CN114009612A - 一种菜粕替代豆粕的生长育肥猪饲料 - Google Patents
一种菜粕替代豆粕的生长育肥猪饲料 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种菜粕替代豆粕的生长育肥猪饲料,所述饲料包括如下重量份的组分:玉米50‑80、菜粕15‑35、麸皮0.5‑10、米糠1‑8、石粉0.6‑2、磷酸氢钙0.2‑1.2、食盐0.1‑0.8、赖氨酸0.1‑1、蛋氨酸0.01‑0.15、苏氨酸0.01‑0.4、色氨酸0.01‑0.1、缬氨酸0.01‑0.15、氯化胆碱0.01‑0.1、菜粕专用复合酶0.02‑0.15、育肥猪复合预混料0.1‑1。本发明提供了一种利用菜粕替代豆粕的生长育肥猪饲料的制备方法,通过筛选添加适宜配比和适宜水平的菜粕专用酶,可极大提升菜粕的利用效率,实现了饲料中豆粕的全替代,且猪只采食量、日增重和料肉比与纯玉米‑豆粕型日粮效果持平,最终解决了因豆粕价格不断攀升造成的饲料产品成本的上升,养殖户利润空间被压缩等一系列问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于动物营养技术领域,具体涉及一种菜粕替代豆粕的生长育肥猪饲料。
背景技术
豆粕是大豆去油后的副产品,粗蛋白含量高达43%~48%,赖氨酸、苏氨酸等必需氨基酸的含量高,且具有消化吸收率高,氨基酸组成较好,质量稳定等特点,是饲料中普遍且广泛应用的植物蛋白原料。
我国是世界上最大的大豆消费国,80%以上的大豆用量依赖进口。然而,近年来受国外大豆产能波动、中美贸易摩擦、新冠疫情等因素的影响,大豆的价格不断上涨,豆粕的价格也随之上涨,并长期维持高位。由于豆粕在猪饲料中占比较高,豆粕的高位价格则拉升了猪料产品的成本,进而压缩了养殖户的饲养效益,甚至导致亏损。鉴于此,研究豆粕替代方案,筛选效果好,产业化前景大的豆粕替代路径,变得尤为紧要。
菜籽粕是我国长江中下游地区的主要植物蛋白质饲料资源之一,粗蛋白含量约为32%~45%,氨基酸组成平衡,是较为理想的豆粕替代品。但传统菜粕中含有大量硫甙、芥子碱等抗营养因子,且纤维含量高,极大地影响了它的饲用价值。随着菜粕育种技术的发展,科学家培育出了硫甙、芥子碱低的双低菜粕,双低菜粕可有效缓解毒性和适口性问题,但纤维仍是双低菜粕主要的抗营养因子。菜籽皮壳的纤维主要为木质素、纤维素、半纤维素,其中木质素的占比较高,胚中的纤维成分主要是可溶性的非淀粉多糖,由细胞壁内容物中的寡聚糖、果聚糖等组成。
与其他原料相比,菜粕细胞壁中纤维素和葡聚糖含量偏高,并且这些高含量的不溶性纤维与蛋白质极易形成交联结构,从而降低了蛋白质、氨基的消化利用率。与豆粕相比,菜粕中与不溶性纤维结合的蛋白含量高于豆粕。
另外,植酸普遍存在于植物性饲料尤其油料饼粕中,大量研究证实双低菜粕中植酸会降低矿物质、蛋白质、淀粉和脂质的消化利用率。一般豆类籽实的植酸磷/总磷比例稍低,油饼类达58%-70%。双低菜粕中植酸含量约为3.33%-6.67%。
因此,要想把菜粕中的营养物质充分地降解,并被动物利用,最有效的方法是配合酶制剂的使用,通过消化酶、植酸酶、非淀粉多糖酶,尤其是β-葡聚糖酶、纤维素酶和果胶酶,打开不溶性纤维与蛋白的交联结构,降解蛋白质和特定的非淀粉多糖,以便让动物充分利用。为此,通过添加酶制剂的手段,提高菜粕的吸收利用率,增加其在猪饲料配方中的应用比例或完全替代豆粕具有非常深远的意义。
发明内容
本发明旨在克服现有技术的不足,提供一种利用菜粕搭配适宜水平的菜粕专用复合酶完全替代豆粕配制成营养平衡的无豆粕生长育肥猪配合饲料。
为了达到上述目的,本发明提供的技术方案为:
所述菜粕替代豆粕的生长育肥猪饲料包括如下重量份的组分:玉米50-80、菜粕15-35、麸皮0.5-10、米糠1-8、石粉0.6-2、磷酸氢钙0.2-1.2、食盐0.1-0.8、赖氨酸0.1-1、蛋氨酸0.01-0.15、苏氨酸0.01-0.4、色氨酸0.01-0.1、缬氨酸0.01-0.15、氯化胆碱0.01-0.1、菜粕专用复合酶0.02-0.15、育肥猪复合预混料0.1-1。
优选地,所述菜粕专用复合酶包含耐高温植酸酶、NSP复合酶、复合消化酶。
更优选地,所述NSP复合酶包括木聚糖酶、纤维素酶、β-葡聚糖酶、甘露聚糖酶、果胶酶;所述复合消化酶为酸性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、淀粉酶。
更优选地,所述菜粕专用复合酶中各组分的酶活为:植酸酶5000-20000U/g、木聚糖酶5000-30000U/g、纤维素酶5000-5000U/g、β-葡聚糖酶2000-30000U/g、甘露聚糖酶500-5000U/g、果胶酶500-5000U/g、酸性蛋白酶2000-10000U/g、中性蛋白酶2000-10000U/g、碱性蛋白酶5000-30000U/g、淀粉酶500-5000U/g。
优选地,所述菜粕为双低菜粕。
更优选地,所述菜粕中蛋白的质量百分比含量为34%,硫甙的含量≤20微摩尔/g,芥子酸的质量百分比含量为0.6%-1.8%。
另外,所述麸皮为优质低毒素麸皮。所述米糠为优质新鲜米糠,所述优质新鲜米糠粗脂肪的质量百分比含量为15%。
所述育肥猪复合预混料包括复合维生素、复合微量元素、微生态制剂,复合维生素和复合微量元素均由单体维生素和微量元素组成。
上述菜粕替代豆粕的生长育肥猪饲料的制备方法包括以下步骤:
1)粉碎:按重量份将上述原料的玉米、菜粕、麸皮、米糠物料进行粉碎后,100%过12目,95%过18目;
2)混合:按重量份将上述步骤1)的主料和辅料石粉、磷酸氢钙、食盐、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、缬氨酸、氯化胆碱、菜粕专用复合酶、育肥猪复合预混料进行混合,按照主料优先,辅料后续添加的顺序依次进入混合机,完全进入混合机后开始计算混合时间,混合240秒,CV≤7.0%;
3)制粒:将步骤2)中混合完成的物料制粒,制粒前需经磁选,磁选完成后进行制粒,制粒温度:75-85℃,饱和蒸汽调质压力:0.3-0.5Mpa,环模孔径:3.0mm,压缩比1:5制粒
4)冷却:将步骤3)中的颗粒饲料经过冷却器冷却,冷却时间15min;
5)分级包装:将步骤4)中冷却好的颗粒饲料经分级筛分级后,进入成品仓,接出打包。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果为:
本发明所提供的菜粕替代豆粕的生长育肥猪饲料,是利用菜粕搭配适宜水平的菜粕专用酶,完全取代了原配方中的豆粕,适用于85日龄以上(或40kg以后)的生长育肥猪,菜粕的用量可达到35%,远远超出了行业内的推荐用量。与玉米-豆粕型日粮相比(豆粕按照3554元/吨计算),无豆粕配方(菜粕按照3000元/吨计算)成本可降低76元/吨。本发明所提供的菜粕替代豆粕的生长育肥猪饲料,通过体外消化试验筛选了菜粕配套的酶制剂方案和用量,使菜粕的能量消化率和蛋白消化率得到了明显的提升,在动物试验中也体现了菜粕搭配适宜水平的菜粕专用酶,能够使猪只采食量和生长性能达到玉米-豆粕型日粮相当的效果,充分展现了菜粕氨基酸高平衡性的特点。
总之,本发明提供了一种利用菜粕替代豆粕的生长育肥猪饲料,通过筛选添加适宜配比和适宜水平的菜粕专用酶,可极大提升菜粕的利用效率,实现了饲料中豆粕的全替代,且猪只采食量、日增重和料肉比与纯玉米-豆粕型日粮效果持平,最终解决了因豆粕价格不断攀升造成的饲料产品成本的上升,养殖户利润空间被压缩等一系列问题。
具体实施方式
实施例1
所述无豆粕型生长育肥猪饲料按照重量份包括以下成分:
玉米50-80份、菜粕15-35份、麸皮0.5-10、米糠1-8、石粉0.6-2、磷酸氢钙0.2-1.2、食盐0.1-0.8、赖氨酸0.1-1、蛋氨酸0.01-0.15、苏氨酸0.01-0.4、色氨酸0.01-0.1、缬氨酸0.01-0.15、氯化胆碱0.01-0.1、菜粕专用复合酶0.02-0.15、育肥猪复合预混料0.1-1。所述菜粕专用复合酶中各组分的酶活为:植酸酶5000-20000U/g、木聚糖酶5000-30000U/g、纤维素酶5000-5000U/g、β-葡聚糖酶2000-30000U/g、甘露聚糖酶500-5000U/g、果胶酶500-5000U/g、酸性蛋白酶2000-10000U/g、中性蛋白酶2000-10000U/g、碱性蛋白酶5000-30000U/g、淀粉酶500-5000U/g。
上述饲料制备的具体步骤如下:
1)粉碎:按重量份将上述原料的玉米、菜粕、麸皮、米糠物料进行粉碎后,100%过12目,95%过18目;
2)混合:按重量份将上述步骤1)的主料和辅料石粉、磷酸氢钙、食盐、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、缬氨酸、氯化胆碱、菜粕专用复合酶、育肥猪复合预混料进行混合,按照主料优先,辅料后续添加的顺序依次进入混合机,完全进入混合机后开始计算混合时间,混合240秒,CV≤7.0%;
3)制粒:将步骤2)中混合完成的物料制粒,制粒前需经磁选,磁选完成后进行制粒,制粒温度:75-85℃,饱和蒸汽调质压力:0.3-0.5Mpa,环模孔径:3.0mm,压缩比1:5制粒
4)冷却:将步骤3)中的颗粒饲料经过冷却器冷却,冷却时间15min;
5)分级包装:将步骤4)中冷却好的颗粒饲料经分级筛分级后,进入成品仓,接出打包。
实施例2
1.试验材料
1.1在含菜粕的基础配合饲料中添加不同酶制剂方案的试验料配方见表1。
表1试验用不同酶制剂方案试验料配方组成
1.2菜粕专用酶1、2、3酶谱见表2。
表2菜粕专用酶酶谱设计
2.试验设计
试验采用单因素完全随机设计,设6个试验样品处理,每个处理设5个重复,每个重复1个模拟器。饲粮采用四分法取样后,用实验用饲料粉碎机粉碎过60目,充分混合均匀后-20℃储存备用。
3.试验方法
试验采用体外模拟法进行试验,体外模拟消化操作过程中缓冲液的配制和运行参数等实验操作基于《猪饲料体外消化能测定技术规程》。
3.试验结果
不同酶制剂方案对体外养分消化率的影响见表3,由表3可以看出,干物质消化率(%)试验料6>试验料5>试验料3>试验料4>试验料2>试验料1,试验料6和试验料5显著高于空白组和其他3个试验组,且两组之间差异不显著;总能消化率(%)试验料6>试验料5>试验料4>试验料3>试验料2>试验料1,试验料6和试验料5显著高于空白组和其他3个试验组,且两组之间差异不显著;蛋白消化率(%)试验料5>试验料6>试验料3>试验料4>试验料2>试验料1,试验料5显著高于空白组和其他4个试验组。
因此,15%菜粕配合试验料中,菜粕专用酶3效果优于菜粕专用酶1和菜粕专用酶2,且15%比例菜粕配方中菜粕专用酶3添加量达到600g/吨以上效果较佳。
表3不同酶制剂方案试验料对体外养分消化率的影响
*:同行肩标字母不同表示差异显著。
实施例3
1.试验动物和日粮
试验选用240头新美系三元育肥猪,体重为(41.78±1.93)kg,按照体重相近原则随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复(栏)10头猪。试验期23天。日粮组成及营养水平见表4。
表4试验用生长育肥猪日料配方组成及营养成分
2.试验方法
试验采用2×2因子设计,主因子为日粮处理和复合酶处理。日粮处理:玉米豆粕型日粮或菜粕型日粮。复合酶处理:普通复合酶和菜粕专用复合酶,复合酶酶谱见表5。试验期间自由采食和饮水,统计试验期23天各组试验猪的采食量和生长性能。
表5菜粕专用复合酶酶谱
3.试验结果
根据表6结果显示,玉米豆粕型日粮配方和菜粕日粮配方对平均日采食量、平均日增重、料肉比的影响均无显著差异(P>0.05)。普通复合酶和菜粕专用复合酶对平均日采食量、平均日增重、料肉比的影响均无显著差异(P>0.05)。日粮处理对平均日增重的影响与复合酶处理存在互作关系的趋势(P=0.078),即玉米豆粕型日粮搭配普通复合酶组的平均日增重有高于玉米豆粕型日粮、菜粕专用复合酶组的趋势,且菜粕型日粮搭配菜粕专用复合酶组的平均日增重有高于菜粕型日粮、普通复合酶组的趋势;日粮处理对料肉比的影响与复合酶处理存在互作关系(P=0.032),即玉米豆粕型日粮搭配普通复合酶组的料肉比低于玉米豆粕型日粮、菜粕专用复合酶组,且菜粕型日粮搭配菜粕专用复合酶组的料肉比低于菜粕型日粮、普通复合酶组。因此,菜粕型日粮搭配菜粕专用复合酶对生长猪的平均日采食量、平均日增重和料肉比的效果与玉米豆粕型日粮搭配普通复合酶的效果持平,可以用菜粕替代豆粕,实现无豆粕日粮。
表6无豆粕日料对生长育肥猪生长性能的影响
Claims (6)
1.一种菜粕替代豆粕的生长育肥猪饲料,其特征在于,所述饲料包括如下重量份的组分:玉米50-80、菜粕15-35、麸皮0.5-10、米糠1-8、石粉0.6-2、磷酸氢钙0.2-1.2、食盐0.1-0.8、赖氨酸0.1-1、蛋氨酸0.01-0.15、苏氨酸0.01-0.4、色氨酸0.01-0.1、缬氨酸0.01-0.15、氯化胆碱0.01-0.1、菜粕专用复合酶0.02-0.15、育肥猪复合预混料0.1-1。
2.如权利要求1所述的菜粕替代豆粕的生长育肥猪饲料,其特征在于,所述菜粕专用复合酶包含耐高温植酸酶、NSP复合酶、复合消化酶。
3.如权利要求2所述的菜粕替代豆粕的生长育肥猪饲料,其特征在于,所述NSP复合酶包括木聚糖酶、纤维素酶、β-葡聚糖酶、甘露聚糖酶、果胶酶;所述复合消化酶为酸性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、淀粉酶。
4.如权利要求3所述的菜粕替代豆粕的生长育肥猪饲料,其特征在于,所述菜粕专用复合酶中各组分的酶活为:植酸酶5000-20000U/g、木聚糖酶5000-30000U/g、纤维素酶5000-5000U/g、β-葡聚糖酶2000-30000U/g、甘露聚糖酶500-5000U/g、果胶酶500-5000U/g、酸性蛋白酶2000-10000U/g、中性蛋白酶2000-10000U/g、碱性蛋白酶5000-30000U/g、淀粉酶500-5000U/g。
5.如权利要求1所述的菜粕替代豆粕的生长育肥猪饲料,其特征在于,所述菜粕为双低菜粕。
6.如权利要求1所述的菜粕替代豆粕的生长育肥猪饲料,其特征在于,所述菜粕中蛋白的质量百分比含量为34%,硫甙的含量≤20微摩尔/g,芥子酸的质量百分比含量为0.6%-1.8%。
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