CN113999240B - 一类含有杂原子的共轭稠环大环材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一类含有杂原子的共轭稠环大环材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
- C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D495/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains four or more hetero rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
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- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
- C09K2211/10—Non-macromolecular compounds
- C09K2211/1018—Heterocyclic compounds
- C09K2211/1025—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands
- C09K2211/1044—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands containing two nitrogen atoms as heteroatoms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
- C09K2211/10—Non-macromolecular compounds
- C09K2211/1018—Heterocyclic compounds
- C09K2211/1025—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands
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- C09K2211/1051—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands containing two nitrogen atoms as heteroatoms with sulfur
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
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Abstract
本发明属于有机光电材料技术领域,具体为一类含有杂原子的共轭稠环大环材料及其制备方法和应用。该类材料结构如下所示,其中X为O或S,R1、R2、R3独立地为烷烃基或芳烷基,其拓扑结构、吸收光谱和荧光光谱可通过不同种类和数目的杂原子来调节。本发明原料结构简单、价廉易得,易于纯化,具有成本低,易于制备等优点。此外,共轭稠合大环材料具有独特的电子结构和纳米孔结构,是一类优良的载流子传输材料,将这一类共轭稠合大环材料应用到场效应晶体管器件中,可获得超过0.2 cm2 V‑1 s‑1的迁移率。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于有机光电材料技术领域,具体涉及一类含有杂原子的共轭稠环大环材料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
作为目前微电子学中应用最广泛的有源器件之一的场效应晶体管,由于它具有输入功耗低、噪声小、拥有宽的安全工作区域、阻抗高、没有二次击穿现象等优点,现已成为双极型晶体管的强大竞争者,成为微电子行业的重要元件之一。自其诞生以来,其制备所用的材料一直以硅、锗和其他无机半导体材料为主,而无机场效应晶体管存在着诸如制造成本高、单晶难于制备、需要高温工艺、衬底只能用硬性材料以及难于实现大表面积制备等缺点,并且无机场效应晶体管已经接近小型化的自然极限。相比于无机半导体材料,有机半导体材料具有生产成本低、材料来源广泛、工艺简单、无需高温以及可采用柔性衬底等优点。
传统的高迁移率发光材料大都为稠环芳烃和单键相连的链状共轭体系,而全稠合共轭大环(大环化的石墨烯片段和碳纳米带等)作为一类新型的有机光电半导体材料,由于其独特的电子和空间几何结构特征而有望在有机光电子器件和高迁移率发光超分子材料领域获得突破性应用,其中主要的挑战是全稠合共轭大环的化学湿法精准合成困难,分子平面型差,光电功能探索欠缺。凯库勒烯(Kekulene,超级苯)(Benzenoid versusAnnulenoid Aromaticity:Synthesis and Properties of Kekulene,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.,1978,17,372)以及它的同系物Octulene(超级环辛四烯)(Octulene:A Hyperbolic Molecular Belt that Binds Chloride Anions,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.,2016,55,14072),碳纳米带(Synthesis of a carbon nanobelt,Science,2017,356,172)都已被成功合成,有效推动了全稠合共轭大环的发展。目前这些全稠合共轭大环的研究还只停留在分子材料的设计合成上,并且为纯碳氢结构,分子内电荷转移作用非常弱,其本身发光性能也只能通过分子共轭大小和拓扑结构来调控。在全稠合共轭大环体系中,适当引入含有杂原子的基团既可以有效调控分子内的环形电荷转移作用和发光性能,形成具有分子内强电荷转移作用的发光材料,又可以调节分子的几何结构,增强分子间的π-π堆积作用,提高载流子迁移率,从而对发光场效应晶体管性能实现多重调控和优化。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一类含有杂原子的共轭稠环大环材料,以及具有成本低,易于制备等优势的该类材料制备方法。
一类含有杂原子的共轭稠环大环材料,其结构通式如下所示:
式中,X为O或S,R1、R2、R3独立地为烷烃基或芳烷基。
优选的,R1、R2、R3独立地为C1-C30烷烃基或者下列化学基团的一种:
式中,R4、R5独立地为C1-C30烷烃基。
本发明的含有杂原子的共轭稠环大环材料中的共轭稠环大环呈平面型。
上述含有杂原子的共轭稠环大环材料的制备方法,以化合物A为起始原料,先与化合物B1、化合物B2或化合物B3发生Suzuki偶联反应生成化合物C1、化合物C2或化合物C3,再依次经Wittig反应和Friedel-Crafts反应,分别制得如式E1、式E2或式E3所示含有杂原子的共轭稠环大环材料,其合成路线如下:
(a)
(b)
(c)
式中,X为O或S,R1、R2、R3独立地为烷烃基或芳烷基。
优选的,Suzuki偶联反应中,溶剂选自水、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、十氢化萘、二乙醚、二异丙基醚、甲基叔丁基醚、甲基叔戌基醚、二噁烷、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、1,1-二乙氧基甲烷或苯甲醚中的一种或多种;溶剂与化合物A的体积物质的量比为2mL/mmol~50mL/mmol。优选的,Suzuki偶联反应中,碱为叔丁醇钠t-BuONa、叔丁醇钾t-BuOK、碳酸钾K2CO3、碳酸钠Na2CO3和磷酸钾K3PO4中的一种或多种。
优选的,Suzuki偶联反应中,催化剂为四(三苯基膦)钯Pd(PPh3)4、双二亚苄基丙酮钯Pd(dba)2、三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯合三氯甲烷Pd2(dba)3·CHCl3、三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯Pd2(dba)3、醋酸钯Pd(OAc)2、二氯化钯PdCl2和氯(2-二环己基膦基-2′,4′,6′-三异丙基-1,1′-联苯基)[2-(2′-氨基-1,1′-联苯)]钯(II)XPhos Pd G2中的一种或多种。
优选的,Suzuki偶联反应中,配体为三苯基膦PPh3、三叔丁基膦P(t-Bu)3、四氟硼酸三叔丁基膦、2,2′-双(二苯基膦)-1,1′-联萘BINAP、2-双环己基膦-2',6'-二甲氧基联苯SPhos、2-二环己基膦-2,4,6-三异丙基联苯Xphos、1,2,3,4,5-戊苯基-1'-(二叔丁基磷基)二茂铁Qphos、2-二环己基膦-2'-甲基联苯MePhos、2-(二叔丁基膦)联苯JohnPhos和4,5-双二苯基膦-9,9-二甲基氧杂蒽XantPhos中的一种或多种。
优选的,Suzuki偶联反应中,化合物A与化合物B的摩尔比为1:1.2~1.2:1,反应温度为25℃~100℃,反应时间为16-48小时。
优选的,Wittig反应中,式C1、式C2或式C3所示化合物和甲基甲氧基三苯基氯化磷在强碱作用下反应,分别生成式D1、式D2或式D3所示化合物。更优选的,强碱是叔丁醇钾或者丁基锂中任一种。
优选的,Friedel-Crafts反应条件如下:氮气保护条件下,分别将式D1、式D2或式D3所示化合物在1,2-二氯乙烷中,催化剂三氟甲基磺酸铋[Bi(OTf)3)]作用下室温反应,反应结束后减压蒸馏除去溶剂,经硅胶柱分离纯化后分别制得如式E1、式E2或式E3所示含有杂原子的共轭稠环大环材料。
本发明还提供一种上述含有杂原子的共轭稠环大环材料在有机场效应晶体管器件中的应用。
与现有技术相比,本发明所述的含有杂原子的共轭稠环大环材料具有如下特点:
1)传统的高迁移率发光材料大都为稠环芳烃和单键相连的链状共轭体系,而全稠合共轭大环(大环化的石墨烯片段和碳纳米带等)作为一类新型的有机光电半导体材料,由于其独特的电子和空间几何结构特征而有望在有机光电子器件和高迁移率发光超分子材料领域获得突破性应用,其中主要的挑战是全稠合共轭大环的化学湿法精准合成困难,分子平面型差,光电功能探索欠缺(The Fold-In Approach to Bowl-Shaped AromaticCompounds:Synthesis of Chrysaoroles,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.,2013,52,1713)。本发明中提供了一种简单有效的精准合成含有杂原子的全稠合共轭大环的方法,并能够有效调节分子的几何结构,获得平面型共轭稠合大环。
2)目前常见的全稠合共轭大环的研究还只停留在分子材料的设计合成上,并且为纯碳氢结构,分子内电荷转移作用非常弱,其本身发光性能也只能通过分子共轭大小和拓扑结构来调控。本发明中,通过在全稠合共轭大环体系中引入含有杂原子的电子给体可以有效调控分子内的环形电荷转移作用和发光性能,形成具有分子内强电荷转移作用的发光材料。通过电子给体的引入,可以调节分子内局部环形电荷转移作用,并进一步调节聚合物的发光特性;通过与特异性功能分子超分子结合,形成分子间电荷转移作用和荧光共振能量转移作用,从而对发光场效应晶体管性能实现多重调控和优化。
3)本发明基于材料功能协同复合化的思想,通过引入含有杂原子的电子给受体基团和大环共轭分子稠环化的策略,来设计和发展新型的全稠合共轭大环,以期获得兼具高迁移率、强荧光的半导体材料和高性能的OFET器件。2018年,缪谦等人报道了一种硫杂环状并苯(From Phenanthrylene Butadiynylene Macrocycles to S-Heterocycloarenes,Org.Lett.2018,20,4259-4262),但是其载流子迁移率只有2.7×10-4cm2 V-1s。本发明中所得材料E3的光学带隙为2.63eV,表明其为P型半导体材料。经过测试,材料E3的载流子迁移率为0.26cm2 V-1s-1。本发明还为其它高迁移率发光材料的设计开发和应用提供理论和实验支持。
附图说明
图1:化合物E1的单晶结构图。
图2:化合物E2的单晶结构图。
图3:化合物E3的紫外吸收光谱。
图4:OFET器件结构图。
图5:材料E3的OFET性能图。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例的方式进一步说明本发明,但并不因此将本发明限制在所述的实施例范围之中。下列实施例中未注明具体条件的实验方法,按照常规方法和条件,或按照商品说明书选择。
实施例1:化合物E1的制备
(a)
(1)称取化合物A(183.5mg,0.42mmol)、化合物B(241mg,0.42mmol)、XPhos Pd G2(50mg,0.06mmol),溶于200mL THF中,氮气保护下,打入磷酸钾溶液(0.6M)50mL,50℃下反应24小时。减压蒸馏除去反应体系中的THF,硅胶柱层析除去催化剂后,通过HPLC分离得到产物C1(25mg,产率5%)。
(2)称取甲基甲氧基三苯基氯化磷(89mg,0.26mmol)打入30mL干燥的THF,置于冰浴中,氮气保护下打入0.13mLt-BuOK(2M),搅拌30分钟。称取产物C1(30mg,0.025mmol)溶于20mLTHF中,打入。然后将反应体系转移到室温下继续反应2h即可。减压蒸馏除溶剂后,经硅胶柱提纯可得产物D1(28mg,产率85%)。
(3)在反应瓶中加入产物D1(28mg,0.021mmol),Bi(OTf)3(25mg,0.038mmol),抽换气后,打入30mL1,2-二氯乙烷,室温下反应2h即可。减压蒸馏除去溶剂后,经硅胶柱提纯即可得到黄色固体E1(20mg,产率80%)。
图1:化合物E1的单晶结构图,结果表明,其中的共轭稠合大环呈平面型。
实施例2:化合物E2的制备
(b)
(1)称取化合物A(300mg,0.61mmol)、化合物B2(324mg,0.61mmol)、XPhosPdG2(50mg,0.06mmol),溶于300mL THF中,氮气保护下,打入磷酸钾溶液(0.6M)75mL,50℃下反应24小时。减压蒸馏除去反应体系中的THF,硅胶柱层析除去催化剂后,通过HPLC分离得到产物C1(45mg,产率6%)。
(2)称取甲基甲氧基三苯基氯化磷(89mg,0.26mmol)打入30mL干燥的THF,置于冰浴中,氮气保护下打入0.13mL t-BuOK(2M),搅拌30分钟。称取产物C2(45mg,0.037mmol)溶于20mL THF中,打入。然后将反应体系转移到室温下继续反应2h即可。减压蒸馏除溶剂后,经硅胶柱提纯可得产物D2(41mg,产率84%)。
(3)在反应瓶中加入产物D1(41mg,0.031mmol),Bi(OTf)3(25mg,0.038mmol),抽换气后,打入30mL 1,2-二氯乙烷,室温下反应2h即可。减压蒸馏除去溶剂后,经硅胶柱提纯即可得到黄色固体E2(31mg,产率83%)。
图2:化合物E2的单晶结构图,结果表明,其中的共轭稠合大环呈平面型。
实施例3:化合物E3的制备
(c)
(1)称取化合物A(244mg,0.37mmol)、化合物B3(163mg,0.37mmol),XPhos Pd G2(50mg,0.06mmol),溶于300mL THF中,氮气保护下,打入磷酸钾溶液(0.6M)50mL,50℃下反应24小时。减压蒸馏除去反应体系中的THF,硅胶柱层析除去催化剂后,通过HPLC分离得到产物C1(60mg,产率12%)。
(2)称取甲基甲氧基三苯基氯化磷(89mg,0.26mmol)打入30mL干燥的THF,置于冰浴中,氮气保护下打入0.13mL t-BuOK(2M),搅拌30分钟。称取产物C3(60mg,0.044mmol)溶于20mL THF中,打入。然后将反应体系转移到室温下继续反应2h即可。减压蒸馏除溶剂后,经硅胶柱提纯可得产物D3(52mg,产率80%)。
(3)在反应瓶中加入产物D3(35mg,0.024mmol),Bi(OTf)3(25mg,0.038mmol),抽换气后,打入30mL 1,2-二氯乙烷,室温下反应2h即可。减压蒸馏除去溶剂后,经硅胶柱提纯即可得到黄色固体E2(24mg,产率76%)。
图3为化合物E3的紫外吸收光谱,其最大吸收波长为311nm,经过计算,E3的光学带隙大约为2.63eV,表明其为P型半导体材料。
图4为OFET器件结构图。该器件采用底栅顶接触模式,由源极,漏极,有机半导体层,绝缘层以及栅极组成。源、漏电极和有机半导体薄膜的导电沟道可以当作电容器的一个极板,栅极可以当作另一个极板,沟道中载流子密度由加在栅极上的电压控制。当在栅,源之间加上负电压(VG)时,绝缘层的半导体层中就会感应出带正电的空穴,栅极处会积累带负电的电子,此时如果在源、漏电极之间再加上一个负电压VDS,就会在源漏电极之间产生电流IDS,通过调节VGS和VDS就可以调节绝缘层中的电场强度,而随着电场强度的不同,感应电荷的密度也会不同,从而,源、漏极之间的导电通道的宽窄也就不同,进而改变源、漏极之间的电流。图5为材料E3的OFET性能图,经过测试,材料E3的载流子迁移率为0.26cm2V-1s-1。
Claims (10)
1.一类含有杂原子的共轭稠环大环材料,其结构通式如下所示:
式中,X为O或S,R1为C1-C30烷烃基。
2.一种如权利要求1所述的含有杂原子的共轭稠环大环材料的制备方法,其特征在于,以化合物A为起始原料,先与化合物B3发生Suzuki偶联反应生成化合物C3,再依次经Wittig反应和Friedel-Crafts反应,制得如式E3所示含有杂原子的共轭稠环大环材料;其合成路线如下:
式中,X为O或S,R1为C1-C30烷烃基。
3.如权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,Suzuki偶联反应中,溶剂选自水、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、十氢化萘、二乙醚、二异丙基醚、甲基叔丁基醚、甲基叔戌基醚、二噁烷、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、1,1-二乙氧基甲烷和苯甲醚中的一种或多种;溶剂与化合物A的体积物质的量比为2mL/mmol~50mL/mmol。
4.如权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,Suzuki偶联反应中,碱为叔丁醇钠t-BuONa、叔丁醇钾t-BuOK、碳酸钾K2CO3、碳酸钠Na2CO3和磷酸钾K3PO4中的一种或多种。
5.如权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,Suzuki偶联反应中,催化剂为四(三苯基膦)钯Pd(PPh3)4、双二亚苄基丙酮钯Pd(dba)2、三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯合三氯甲烷Pd2(dba)3·CHCl3、三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯Pd2(dba)3、醋酸钯Pd(OAc)2、二氯化钯PdCl2和氯(2-二环己基膦基-2′,4′,6′-三异丙基-1,1′-联苯基)[2-(2′-氨基-1,1′-联苯)]钯(II)XPhosPd G2中的一种或多种。
6.如权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,Suzuki偶联反应中,配体为三苯基膦PPh3、三叔丁基膦P(t-Bu)3、四氟硼酸三叔丁基膦、2,2′-双(二苯基膦)-1,1′-联萘BINAP、2-双环己基膦-2',6'-二甲氧基联苯SPhos、2-二环己基膦-2,4,6-三异丙基联苯Xphos、1,2,3,4,5-戊苯基-1'-(二叔丁基磷基)二茂铁Qphos、2-二环己基膦-2'-甲基联苯MePhos、2-(二叔丁基膦)联苯JohnPhos和4,5-双二苯基膦-9,9-二甲基氧杂蒽XantPhos中的一种或多种。
7.如权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,Suzuki偶联反应中,化合物A与化合物B3的摩尔比为1:1.2~1.2:1,反应温度为25℃~100℃,反应时间为16-48小时。
8.如权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,Wittig反应中,式C3所示化合物和甲基甲氧基三苯基氯化磷在强碱作用下反应,生成式D3所示化合物。
9.如权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,Friedel-Crafts反应条件如下:氮气保护条件下,将式D3所示化合物在1,2-二氯乙烷中,催化剂三氟甲基磺酸铋Bi(OTf)3作用下室温反应,反应结束后减压蒸馏除去溶剂,经硅胶柱分离纯化后制得如式E3所示含有杂原子的共轭稠环大环材料。
10.一种如权利要求1所述的含有杂原子的共轭稠环大环材料在有机场效应晶体管中的应用。
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