CN114058539A - 一种可用于预发酵减少豆腥味的乳酸菌及其应用 - Google Patents
一种可用于预发酵减少豆腥味的乳酸菌及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114058539A CN114058539A CN202111294639.1A CN202111294639A CN114058539A CN 114058539 A CN114058539 A CN 114058539A CN 202111294639 A CN202111294639 A CN 202111294639A CN 114058539 A CN114058539 A CN 114058539A
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种可用于预发酵减少豆腥味的乳酸菌及其应用,属于食品加工技术领域。本发明筛选得到了一株植物乳杆菌JW‑1,不仅可有效减少豆腥味,而且能形成独特的发酵风味。与豆腥味相关的分子物质如己醛、1‑辛烯‑3‑醇、正己醇、2‑戊基呋喃、苯甲醛、2,4‑癸二烯醛和2,4‑丁二酮的含量均有所下降,其中己醛、1‑辛烯‑3‑醇、正己醇含量显著下降;且能使产品携带果香味的乙酸乙酯的含量在本发明自行筛选到的植物乳杆菌JW‑1发酵生产的发酵豆乳中也分别提高了19%和57%。植物乳杆菌JW‑1能在模拟胃肠液中孵育4h,存活率达到75%,且具有良好的自聚集能力和表面疏水性,具有肠道存活和粘附定植的潜力。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种可用于预发酵减少豆腥味的乳酸菌及其应用,属于食品加工技术领域。
背景技术
近年来,随着人造肉产品的迅速增长,植物蛋白肉市场也在不断扩张。市场趋势表明消费者对加工程度低、营养丰富且健康的肉类代替物或肉类仿真产品具有一定的消费意愿。但调查分析,植物肉的口感和豆腥味是影响消费者买单的主要原因,如何有效去除豆腥味和口感的拟肉真实度是目前主要技术难题。
豆腥味主要是大豆加工过程中脂肪氧合酶在氧气和水的存在下,氧化多价不饱和脂肪酸从而生成氢过氧化物,在进一步降解成多种小分子的醛、酮、醇和酸等挥发性物质。目前对豆腥味的去除,主要有以下几种方法:一种是通过基因工程技术培养脂肪氧化酶缺失的新型大豆品种。第二种方法是使大豆中的脂肪氧化酶钝化或失活。其中包括(1)热处理法,如干热处理:将大豆在80℃以上的温度中预先进行烘烤;湿热处理:通过蒸或者煮的方式对大豆进行处理;热磨浆法:在研磨大豆时使用80℃以上的热水替代凉水。(2)化学法,如酸碱法:通过调节pH值来抑制脂肪氧化酶的活性;金属螯合法:大豆脂肪氧化酶通过铁离子作为电子传递体促进氧化还原反应的发生,因此在磨浆之前加入一定量的复合磷酸盐螯合金属离子有助于抑制脂肪氧化酶活性;酶解法:加入一定量的蛋白酶适度水解大豆蛋白。(3)大豆发芽法:将大豆浸泡发芽至芽长约2mm,由于发芽过程中产生了大量的VC、VB1、VB2、VB12等维生素,加之棉籽糖、水苏糖等糖类和蛋白质被水解酶作用水解,因此大豆发芽后可抑制豆腥味的产生。(4)去皮法:脂肪氧化酶主要分布在大豆的表皮及靠近表皮。大豆去皮后豆腥味显著降低。第三种就是风味掩盖法,在大豆食品中添加牛奶、水果、芝麻、花生、糖类、酸类等呈味物质将会掩盖部分豆腥味。上述方法都不能彻底解决问题,近年来,应用微生物发酵法改良膳食纤维的研究逐渐增多,如宋昊等人利用阿舒假囊酵母发酵黄豆豆渣,崔红亮等人利用茯苓菌发酵大豆膳食纤维,均在一定程度上改善了产品中的豆腥味。
近些年来,植物乳杆菌作为一种重要的益生菌,由于其自身的益生特性以及生物学特性,不仅能够增加发酵食品的营养价值,还能改善口感和风味,同时,它在发酵过程中还能产生抗菌物质,延长发酵食品的保藏时间,因此,在发酵制品中得到了越来越广泛的应用。
发明内容
本发明提供了一株植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillusplantarum)JW-1,已于2021年06月02日保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心,保藏编号为CCTCC NO:M 2021663,保藏地址为湖北省武汉市武昌区八一路299号武汉大学中国典型培养物保藏中心。
本发明提供了一种发酵剂,所述发酵剂含有上述植物乳杆菌JW-1。
本发明还提供了上述发酵剂的制备方法为,所述方法为取200~600μL的植物乳杆菌接种于10~30mLMRS液体培养基中,28~32℃下活化2至3代,待植物乳杆菌达到108CFU/g以上活菌数时,8000rpm下离心15min,去除上清液后,在无菌环境下依次加入缓冲液和冷冻保护剂,待细胞浓度不低于1×106CFU/g或1×106CFU/mL时,真空冷冻干燥处理得到发酵剂。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述缓冲液为生理盐水或pH值为5~8的0.1~1M磷酸盐缓冲液,所述冻干保护剂为浓度为10~25%(w/v)的蔗糖溶液和/或5~20%(w/v)的脱脂乳粉。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述缓冲液为双蒸水和/或生理盐水或pH值为7的0.2M磷酸盐缓冲液,所述冷冻保护剂为15%~20%(w/v)的蔗糖溶液和/或10~15%(w/v)的脱脂乳粉。
本发明还提供一种减少植物蛋白肉中豆腥味的方法,所述方法为,以豆类蛋白为底物,添加上述植物乳杆菌JW-1或上述发酵剂在40~45℃下静置发酵2~8h。
在一种实施方式中,所述植物乳杆菌JW-1的添加量不低于5×106CFU/g或5×106CFU/mL。
在一种实施方式中,所述豆类蛋白包括但不限于大豆豆乳、大豆拉丝蛋白、大豆分离蛋白、大豆膳食纤维。
本发明提供了一种具有豆腥味减少的发酵豆乳,所述豆乳含有上述植物乳杆菌JW-1或上述发酵剂。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述植物乳杆菌JW-1在豆乳中的终浓度至少为5×106CFU/g。
本发明提供了一种制备发酵豆乳的方法,所述方法为将上述植物乳杆菌JW-1或上述发酵剂接种至大豆豆乳中进行发酵。
在一种实施方式中,上述植物乳杆菌JW-1或上述发酵剂以体积比1~10%的添加量添加至大豆豆乳中,在40~45℃中发酵4~8h后,3~5℃下放置24h~48h发酵得到豆乳。
本发明提供了一种所述植物乳杆菌JW-1或上述发酵剂或上述减少植物蛋白肉中豆腥味的方法在制备豆制品中的应用。
有益效果:
1、本发明筛选得到了一株植物乳杆菌JW-1,不仅可有效减少豆腥味,而且能形成独特的发酵风味。植物乳杆菌JW-1发酵生产的发酵豆乳中的与豆腥味相关的分子物质如己醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、正己醇、2-戊基呋喃、苯甲醛、2,4-癸二烯醛和2,4-丁二酮的含量均有所下降,其中己醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、正己醇含量显著下降,当以速溶豆粉为发酵底物时候,分别下降了约73%、80%和88%,当以现磨豆乳为发酵底物时,分别下降了约61%、68%和76%。而能使产品携带果香味的乙酸乙酯的含量在本发明自行筛选到的植物乳杆菌JW-1发酵生产的发酵豆乳中也分别提高了19%和57%。
2、本发明筛选到的植物乳杆菌JW-1经模拟胃肠环境中培养4h,菌株存活率高达75.11%,显示模拟消化道逆环境耐受性皆良好。乳酸菌的自聚集性和表面疏水性越高,对肠上皮细胞的黏附能力越强,菌株JW-1的自聚集率高达50%,表面疏水性为69.88±0.01%,说明,植物乳杆菌JW-1有在肠道存活和粘附定植的潜力,并可能形成防止病原体定殖的屏障。
3、植物乳杆菌JW-1可实现高密度培养,相同培养条件下,菌液密度分别是同批次筛选到的植物乳杆菌JW-2和JW-3的2.2倍和1.5倍,有效缩短培养时间,降低生产成本。
生物材料保藏
植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillusplantarum)JW-1,已于2021年06月02日保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心,保藏编号为CCTCC NO:M 2021663,保藏地址为湖北省武汉市武昌区八一路299号武汉大学中国典型培养物保藏中心。
附图说明
图1.在改良MRS培养基中形成溶钙圈的菌落。
图2.筛选得到的乳酸菌系统发育树。
图3.三株菌的生长曲线。
图4.菌株JW-1的聚集率。
具体实施方式
下述实施例中涉及的培养基及试剂:
1、MRS液体培养基:蛋白胨10g,牛肉膏10g,酵母膏5g,葡萄糖20g,三水合乙酸钠5g,柠檬酸二铵2g,K2HPO42 g,MgSO4·7H2O 0.58g,MnSO4·4H2O 0.25g,吐温-801g,蒸馏水800mL溶解后调pH 6.3±0.1,定容到1L,121℃灭菌20min。
2、MRS固体培养基:在MRS液体培养基中加入2%的琼脂粉。
3、MRS改良培养基:在MRS固体培养基中加入0.8%的CaCO3。
4、生理盐水:称取9.0g NaCl,蒸馏水800mL溶解后定容至1L,121℃灭菌20min。
5、明胶培养基:牛肉膏0.3g,蛋白胨1g,NaCl 0.5g,水100mL,明胶15g。在水浴锅中将上述成分熔化,不断搅拌。熔化后调PH 7.2~7.4,分装试管,121℃灭菌30min。
6、硝酸盐还原培养基:蛋白胨1g,NaCl 0.5g,KNO3(分析纯)0.2g,蒸馏水100mL。溶解,调节pH至7.4,分装试管,121℃灭菌20min。
7、碳水化合物发酵培养基:蛋白胨10g,NaCl 5g,水1000mL,1.6%溴甲酚紫乙醇溶液2mL,调pH至6.9,分装试管(如需验证是否产气,则在每个试管内放一倒置的德汉氏小管,使充满培养基),121℃灭菌20min。另配制一定量的20%的碳水化合物溶液,于112℃灭菌30min。分别灭菌后,按照每10mL培养基中加入20%的碳水化合物溶液0.5mL的比例,将碳水化合物溶液添加到培养基试管中,制成碳水化合物发酵培养基。
8、石蕊牛奶培养基:脱脂奶粉100g,水1000mL,然后按照每100mL配好的牛奶加入4mL浓度为25g/L的石蕊水溶液,分装试管后于112℃灭菌20min。
9、人工胃液:NaCl 0.2g/100mL、胃蛋白酶0.32g/100mL,用浓度为1mol/L的HCl调整pH值为2.5,过滤除菌备用。
10、人工肠液:KH2PO40.68 g/100mL、胰蛋白酶1g/100mL、胆盐0.3g/100mL,pH值为8.0,过滤除菌备用。
实施例1乳酸菌的分离鉴定
分别从湿豆豉颗(贞丰县马氏丰味食品有限责任公司)、酸菜(贵州万蕊酸菜厂)、泡椒脆笋(四川吉食品道食品有限公司)称取1.0g新鲜样品,并分别加入到装有9.0mL无菌生理盐水的试管中,打碎混匀后静置,取1.0mL上清并用生理盐水进行10倍梯度稀释,得到10-1~10-8稀释度的样品稀释液。将每个稀释度的样品稀释液取样100μL涂布于MRS改良培养基上,37℃倒置培养48h。
由于乳酸菌在生长的过程中会生成乳酸,溶解培养基中的CaCO3形成溶钙圈,因此用接种针挑取图1中形成溶钙圈的菌落,选择菌落形态差异较大的6株菌株进行下一步实验。
实施例2生理生化实验
对实施例1筛选到的6株菌株分别进行过氧化氢酶实验、明胶液化实验、硝酸盐还原试验、石蕊牛奶实验、葡萄糖产酸产气实验、碳水化合物发酵产酸试验,参阅《伯杰士细菌学手册》及《乳酸细菌分类鉴定及实验方法》,对比实验结果进行鉴定。
在过氧化氢酶实验、明胶液化实验、硝酸盐还原实验中呈阴性结果,石蕊牛奶试验呈阳性结果的菌株可以初步判定为乳酸菌。
在实施例1筛选到的6株菌株中筛选获得三株疑似乳酸菌,初步将其命名为JW-1、JW-2和JW-3。
实施例316s rDNA测序鉴定
挑取实施例2中获得的菌株JW-1、JW-2和JW-3的单菌落,分别加入到5mL液体MRS培养基中,置于37℃厌氧下静置培养20~24h后,吸取1mL菌液6000rpm离心3min,倾去上清,水洗两次,离心倾去上清液,获得菌泥,用试剂盒分别提取总DNA,以总DNA为模板,以27f:AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3’和1492r:AAGTCGTAACAAGGTAACC为引物进行PCR扩增16s rDNA,将PCR扩增产物交由上海生工生物工程有限公司进行测序,将测序结果进行NCBI的BLAST比对,将比对结果取60株亲缘关系最近的菌株,删除其中重复的菌株后,用MEGA7.0软件构建系统发育树,判定乳酸菌种属,结果见图2。因此,判定JW-1、JW-2和JW-3均为植物乳杆菌。
虽然三株菌同为植物乳杆菌,但是由于是来源于不同植物产品的菌株,其亲缘关系并不十分接近。
实施例4乳酸菌的生长特性
(1)测定生长曲线:将实施例2获得的植物乳杆菌JW-1、JW-2和JW-3分别划线于MRS固体平板上,37℃倒置培养48h以形成单菌落,挑取单菌落于10mL液体MRS培养基,37℃静置培养过夜,取菌液测定OD600值,并将菌液调整至OD600值为0.6,再按体积比1%的比例将菌液接种于新的MRS培养基中,37℃静置培养,每隔1h取样测定OD600的值。以时间为横坐标,OD600值为纵坐标绘制植物乳杆菌的生长曲线。
所测得的植物乳杆菌生长曲线见图3,由图3可以看出JW-1最容易实现高密度培养。
(2)耐受胃肠道消化实验(模拟消化):将实施例2获得的植物乳杆菌JW-1接种于10mLMRS液体培养基37℃过夜培养,将过夜培养的待测菌液4000g离心20min,弃去上清并收集菌体,用灭菌生理盐水洗涤2次,将菌体重悬于10mL人工胃液中。37℃,200rpm摇床震荡培养120min,4000g离心20min,弃去上清并收集菌体,将菌体重悬于10mL人工肠液中,37℃,200rpm摇床震荡培养120min。检测人工胃液和肠液处理前后植物乳杆菌JW-1的活菌数目(3个平行),活菌数表达单位是CFU/mL。经胃肠道模拟消化后JW-1菌株从开始的2.25±0.03×108CFU/mL到模拟消化结束后的1.69±0.12×108CFU/mL,植物乳杆菌JW-1存活率为75.11%。
(3)自聚集实验:将实施例2获得的植物乳杆菌JW-1接种于10mLMRS液体培养基37℃过夜培养,将过夜培养的待测菌液4000g离心20min,弃去上清并收集菌体,用无菌生理盐水洗涤2次,使用PBS缓冲液重悬菌体,使细菌悬液中的活菌数为108CFU/mL。细菌悬液(5mL)涡旋振荡10s,室温静置5h,测定自聚集能力。期间每隔1h取上清液,600nm测定吸光值。自聚集值(%)用以下公式表示:
自聚集值(%)=1-(At/A0)×100
其中,At表示分别在时间t为菌液在1、2、3、4和5h的吸光值,A0表示时间为0时的吸光值。
以上实验各平行三次。所得菌株JW-1的自聚集值图4所示,自聚集率高达50%。
(4)表面疏水性实验:将实施例2获得的植物乳杆菌JW-1接种于10mLMRS液体培养基37℃过夜培养,将过夜培养的待测菌液4000g离心20min,弃去上清并收集菌体,生理盐水洗涤两次,重悬在0.1mol/L KNO3(pH值为6.2)中,使其活菌数浓度108CFU/mL,600nm下测定样品吸光度A0。1mL二甲苯溶剂加到3mL菌液中,室温放置10min,涡旋振荡两相体系2min,室温放置20min,取水相,测定600nm(A1)的吸光度。细菌对溶剂的表面疏水性(%)用以下公式表示:
表面疏水性(%)=1-(A1/A0)×100
经测定菌株JW-1的表面疏水性为69.88±0.01%。
益生菌经口服方式进入体内,必须经受住肠胃液自然消化环境的考验,并且随后能够定植到肠道后才有机会发挥其生理功效,本实验结果初始菌数调整到108CFU/mL,经模拟胃肠环境中培养4h,菌株活菌数仍在108CFU/mL以上,显示模拟消化道逆环境耐受性皆良好。乳酸菌的自聚集性和表面疏水性越高,对肠上皮细胞的黏附能力越强,菌株JW-1的自聚集率高达50%,表面疏水性为69.88±0.01%,说明其具备在肠道定植的潜力。上述结果表明,植物乳杆菌JW-1有在肠道存活和粘附定植的潜力。
实施例5植物乳杆菌在制备发酵豆乳中的应用
分别以速溶大豆粉和现磨豆浆制备发酵豆乳。
(1)发酵底物的制备:
速溶大豆粉:将速溶豆粉按照10%(w/v)的比例用蒸馏水进行复溶,将绵白糖按照10%(w/v)的比例加入到复溶的速溶豆粉中,充分溶解混匀,高压均质。将均质后的物料于95℃灭菌5min,待物料冷却至42℃左右时用于发酵豆乳的制备。
现磨豆浆:将干黄豆以1:3(w/v)的比例加入蒸馏水中,于4℃环境中过夜浸泡,次日将大豆沥干,以1:7(w/v)的比例加入到150mL的0.3%(w/v)碳酸氢钠溶液中,80℃保温5min后,于植物组织匀浆器中充分打浆5min,倒入装有脱脂棉的布氏漏斗中进行抽滤,收集豆浆,沸水浴20min得到豆乳。将绵白糖按照10%(w/v)的比例加入到豆乳中,充分溶解混匀,高压均质。将均质后的物料于95℃灭菌5min,待物料冷却至42℃左右时用于发酵豆乳的制备。
(2)制备发酵豆乳:
将实施例2获得的植物乳杆菌JW-1接种于10mL的MRS液体培养基中,在37℃下培养24h。取出菌液置于无菌管中,以4000r/min,4℃离心5min,弃上清,用等体积的无菌生理盐水洗涤3次后进行重悬,用血球计数板进行计数,将植物乳杆菌按终浓度5×106CFU/g接种于步骤(1)制备的发酵底物中进行发酵,42℃静置发酵6h。发酵结束后于4℃环境中进行冷藏后熟24小时。同时以市售发酵剂光明畅优植物乳杆菌ST-Ш作为对照,按照同样的接种量和发酵条件进行发酵。
(3)发酵豆制品的挥发性成分测定:
采用固相微萃取提取风味物质,用GC-MS进行风味成分的测定。
萃取条件:萃取头老化温度250℃,老化时间15min,平衡温度50℃,平衡时间60min;25℃解吸附3min。
GC-MS条件:采用DB—WAX色谱柱(30m×0.25mm×0.25μm),升温程序:起始温度35℃,保持5min;以5℃/min升温至100℃;再以10℃/min升温至230℃,保持7min;载气为He,流速1.0mL/min不分流进样。
质谱条件:离子源El源,离子源温度200℃,接口温度250℃,电子能量70eV,扫描范围33~350m/z,采集方式为Scan。样品中加入20μL的2-甲基-3-庚酮作为内标,其浓度为32μg/mL。
结果如表1所示,相比市售发酵剂光明畅优植物乳杆菌ST-Ш发酵生产的发酵豆乳,本发明自行筛选到的植物乳杆菌JW-1发酵生产的发酵豆乳中的与豆腥味相关的分子物质如己醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、正己醇、2-戊基呋喃、苯甲醛、2,4-癸二烯醛和2,4-丁二酮的含量均有所下降,其中己醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、正己醇含量显著下降,当以速溶豆粉为发酵底物时候,分别下降了约73%、80%和88%,当以现磨豆乳为发酵底物时,分别下降了约61%、68%和76%。而能使产品携带果香味的乙酸乙酯的含量在本发明自行筛选到的植物乳杆菌JW-1发酵生产的发酵豆乳中也分别提高了19%和57%。
表1发酵豆乳的几种典型风味成分含量(单位mg/kg)
实施例6植物乳杆菌在制备植物蛋白肉中的应用
将大豆拉丝蛋白浸泡与常温水中,复水10~20min,至内无硬心后取出,作为发酵底物。
将实施例2获得的植物乳杆菌JW-1接种于MRS液体培养基中,在37℃下培养24h。取出菌液置于无菌管中,以4000r/min,4℃离心5min,弃上清,用等体积的无菌水洗涤3次后进行重悬,用血球计数板进行计数,将植物乳杆菌按终浓度5×106CFU/g接种于发酵底物中进行发酵,42℃静置发酵2h。将发酵过的大豆拉丝蛋白运用常规工艺制备成植物蛋白肉。
虽然本发明已以较佳实施例公开如上,但其并非用以限定本发明,任何熟悉此技术的人,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内,都可做各种的改动与修饰,因此本发明的保护范围应该以权利要求书所界定的为准。
Claims (10)
1.一株植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)JW-1,已于2021年06月02日保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心,保藏编号为CCTCC NO:M 2021663。
2.一种发酵剂,其特征在于,所述发酵剂含有权利要求1所述的植物乳杆菌JW-1。
3.权利要求2所述发酵剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述方法为,将权利要求1所述植物乳杆菌JW-1活化并培养得到活菌数不低于108CFU/g的菌液,离心得到菌体,用缓冲液和冷冻保护剂重悬菌体得到重悬液,真空冷冻干燥得到发酵剂。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,重悬液中细胞浓度不低于1×106CFU/g或1×106CFU/mL。
5.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,所述缓冲液为生理盐水和/或磷酸盐缓冲液,所述冻干保护剂为蔗糖溶液和/或脱脂乳粉。
6.一种减少植物蛋白肉中豆腥味的方法,其特征在于,以豆类蛋白为底物,添加权利要求1所述植物乳杆菌JW-1或权利要求2所述发酵剂在40~45℃下发酵2~8h。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,植物乳杆菌JW-1的添加量不低于5×106CFU/g或5×106CFU/mL。
8.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述豆类蛋白包括但不限于大豆豆乳、大豆拉丝蛋白、大豆分离蛋白、大豆膳食纤维。
9.一种豆腥味减少的发酵豆乳,其特征在于,含有权利要求1所述植物乳杆菌JW-1或权利要求2所述发酵剂。
10.权利要求1所述植物乳杆菌JW-1或权利要求2所述发酵剂或权利要求6~8任一所述方法在制备豆制品中的应用。
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