present application, the sequence number of each process described above does not mean that the execution sequence of some or all of the steps may be executed in parallel or executed sequentially, and the execution sequence of each process should be determined by its functions and internal logic, and should not constitute any limitation on the implementation process of the embodiments of the present application.
The terminology used in the embodiments of the application is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the application. As used in this application and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
The weights of the relevant components mentioned in the description of the embodiments of the present application may refer not only to the specific contents of the components, but also to the proportional relationship between the weights of the components, so long as the contents of the relevant components in the description of the embodiments of the present application are scaled up or down within the scope of the disclosure of the embodiments of the present application. Specifically, the mass described in the specification of the embodiment of the application can be mass units known in the chemical industry field such as mu g, mg, g, kg.
The terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying a relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated for distinguishing between objects such as substances from each other. For example, a first XX may also be referred to as a second XX, and similarly, a second XX may also be referred to as a first XX, without departing from the scope of embodiments of the application. Thus, a feature defining "a first" or "a second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more such feature.
The embodiment of the application provides a method for ecologically restoring mangrove forests in difficult places, which comprises the following steps:
s1: determining planting elevation at difficult sites of strong stormy waves: taking the yellow sea elevation as a reference, and taking a mangrove planting area as a vertically upward 0.7-1.5 m; the yellow sea elevation area is a first planting area, the yellow sea elevation area is a second planting area, the first planting area is used for planting at least one of avicennia marina, tung tree and black sea olive, and the second planting area is used for planting at least one of avicennia marina, tung tree, black sea olive, autumn eggplant, acanthus ilicifolius and olive;
s2: determining a planting boundary at a difficult site, and setting a slope >1 on one side of the planting boundary near a mangrove planting area: 5 a mud-protecting band-shaped weir body;
s3: constructing a planting bed foundation structure in the mangrove planting area: the foundation structure of the planting bed is sequentially provided with a silt layer, a bamboo raft net and a water filtering layer from bottom to top;
s4: laying a bamboo basket planting container on a water filtering layer of a planting bed foundation structure;
s5: backfilling planting soil in a bamboo basket planting container, and soaking the planting soil by using seawater to ensure that the planting soil meets the following conditions: the pH value is 5.0-7.5, and the soil volume weight is less than or equal to 1.2g/cm 3 The total porosity is more than or equal to 50%, the total salt content is less than or equal to 1.2ms/cm, the organic matter is more than or equal to 25g/kg, the total nitrogen is more than or equal to 1.3g/kg, the total phosphorus is more than or equal to 0.6g/kg, and the total potassium is more than or equal to 27g/kg;
s6: paving a soil-fixing layer on the planting soil, wherein the soil-fixing layer comprises a geotechnical cloth layer and a plant fiber layer which are sequentially laminated; wetting the solid soil layer, and then planting red saplings corresponding to the first planting area and the second planting area respectively;
s7: a row of pine piles are arranged between the mud-protecting band-shaped weir body and the planting bed, mangrove seedlings close to one side of the pine piles in the planting bed are fixed by a supporting frame, and then later maintenance and observation are carried out.
According to the ecological restoration method for the mangrove forest in the difficult site, which is provided by the embodiment of the application, a proper elevation range is selected in a difficult site to be restored in strong stormy waves, as shown in a figure 1, a planting bed foundation structure sequentially comprising a silt layer, a bamboo raft net and a water filtering layer is paved, and the planting bed foundation structure can effectively control the sedimentation of a planting bed, is beneficial to smooth drainage, so that a good growth environment is provided for mangrove seedlings; meanwhile, a mud-protecting banded weir body, a bamboo basket planting container, a solid soil layer containing a laminated geotechnical cloth layer and a plant fiber layer and row-shaped pine piles are constructed, through the four defense lines, the impact of strong storms on red seedlings is reduced, the serious loss of planting soil is effectively avoided, and the survival rate of the red seedlings is improved to 85.5% -95%; in addition, the mangrove seedlings close to one side of the pine piles are fixed by adopting the supporting frame, so that the mangrove root seedlings are further protected from being influenced by strong wind waves. The measures are buckled layer by layer, are inexhaustible, are strong in operability and high in practicability, finally evaluate and repair the repair projects by four indexes of coverage rate, survival rate, lodging rate and plant growth from the perspective of ecological repair engineering, and have good advantages as a result is displayed. Therefore, the ecological restoration method provided by the application has a good effect on the ecological restoration of mangroves, and provides important guiding significance for the restoration of mangroves in difficult places.
In step S1: the difficult site for repairing is a difficult site of a strong wind wave beach, in particular to a low tide zone mangrove repair area in or close to a strong wind wave area. Specifically, the difficult site of strong wind waves is directly affected by the wind waves, and the strong wind waves are more than 10 days in one year, such as the wind power of more than or equal to 6 levels in 10-50 days, the wind speed of more than or equal to 39km/h, and the wave height of more than or equal to 2.50m. For example, in one embodiment of the application, the highest wind speed of the difficult ground wind level of strong wind waves is 118-133 km/h.
And (3) performing on-site investigation on difficult sites of strong stormy waves to determine planting elevations, wherein a yellow sea base surface system is adopted as an elevation system. Taking the yellow sea elevation as a reference, and taking a mangrove planting area which is 0.7-1.5 m vertically upwards, the mangrove planting method can be used for planting: avicennia marina, tung flower tree, tinospora cordifolia, brucea javanica, katsujia, acanthus trifoliatus, and prune. Wherein, the area with the height of the yellow sea vertically upwards of 0.7-1.0 m is a first planting area, is a low tide zone, is the lower limit value of the planting height of the mangrove, and can be used for planting avicennia marina, tung flower tree and brussel. The area with the height of 1.0-1.5 m vertically upwards is a second planting area, which is a medium tide zone, and can be used for planting avicennia marina, tung tree, brucea javanica, autumn eggplant, tinospora sinensis, acanthus trifoliatus and elemi.
In step S2: after the planting boundary is determined, the topography is arranged, and the gradient >1 is set on one side of the planting boundary close to the mangrove planting area: 5 a mud-protecting band-shaped weir body. Further, a first defense line is formed by arranging a mud-guard strip-shaped weir body at the inner side of the planting boundary, and the weir body gradient is greater than 1:5, for example, may be 1.5:5,2:5,2.5:5, and the like. The mud-protecting band-shaped weir body can be formed by stacking a stone throwing or geotextile sand filling bag, the diameter of the stone throwing is 300-600 mm, the specification of the geotextile sand filling bag is 1000mm multiplied by 500mm multiplied by 3000mm multiplied by 1500mm, and after the geotextile sand filling bag or the mud-protecting band-shaped weir body is stacked by the stone throwing, the top of the mud-protecting band-shaped weir body is 20-30 cm higher than the surface of the planting soil backfilled in the bamboo basket planting container. Thus, a defense line capable of resisting the scouring of the soil by sea waves is formed.
In step S3: constructing a planting bed foundation structure in a mangrove planting area; the foundation structure of the planting bed is sequentially provided with a silt layer, a bamboo raft net and a water filtering layer from bottom to top so as to control the drainage and sedimentation of the bed body of the planting bed. Specifically, the silt layer is tamped, then a bamboo raft net is paved above the silt layer, and coarse sand is paved upwards to form a water filtering layer.
In one embodiment, the step of constructing the foundation structure of the plant bed includes: the thickness of the bamboo raft net is 0.2-0.3 m, and the bamboo raft net is formed by combining bamboo raft and bamboo skin; the thickness of the water filtering layer is 0.2-0.3 m, and the water filtering layer consists of medium coarse sand with the grain diameter of 0.4-0.8 mm. The planting bed formed by the parameters can better control the sedimentation of the planting bed, and the drainage is smoother.
In step S4: the laying planting container is a bamboo basket. Further, the bamboo basket planting containers form a second defense line, geotechnical cloth or non-woven fabrics can be further paved on the inner sides of the bamboo basket planting containers, and the bamboo basket planting containers are closely arranged adjacently, so that the integrity of soil can be effectively enhanced, and the soil loss of planting can be further prevented. Further, the specification of the bamboo basket planting container is 400mm multiplied by 285mm multiplied by 400mm multiplied by 500mm multiplied by 330mm multiplied by 400mm, the periphery of the bamboo basket planting container is reinforced by bamboo strips, for example, 3cm bamboo strips are used for reinforcing, and the bamboo basket planting containers are adjacently paved.
In step S5: the quality of the planting soil is in accordance with the Shenzhen agricultural local standard of landscaping planting soil quality DB 440300/T34-2008. Specifically, the planting soil satisfies the pH value of 5.0-7.5, and the soil volume weight is less than or equal to 1.2g/cm 3 The total porosity is more than or equal to 50%, the total salt content (EC value) is less than or equal to 1.2ms/cm, the organic matter is more than or equal to 25g/kg, the total nitrogen is more than or equal to 1.3g/kg, the total phosphorus is more than or equal to 0.6g/kg, and the total potassium is more than or equal to 27g/kg. The planting soil can be sea mud or sea sand near the difficult site: beach clay = 1:5 (mass ratio) so as to ensure the adhesiveness of the planting soil, not easy to be washed away by sea waves and being beneficial to rooting of mangrove as soon as possible. Specifically, the planting soil is soaked by seawater for 1-2 months, and then the planting soil is detected.
Further, after the bamboo basket planting container is backfilled with the planting soil, the top of the backfilled planting soil is 5-25 cm higher than the surface of the bamboo basket planting container. Thus, a better growing environment can be provided for the mangrove seedlings.
In step S6: paving a solid soil layer on the planting soil; the erosion-resistant soil-fixing layer can greatly strengthen the soil-fixing effect, thereby forming a third defense line. The soil-fixing layer is divided into two layers, a geotechnical cloth layer is paved firstly, and then a plant fiber layer is paved on the geotechnical cloth layer, so that the soil-fixing effect is better enhanced.
In one embodiment, the thickness of the plant fiber layer is 3-5 cm, the plant fiber layer is a plant fiber pad or a hemp coconut soil-fixing blanket, and the lap joint width of two adjacent plant fiber pads or hemp coconut soil-fixing blankets is larger than 15cm. The lap joint can be fixed by using wood piles, stone blocks or PVC pipes. The plant fiber pad or the hemp coconut soil-fixing blanket has the characteristics of good scouring resistance effect, fine fiber, quick water seepage and degradability, plays a role in protecting seedlings when mangrove seedlings are planted, has a good soil improvement effect in the later growth period of the mangrove seedlings, and promotes plant growth.
The scour-preventing solid soil layer can be soaked in seawater for a plurality of days (such as 1-3 days) or the places which cannot be soaked are manually watered, so that the solid soil layer is kept moist. After the solid soil layer is subjected to wet treatment, mangrove seedlings (namely, the mangrove seedlings corresponding to a first planting area and a second planting area respectively) are planted above the solid soil layer, wherein the first planting area is used for planting the mangrove seedlings corresponding to avicennia marina, eleusine indica and brussel the red sea, and the second planting area is used for planting the mangrove seedlings of avicennia marina, eleusine jatropha, brussel the red sea, autumn eggplant, acanthus fortunei and elemi Li Duiying, and at the moment, the roots of the mangrove seedlings are deeply planted in planting soil, and the planting depth is not more than 15cm.
In one embodiment, the red seedlings are planted on the planting bed in a pot seedling manner. In the embodiment of the application, under the condition of strong wind waves, 2 plants are randomly selected: the planting method of the embodiment of the application is used for exploring the influence of the planting modes of basin seedlings, bag seedlings, disbasin or bag-free planting on the survival rate of the mangrove seedlings planted for 3 months, and experimental results show that the survival rate of the basin seedlings is highest. Therefore, under the condition of large wind waves, the survival rate of the seedlings is obviously higher than that of the bag seedlings, the bag-taking-off seedlings or the basin-taking-off seedlings by adopting the basin seedling mode. The reason is that on one hand, the soil fixing effect of the nutrition bag is inferior to that of the basin seedlings; on the other hand, the root system is suitable for the habitat of the planting pot, the substrate in the pot can be lost after the planting pot is taken off, the root system of the red sapling is unstable, and the soil is not easy to fix. Therefore, the embodiment of the application preferably adopts a basin seedling mode to plant the red sapling on the planting bed.
Further, in the first planting area, the height of the mangrove seedlings is 0.7-1.2 m, and the planting density is 4-6 plants/m 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the In the second planting area, the height of the mangrove seedlings is 0.45-0.55 m, and the planting density is 10-16 plants/m 2 . The red sapling can grow better under the planting conditions. Wherein, the seedlings of mangrove Miao Xuanzi avicennia marina, tung flower tree or red sea olive in the first planting area can be particularly preferably selected from the group consisting of the tung flower tree and the red sea olive, and the main branches of the seedlings are uniformly distributed and the crown is full. Mangrove Miao Xuanzi avicennia marina and tung flowers in second planting areaSeedling of tree, radix tinosporae, kandelia candel, acanthopanax trifoliatus and prune.
In step S7: and arranging a row of pine piles at the inner side of the mud-protecting strip-shaped weir body formed by the stone throwing or geotextile sand washing bag to form a fourth defense line. The front of the strong wind wave area is greatly influenced by sea waves, and continuous pine piles are required to be arranged on the periphery of the plants, so that the effect of wave elimination is achieved. Specifically, the pine pile is 1-2 m away from the planting bed, the diameter of the pine pile is 7-10 cm, the height of the pine pile is 2-3 m, and the pine pile is left 1-1.5 m on the ground. A small pile driver or manual pile driving can be adopted, and the pile driver is vertically downwards embedded into the bottom mud for about 1-1.5 m, and the ground is left for 1-1.5 m.
Further, the mangrove seedlings close to one side of the wave-eliminating piles in the planting bed are fixed by using a supporting frame, each mangrove seedling with the height of 0.7-1 m is fixed by using 1 bamboo pole, each mangrove seedling with the height of 1-1.2 m is fixed by using 2-3 bamboo poles, the bamboo poles are inserted into the soil for more than 15cm, and the upper ends of the mangrove seedlings are flush or higher than the height of the mangrove seedlings. Thus, the red sapling can be better fixed.
Further, post-curing and observation includes: watering for at least 2 times every day, and after the mangrove seedlings grow successfully, applying fertilizer, spraying medicine and cleaning up trash, sundries, enteromorpha and the like wound on the mangrove seedlings. Specifically, fertilization, pesticide spraying and garbage sundry cleaning and enteromorpha cleaning can be performed every 10-15 days.
Finally, the embodiment of the application evaluates the restoration effect of the ecological restoration method. The method comprises the steps of evaluating four indexes of coverage rate, survival rate, lodging rate and plant growth potential, and obtaining a scoring value corresponding to each index in each parameter range according to the mangrove building quality evaluation indexes in table 1 (for example, when the coverage rate is more than 80%, the scoring value is 25 points, when the coverage rate is between 50% and 80%, the scoring value is 20 points, when the coverage rate is less than 50%, the scoring value is 15 points, other index scoring values are similar in calculation mode), the sum of the scoring values corresponding to each evaluation index is the score of the mangrove restoration to be evaluated, the comprehensive score is more than or equal to 90 points, the comprehensive score is more than or equal to 90< is good, the comprehensive score is less than or equal to 70 and less than 70 points are bad.
TABLE 1
| Coverage/score value | Survival/score value | Lodging rate/score value | Growth/score value |
| >80, 25 minutes | >80, 25 minutes | <5, 25 minutes | Robust, 25 minutes |
| 50-80%, 20% | 60-80%, 20% | 5-15%, 20% | Typically 20 minutes |
| <50, 15 minutes | Less than 60%, 15% | >15, 15 minutes | Difference of 15 minutes |
According to the embodiment of the application, the restoration effect is evaluated from the perspective of ecological restoration engineering, 4 indexes including coverage rate, survival rate, lodging rate and plant growth condition are selected, the effect of ecological restoration engineering is intuitively evaluated, and the 4 indexes are representative and directly reflect whether different measures are successful or not. Therefore, the embodiment of the application systematically constructs the method for ecological restoration of mangrove forest from two levels of restoration technology and restoration effect evaluation, and especially provides guiding significance for restoration of mangrove forest in difficult places. As shown in FIG. 2, a real-scene effect diagram of ecological restoration according to an embodiment of the present application is shown.
The following description is made with reference to specific embodiments.
Example 1
In terms of survival rate, the survival rate of the red saplings planted in the low tide zone, i.e., the first planting zone, is generally greatly affected by the frequency and time of seawater flooding and the impact of sea waves. In order to verify the rationality of the low tide zone elevation setting, the mangrove repair test was performed in Shenzhen sea park. Before restoration, there is no mulberry leaf, autumn eggplant and tung flower tree in the area. The wind power of the test area is more than or equal to 6 levels in 28 days in one year, the wind speed is more than or equal to 39km/h, the wave height is more than or equal to 2.50m, and the highest wind speed is 118-130 km/h. The test sections are divided into 3 groups, namely, the positions of the yellow sea elevation (h) which are more than or equal to 0.5 and less than or equal to 0.6m, more than or equal to 0.6 and less than or equal to 0.7m and less than or equal to 0.7 and less than or equal to 1.0m (wherein, the positions of the h which are more than or equal to 0.5 and less than or equal to 0.6m and the h which are more than or equal to 0.6 and less than or equal to 0.7m are control groups), and the test method is as follows:
1. determining a planting boundary, arranging topography, and piling up and throwing stones to form a strip-shaped weir body at the inner side of the boundary, wherein the weir slope is 1:5. the diameter of the riprap is 300-600 mm, and the height of the riprap (namely the top of the mud belt-shaped weir body) is 20-30 cm higher than the surface of planting soil in the bamboo basket planting container.
2. And constructing a foundation structure of the planting bed. Tamping the silt layer, paving a 0.2m bamboo raft net (in the form of bamboo raft combined with bamboo strips) above the silt layer, and then arranging a water filtering layer upwards, namely paving 0.2m thick medium coarse sand (with the grain size of 0.4-0.8 mm).
3. Laying a planting container. The planting container adopts a bamboo basket, geotextile is paved on the inner side of the bamboo basket planting container, and the specification of the bamboo basket planting container is 400mm multiplied by 285mm multiplied by 400mm. The periphery of the bamboo basket planting container is reinforced by 3cm bamboo strips.
4. Backfilling planting soil. The planting soil is sea sand in weight ratio: beach clay = 1:5, mixing. After backfilling of the planting soil, the top end of the planting soil is 10cm higher than the surface of the bamboo basket. The planting soil is soaked by the seawater for 1-2 months, and then the planting soil is detected. The quality of the detected planting soil (0-30 cm) accords with the standard of the table 2, and the quality of the landscaping planting soil is referred to as DB440300/T34-2008 standard.
TABLE 2
5. Laying an anti-scouring soil layer. The scour prevention soil layer is divided into two layers, a layer of geotextile is paved first, and then a plant fiber pad is paved on the geotextile. The thickness of the pad is 5cm, the overlap joint width of the two pads is more than 15cm, and the two pads are fixed by wood piles, stones or PVC pipes.
6. Planting red tree seedlings. Planting avicennia marina, tung flower tree, black sea olive and autumn eggplant, wherein the seedling height is 0.7-1.2 m, and the planting density is 6 plants/m 2 Basin seedlings are planted with the planting depth of 10cm.
7. The pine pile dissipates waves. A row of pine piles are arranged on the inner side of the weir body close to the planting bed. The distance between the pine piles and the planting bed is 1-2 m. The diameter of the pine pile is 7-10 cm, the height is 2-3 m, a small pile driver or manual pile driving is adopted, the pine pile is vertically downwards embedded into the bottom mud by about 1-1.5 m, and the ground is left by 1-1.5 m.
8. Fixing the red sapling. One side area of the planting bed, which is close to the planting boundary, needs to be fixed with mangrove, and bamboo poles are used as supporting frames. The height of the red sapling is 0.7-1 m and is fixed by 1 bamboo pole, and each plant of the red sapling with the height of 1-1.2 m is fixed by 2-3 bamboo poles. The bracket is inserted into the soil for more than 15cm and is basically level with the height of the mangrove seedlings.
9. And (5) later maintenance and observation. Watering for at least 2 times every day, and after the mangrove is customized successfully, fertilizing, spraying medicine to prevent and control mangrove diseases and insect pests, and cleaning sundries such as garbage, enteromorpha and the like regularly.
Comparative example 1
The procedure of this comparative example is similar to that of example 1, except that: when the anti-scour soil layer is paved, the anti-scour soil layer is a single layer, only a plant fiber mat with the thickness of 5cm is paved, the seedlings are fixed without support, and other steps are the same.
After 1 year of planting, the survival rate of the seedlings was counted and the loss of the planting soil was observed, as shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 Table 3
The results show that: as shown in comparative example 1, under the protection of the rubble cofferdam, only one layer of plant fiber pad with the thickness of 5cm is paved, the seedlings are not fixed, the survival rate of mangrove in a low tide zone is between 4 and 46.6 percent, the survival rate of mangrove is high and Cheng Yue is low, and the survival rate of mangrove seedlings is lower. As shown in example 1, the elevation is 0.7-1.0 m, and the survival rate of the red sapling is 70-95%; gao Chengxiao at 0.7m, the survival rate of the red sapling is 12.2-64.8%. Under the condition that the elevation is lower than 0.7m, the survival rate of the mangrove seedlings is obviously lower than that of the mangrove seedlings with the elevation of 0.7-1.0 m, and the main reason is that most of planting soil is lost due to long-time flooding and the impact of sea waves, so that the root system of the mangrove cannot firmly fix the soil. The result shows that the elevation has a certain influence on the survival rate of mangrove seedlings. When the elevation is lower than the lowest value of the planting elevation of mangrove seedlings, the survival rate of the mangrove is lower or is difficult to survive. In addition, under the same elevation condition, the survival rate of avicennia marina, tung flower tree and red sea olive is remarkably high Yu Qiujia, so that the elevation is 0.7-1.0 m, planting of avicennia marina, tung flower tree and red sea olive is feasible, and the survival rate is improved from 36.8-46.6% to 85.5-95%.
Example 2
Mangrove repair projects were developed in the gulf of the windward side of the bead sea. There was very little tung flower tree, red tinospora in this area before repair. The wind power of the area is more than or equal to 6 levels in about 30 days in one year, the wind speed is more than or equal to 39km/h, the wave height is more than or equal to 2.50m, and the highest wind speed is 60-70km/h. The method comprises the following steps:
1. determining a planting boundary, arranging topography, and piling up and throwing stones to form a strip-shaped weir body at the inner side of the boundary, wherein the weir slope is 2:5. the top of the mud belt-shaped weir body is 20-30 cm higher than the surface of planting soil in the bamboo basket planting container.
2. And constructing a foundation structure of the planting bed. Tamping the silt layer, paving a 0.3m bamboo raft net (in the form of bamboo raft combined with bamboo strips) above the silt layer, and then arranging a water filtering layer upwards, namely paving medium coarse sand with the grain diameter of 0.4-0.8 mm and the thickness of 0.3 m.
3. Laying bamboo basket planting containers. Geotextile is paved on the inner side of the bamboo basket planting container, and the specification of the bamboo basket planting container is 500mm multiplied by 330mm multiplied by 400mm.
4. Backfilling planting soil, wherein the top of the backfilled planting soil is 5cm higher than the surface of the bamboo basket planting container; the quality of the planting soil (0-30 cm) was examined to meet the criteria of Table 2.
5. Laying an anti-scouring soil layer. The method comprises the steps of dividing the soil into two layers, paving a layer of geotextile, paving a hemp-coconut soil fixing blanket on the geotextile, wherein the thickness is 5cm, and the overlap joint width of the two blankets is larger than 15cm and is fixed by using wood piles, stones or PVC pipes.
6. H is more than or equal to 0.7<Planting avicennia marina, tung flower tree and black tinospora at 1.0m, wherein the height of the red tree seedling is 0.7-1.2 m, and the planting density is 4 plants/m 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the H is not less than 1<Planting radix tinosporae, and Kandelia candel at 1.5m elevation with planting density of 10 plants/m 2 And (5) bagging seedlings, wherein the height of the seedlings is 45-55cm.
7. And a pine pile is arranged at a position 2m away from the planting bed. The diameter of the pine pile is 7-10 cm, the embedded sediment is about 1-1.5 m, and the ground is left 1-1.5 m.
8. Fixing the red sapling. Bamboo poles are used as supporting frames for fixing mangrove seedlings close to one side of the pine piles.
9. And (5) later maintenance and observation. Watering for at least 2 times per day, and after the mangrove is customized successfully, periodically applying fertilizer, spraying medicine and cleaning up trash, sundries, enteromorpha and the like wound on the mangrove seedlings.
After 1 year of planting, the survival rate of the seedlings is counted to observe the loss of planting soil, and the loss is shown in Table 4.
Example 3
The hard site mangrove restoration project is developed in the strong wind area of a certain bay of the Shandong tail. There was very little tung flower tree, red tinospora in this area before repair. The wind power in the area is more than or equal to 6 levels in about 30 days in one year, the wind speed is more than or equal to 39km/h, the wave height is more than or equal to 2.50m, and the highest wind speed is 40-50km/h. The method comprises the following steps:
1. determining a planting boundary, arranging topography, and piling up and throwing stones to form a strip-shaped weir body at the inner side of the boundary, wherein the weir slope is 1:5. the top of the mud belt-shaped weir body is 20-30 cm higher than the surface of planting soil in the bamboo basket planting container.
2. And constructing a foundation structure of the planting bed. Tamping the silt layer, paving a 0.2m bamboo raft net (in the form of bamboo raft combined with bamboo strips) above the silt layer, and then arranging a water filtering layer upwards, namely paving medium coarse sand with the grain diameter of 0.4-0.8 mm and the thickness of 0.3 m.
3. And (5) laying bamboo basket planting containers adjacently. Geotextile is paved on the inner side of the bamboo basket planting container, and the specification of the bamboo basket planting container is 500mm multiplied by 330mm multiplied by 400mm.
4. Backfilling planting soil, wherein the top of the backfilled planting soil is 10cm higher than the surface of the bamboo basket planting container; the quality of the planting soil (0-30 cm) was examined to meet the criteria of Table 2.
5. Laying an anti-scouring soil layer. The method comprises the steps of dividing the soil into two layers, paving a layer of geotextile, paving a hemp-coconut soil fixing blanket on the geotextile, wherein the thickness is 5cm, and the overlap joint width of the two blankets is larger than 15cm and is fixed by using wood piles, stones or PVC pipes.
6. H is more than or equal to 0.8<Planting avicennia marina, tung flower tree and black tinospora at 1.0m, wherein the height of the red tree seedling is 0.7-1.2 m, and the planting density is 4 plants/m 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the H is not less than 1<Planting avicennia marina, tung flower tree, black sea olive, kandelia candel, radix tinosporae, acanthus ilicifolius and elemi at 1.5m elevation with planting density of 10 plants/m 2 And (5) bagging seedlings, wherein the height of the seedlings is 45-55cm.
5. And a pine pile is arranged at a position 2m away from the planting bed. The diameter of the pine pile is 7-10 cm, the embedded sediment is about 1-1.5 m, and the ground is left 1-1.5 m.
6. Fixing the red sapling. Bamboo poles are used as supporting frames for fixing mangrove seedlings close to one side of the pine piles.
7. And (5) later maintenance and observation. Watering for at least 2 times every day, and periodically applying fertilizer, spraying medicine and cleaning up trash, sundries and enteromorpha wound on the red sapling.
After 1 year of planting, the survival rate of the seedlings was counted and the loss of the planting soil was observed, as shown in Table 4.
Comparative example 2
The method of this example is similar to that of example 2, except that: the foundation structure of the planting bed is not constructed, namely, a bamboo raft net and a water filtering layer are not paved. The other steps are the same. After 1 year of planting, the survival rate of the seedlings was counted and the loss of the planting soil was observed, as shown in Table 4.
Comparative example 3
The method of this example is similar to that of example 2, except that: the bamboo basket planting container is not paved, and other steps are the same. After 1 year of planting, the survival rate of the seedlings was counted and the loss of the planting soil was observed, as shown in Table 4.
Comparative example 4
The method of this example is similar to that of example 2, except that no anti-ballistic soil layer is laid, and all other steps are the same. After 1 year of planting, the survival rate of the seedlings was counted and the loss of the planting soil was observed, as shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4 Table 4
| Test item | Survival rate of mangrove seedlings (%) |
| Example 2 | 93.6 |
| Example 3 | 95 |
| Comparative example 2 | 74.1 |
| Comparative example 3 | 70.3 |
| Comparative example 4 | 50 |
The results show that: under the condition of strong storms, the survival rate of the mangrove seedlings in the embodiment 2-3 is about 93.6-95%, the overall loss of the planting soil is below 10%, the survival rate of the mangrove seedlings in the comparative embodiment 2-4 is about 50-74.1%, and the overall loss of the planting soil is about 20-40%, so that the method of combining various protection measures can resist most strong wind and sea waves, the loss of the planting soil is greatly reduced, the overall survival rate of the mangrove seedlings is improved to 93.6-95%, a good growth space is created for the mangrove, and the method is more beneficial to repairing the mangrove forest in difficult places and has a certain popularization effect.
Finally, the repair effect of the test item is evaluated. And evaluating the coverage rate, the survival rate, the lodging rate and the plant growth vigor to obtain the grading value of each index. The mangrove repair effect evaluation is shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5
The following results can be derived from this table: the repair effect of examples 2 and 3 is good, achieving good/excellent grade; while comparative examples 2-4 were not good in repair and were at the mid/bad scale. The mangrove restoration engineering effect under different construction technologies can be simply evaluated from the 4 indexes. And the screening of the evaluation index takes the characteristics of the repair engineering into more full consideration, can represent the expected effect of repair and is closely related to the repair target.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the application is not intended to be limiting, but rather is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and principles of the application.
Claims (5)
1. The ecological restoration method for the mangrove forest in the difficult site is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
determining planting elevation at difficult sites of strong stormy waves: taking the yellow sea elevation as a reference, and taking a mangrove planting area as a vertically upward 0.7-1.5 m; the yellow sea elevation vertically upwards is a first planting area, the yellow sea elevation vertically upwards is a second planting area, the first planting area is used for planting avicennia marina, tung flower trees and black sea olive, and the second planting area is used for planting avicennia marina, tung flower trees, black sea olive, acanthus ilicifolius and black sea olive; the strong wind waves are that the wind power is more than 10 days in one year, the wind power is more than or equal to 6 levels, the wind speed is more than or equal to 39km/h, the wave height is more than or equal to 2.50m, and the highest wind speed of the strong wind waves is 118-133 km/h;
determining a planting boundary at the difficult site, and setting a slope >1 on a side of the planting boundary near the mangrove planting area: 5, the mud-protecting strip-shaped weir body is formed by stacking geotextile sand filling bags, and the specifications of the geotextile sand filling bags are 1000mm multiplied by 500mm multiplied by 3000mm multiplied by 1500mm;
constructing a planting bed foundation structure in the mangrove planting area: the foundation structure of the planting bed is sequentially provided with a silt layer, a bamboo raft net and a water filtering layer from bottom to top, wherein the thickness of the bamboo raft net is 0.2-0.3 m, the bamboo raft net is formed by combining bamboo splints, the thickness of the water filtering layer is 0.2-0.3 m, and the water filtering layer consists of medium coarse sand with the grain size of 0.4-0.8 mm;
laying a bamboo basket planting container on a water filtering layer of the planting bed foundation structure, wherein the specification of the bamboo basket planting container is 400mm multiplied by 285mm multiplied by 400mm multiplied by 500mm multiplied by 330mm multiplied by 400mm, the periphery of the bamboo basket planting container is reinforced by bamboo strips, the bamboo basket planting containers are laid adjacently, geotechnical cloth or non-woven fabric is laid on the inner side of the bamboo basket planting container, and the top of the mud protection belt-shaped weir body is 20-30 cm higher than the surface of planting soil in the bamboo basket planting container;
backfilling planting soil in the bamboo basket planting container, and soaking the planting soil by using seawater to ensure that the planting soil meets the following conditions: the pH value is 5.0-7.5, and the soil volume weight is less than or equal to 1.2g/cm 3 The total porosity is more than or equal to 50%, the total salt content is less than or equal to 1.2ms/cm, the organic matter is more than or equal to 25g/kg, the total nitrogen is more than or equal to 1.3g/kg, the total phosphorus is more than or equal to 0.6g/kg, and the total potassium is more than or equal to 27g/kg;
paving a soil-fixing layer on the planting soil, wherein the soil-fixing layer comprises a geotechnical cloth layer and a plant fiber layer which are sequentially laminated, the thickness of the plant fiber layer is 3-5 cm, the plant fiber layer is a plant fiber pad or a hemp coconut soil-fixing blanket, and the lap joint width of two adjacent plant fiber pads or hemp coconut soil-fixing blankets is larger than 15cm; wetting the solid soil layer, and then planting red saplings corresponding to the first planting area and the second planting area respectively;
arranging a row of pine piles between the mud-protecting band-shaped weir body and the planting bed, fixing mangrove seedlings close to one side of the pine piles in the planting bed by using a supporting frame, and then carrying out later maintenance and observation; the pine pile is 1-2 m away from the planting bed, the diameter of the pine pile is 7-10 cm, the height of the pine pile is 2-3 m, the pine pile is 1-1.5 m on the ground, the supporting frame is a bamboo pole, each mangrove seedling plant with the height of 0.7-1 m is fixed by 1 bamboo pole, each mangrove seedling plant with the height of 1-1.2 m is fixed by 2-3 bamboo poles, the bamboo pole is inserted into the soil for more than 15cm, and the upper end of the bamboo pole is flush or higher than the height of the mangrove seedling plant;
performing restoration effect evaluation from four indexes of coverage rate, survival rate, lodging rate and plant growth vigor; wherein, when the coverage rate is more than 80%, the grading value is 25 points, when the coverage rate is between 50% and 80%, the grading value is 20 points, and when the coverage rate is less than 50%, the grading value is 15 points; when the survival rate is more than 80%, the grading value is 25 points, when the survival rate is between 60% and 80%, the grading value is 20 points, and when the coverage rate is less than 60%, the grading value is 15 points; when the lodging rate is less than 5%, the grading value is 25 points, when the lodging rate is between 5% and 15%, the grading value is 20 points, and when the lodging rate is more than 15%, the grading value is 15 points; when the plant grows strongly, the grading value is 25 points, when the plant grows normally, the grading value is 20 points, and when the plant grows with the potential difference, the grading value is 15 points; the four indexes have the comprehensive score of more than or equal to 90, the comprehensive score of more than or equal to 80 is less than or equal to 90, the comprehensive score of more than or equal to 70 is less than or equal to 80, and the comprehensive score is less than or equal to 70.
2. The method for ecologically restoring mangrove forests in difficult places according to claim 1, wherein the top of the planting soil after backfilling is 5-25 cm higher than the surface of the bamboo basket planting container.
3. The method for ecologically restoring mangrove forests in difficult places as set forth in claim 1, wherein said first planting area and said second planting area are each planted with corresponding mangrove seedlings in a pot seedling manner.
4. The method for ecologically restoring mangrove forest in difficult places as claimed in claim 3, wherein the height of the mangrove seedling in the first planting area is 0.7-1.2 m, and the planting density is 4-6 plants/m 2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the In the second planting area, the height of the mangrove seedlings is 0.45-0.55 m, and the planting density is 10-16 plants/m 2 。
5. The difficult-to-land mangrove forest ecological restoration method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said post-curing and observing comprises: watering for at least 2 times every day, and after the mangrove seedlings grow successfully, applying fertilizer, spraying medicine and cleaning the trash, sundries and enteromorpha wound on the mangrove seedlings.
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