CN113968837A - 具有抗癫痫活性的化合物及其在制备抗癫痫药物中的应用 - Google Patents
具有抗癫痫活性的化合物及其在制备抗癫痫药物中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种具有抗癫痫活性的化合物,该化合物从甘遂中提取分离出来,其中包括2个巨大戟烷型二萜(GS‑22、GS‑54),2个麻风树烷型二萜(GS‑70、GS‑71),1个大戟烷型三萜(GS‑45)。药理学实验显示,上述5个化合物在10微摩尔(µM)给药浓度下可显著性降低海马神经元的放电频率,具有潜在的抗癫痫活性。同时,在此检测浓度下,5种化合物不影响动作电位的幅度、半峰宽和膜电位水平。表明上述5个化合物可用于制备防治癫痫疾病的药物。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种从夏至草中提取分离的具有抗癫痫活性的化合物,并通过该化合物对大鼠海马神经元自发放电效应,研究了其抗癫痫活性,以期用于制备抗癫痫药物中,属于植物医药保健领域。
背景技术
癫痫(epilepsy)即俗称的“羊角风”或“羊癫风”,是大脑神经元突发性异常放电,导致短暂的大脑功能障碍的一种慢性疾病。表现为运动、感觉、意识、精神、植物神经等障碍。癫痫发生的神经电生理基础是神经元过度同步化放电,其异常放电主要与神经递质、离子通道、神经胶质细胞、突触联系及遗传和免疫系统异常有关(Löscher等,Pharmacol Rev.2020;72(3):606-638.)。理论上降低神经系统兴奋性或抑制痫性电活动的启动、放大和传播可预防和治疗癫痫疾病(Bean,Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007; 8(6):451-65; Oyrer等,Pharmacol Rev. 2018;70(1):142-173.)。因此,海马神经元的自发放电水平被广泛用于抗癫痫药物的体外活性评价和新药临床前研究。癫痫发病病因复杂,发作类型繁多,具有反复发作和久治难愈的特点,对个人、家庭及社会造成严重的负面影响,WHO 已将癫痫列入全球重点防治的五种神经、精神疾病之一。临床上主要通过药物疗法控制癫痫发作,通过合理的抗癫痫药物治疗,约70%的患者在确诊后5 年内癫痫发作得到长期缓解或完全控制,但仍有约30%的病人呈现药物难治性(Perucca等,Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(6):544-556.)。针对耐药性癫痫病人,只有不到一半的患者可以通过脑组织切除术或迷走神经电刺激术等外科手段来改善和控制癫痫发作,但仍需要合理的抗癫痫药物的辅助治疗(Löscher等,Pharmacol Rev. 2020;72(3):606-638.)。因此,亟需发现疗效更好、副作用更少的新型抗癫痫药物成为当务之急。
甘遂(Euphorbia kansui T. N. Liou ex T. P. Wang)是大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)大戟属(Euphorbia)植物,我国特有种,主要分布于华北地区,包括甘肃、陕西、山西、宁夏和河南等省。目前,已经从甘遂中分离得到100多种化学成分,主要化学成分和活性成分为巨大戟烷型二萜、麻风树烷型二萜、大戟烷型三萜。中药甘遂为甘遂的干燥块根,已被广泛用于治疗癌症、癫痫、水肿、腹水、哮喘等多种疾病。甘遂具有抗癫痫的传统功效。《本草纲目》记载,甘遂具有“泻肾经及隧道水湿,脚气,阴囊肿坠,痰迷癫痫,噎膈痞塞”的功效。以甘遂为药材制备的遂心丹,主治风痰迷心,癫痫,及妇人心风血邪。《中国药典》2020年版一部记载,甘遂具有主治风痰癫病的药效。然而,目前还没有对甘遂中的化学成分进行抗癫痫活性的研究。
发明内容
本发明的目的是通过对从甘遂中分离得到100多种化学成分的抗癫痫活性进行研究,筛选出可显著性抑制海马神经元的自发放电的化合物,并以其为活性成分用于制备抗癫痫药物中。
本发明的研究发现,从甘遂中提取分离的化合物中有5个化合物具有抗癫痫活性,其中包括2个巨大戟烷型二萜,2个麻风树烷型二萜,1个大戟烷型三萜,其结构和命名分别如下式所示:
上述5个化合物的分离方法如下:
(1)将干燥的甘遂粉碎,用溶剂浸提,提取液浓缩得到甘遂浓缩提取物;
(2)将甘遂浓缩提取物溶解在水中,分别用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取,得到石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相和水相;
(3)石油醚相(Fr. A)在200-300目硅胶柱上用石油醚-丙酮混合液作为洗脱液进行梯度洗脱,石油醚:丙酮体积比分别为10:1、8:1、5:1、3:1、2:1、1:1,最后用丙酮冲柱,依次得到10个组分Fr. A1~ Fr. A10;其中Fr. A4 用制备液相HPLC,Megres C18色谱柱,以甲醇-水混合液为洗脱液进行洗脱,流速为10 mL/min,以体积分数80%的甲醇/水洗脱得到化合物GS-54;
(4)乙酸乙酯相(Fr. B)在200-300目硅胶柱上用二氯甲烷-丙酮混合液作为洗脱液进行梯度洗脱,石二氯甲烷-丙酮体积比分别为10:1、8:1、5:1、3:1、2:1、1:1,最后用丙酮冲柱,依次得到14个组分Fr. B1~ Fr. B14;Fr. B2用制备液相HPLC,Megres C18色谱柱,以水-甲醇混合液为洗脱液进行洗脱,流速为10 mL/min,以体积分数92%的甲醇/水洗脱得到化合物GS-22。Fr. B3用制备液相HPLC,Megres C18色谱柱,以水-甲醇混合液为洗脱液进行洗脱,流速为10 mL/min,以体积分数98%的甲醇/水洗脱得到化合物GS-45。Fr. B5在Sephadex LH-20柱上用甲醇-水混合液为洗脱液进行洗脱,其中以体积分数50%的甲醇/水洗脱得到13个组分Fr.B5-1–Fr. B5-13。Fr.B5-10在200-300目硅胶柱上用二氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯混合液作为洗脱液进行洗脱,二氯甲烷-乙酸乙酯体积比分别为20:1,得到化合物GS-70、GS-71。
下面通过抗癫痫活性的海马神经元检测对所述5个化合物的抗癫痫活性进行分析研究。
癫痫疾病是一种大脑神经元突发性异常放电导致的神经功能失调疾病,降低神经系统兴奋性或抑制痫性电活动的启动、放大和传播理论上被认为可预防和治疗癫痫疾病。由于海马结构和功能研究相对清晰,海马锥体神经元是抗癫痫药物电生理检测的常用对象。
(1)海马神经元的分离与培养
急性分离出生后1-7天的Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠(上海SLAC实验动物有限公司)成对海马,在冰浴的磷酸缓冲液(Sigma公司)中彻底清除脑膜和脑微血管,移入胰蛋白酶(2.5 mg/mL,Type II-S, Sigma)中,显微剪刀剪碎,37℃消化30分钟。完毕后,用等体积生长培养基(含10%胎牛血清、1%的青霉素和链霉素、2mM谷氨酰胺的DMEM/F12)(Gibco公司)终止消化,反复吹打细胞至分散,70 μm 细胞筛滤过后,混悬液800 rpm 离心3分钟。弃去上清液,细胞沉淀物以生长培养基重悬后,按细胞终浓度十万个每毫升,接种于24孔培养板中预先用多聚赖氨酸包被的盖玻片上,并置
于37℃,5% CO2 培养箱中培养。培养6小时后,将培液全部换成含有1%的青霉素和链霉素、2% B-27、0.5 mM 1% GlutaMAX的Neurobasal A (Gibco公司),每3天换一半培养基。
(2) 海马锥体神经元的电生理记录
急性分离的海马神经元用于电流记录,培养至12-16天的海马神经元用于记录自发动作电位。寻找个体较大,突触完好,边界折光度好,细胞膜光滑的锥体神经元为研究对象。海马神经元自发放电采用全细胞电流钳记录,电压维持在-60 mV。全细胞电流钳记录实验采用Axon patch 700B膜片钳放大器(Molecular Devices公司),数模转换器为Digidata1440A(Molecular Devices公司),信号采集应用pClamp 10.0软件,滤波为2 kHz,采样频率为10 kHz。膜片钳硼硅酸盐玻璃电极由水平电极(World Precision Instrunents,Sarasota,FL)拉制仪P-97(Sutter公司)经多步程序拉制而成,充灌电极内液测定其电阻为3-5 MΩ可用。记录过程在室温(23-25℃)条件下进行。灌流给药系统为BPS-8,速度约为1mL/min。
其中,海马神经元自发放电的记录内外液配方(所有试剂均来自Sigma公司)。
细胞内液配方:140 mM KCl,1 mM MgCl2,1 mM CaCl2,10 mM EGTA,10 mM HEPES(KOH调至pH=7.2),过滤后分装,4℃保存备用。
细胞外液配方:140 mM NaCl,5 mM KCl,1.25 mM MgCl2,1 mM CaCl2,10 mMHEPES,10 mM葡萄糖(NaOH调至pH=7.4),4℃保存备用。
(3)数据分析
所有的电生理数据使用Clampfit 10.4 (Molecular Device公司)进行处理,然后使用GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software公司)进行分析。数据表示为平均值±标准误(mean ± S.E.M.),显著性采用配对t检验(Student’s paired/unpaired t test),*P <0.05,**P <0.01,***P <0.001时时认为两组之间的差异具有统计学意义。
(4)实验结果
采用全细胞电流钳记录模式,我们利用培养12-16天的大鼠海马神经元为实验对象,系统分析并考察了甘遂提取物对神经元自发放电的影响。神经元的膜电位钳制在-60毫伏(mV),灌流电生理记录用的正常细胞外液,待动作电位放电稳定(约1分钟)后,分别灌流给予10 微摩尔(µM)巨大戟烷型二萜GS-22和GS-54、麻风树烷型二萜GS-70和GS-71、大戟烷型三萜GS-45,直至海马神经元放电频率稳定(1~2分钟)后,切换至电生理记录用的正常细胞外液,洗脱药物的效应(图1-3)。为系统分析甘遂提取物潜在的抗癫痫活性,以各单体化合物对神经元的自发放电频率为主要评价指标,同时考察了化合物对动作电位的幅度、半峰宽和静息膜电位水平三个方面的影响,以初步分析可能的作用机制。一般而言,影响动作电位的幅度可能主要与调节钠通道有关,影响动作的电位的半峰宽则主要与钙通道有关,神经元的膜电位水平改变则可能影响钾通道。鉴于抗癫痫作用机制和靶点的多样性,因此化合物是否能改变神经元放电频率是主要的衡量指标。
图1为巨大戟烷型二萜GS-22和GS-54可逆抑制培养的大鼠海马神经元自发放电效应。其中图1A为灌流给药10 µM GS-22和GS-54前后培养的大鼠海马神经元自发放电示意图;图1B为灌流给药10 µM GS-22和GS-54前后培养的大鼠海马神经元放电频率统计图;图1C为灌流给药10 µM GS-22和GS-54前后培养的大鼠海马神经元自发放电动作电位幅度统计图;图1D为灌流给药10 µM GS-22和GS-54前后培养的大鼠海马神经元自发放电动作电位半峰宽统计图;图1E为灌流给药10 µM GS-22和GS-54前后培养的大鼠海马神经元静息膜电位水平统计图。图1的结果显示,灌流给予10微摩尔(µM)巨大戟烷型二萜GS-22和GS-54后,海马神经元的放电频率显著性降低(图1A,B),神经元的自发放电的动作电位幅度(图1C)、半峰宽(图1D)和静息膜电位水平(图1E)无显著性变化,药物的效应可完全洗脱。这些实验结果表明,在培养的海马神经元水平上,10微摩尔(µM)巨大戟烷型二萜GS-22和GS-54具有抑制动作电位放电的效应。
图2为麻风树烷型二萜GS-70和GS-71可逆抑制培养的大鼠海马神经元自发放电效应。其中,图2A为灌流给药10 µM GS-70和GS-71前后培养的大鼠海马神经元自发放电示意图;图2B为灌流给药10 µMGS-70和GS-71前后培养的大鼠海马神经元放电频率统计图;图2C为灌流给药10 µM GS-70和GS-71前后培养的大鼠海马神经元自发放电动作电位幅度统计图;图2D为灌流给药10 µM GS-70和GS-71前后培养的大鼠海马神经元自发放电动作电位半峰宽统计图;图2E为灌流给药10 µM GS-70和GS-71前后培养的大鼠海马神经元静息膜电位水平统计图。图2的结果显示,灌流给予10微摩尔(µM)麻风树烷型二萜GS-70和GS-71后,海马神经元的放电频率显著性降低(图2A,B),神经元的自发放电的动作电位幅度(图2C)、半峰宽(图2D)和静息膜电位水平(图2E)无显著性变化,药物的效应可完全洗脱。这些实验结果表明,在培养的海马神经元水平上,10微摩尔(µM)麻风树烷型二萜GS-70和GS-71具有抑制动作电位放电的效应。
图3为大戟烷型三萜GS-45可逆抑制培养的大鼠海马神经元自发放电效应。其中图3A为灌流给药10 µM GS-45前后培养的大鼠海马神经元自发放电示意图;图3B为灌流给药10 µM GS-45前后培养的大鼠海马神经元放电频率统计图;图3C为灌流给药10 µM GS-45前后培养的大鼠海马神经元自发放电动作电位幅度统计图;图3D为灌流给药10 µM GS-45前后培养的大鼠海马神经元自发放电动作电位半峰宽统计图;图3E为灌流给药10 µM GS-45前后培养的大鼠海马神经元静息膜电位水平统计图。图3的结果显示,灌流给予10微摩尔(µM)大戟烷型三萜GS-45后,海马神经元的放电频率显著性降低(图3A,B),神经元的自发放电的动作电位幅度(图3C)、半峰宽(图3D)和静息膜电位水平(图3E)无显著性变化,药物的效应可完全洗脱。这些实验结果表明,在培养的海马神经元水平上,10微摩尔(µM)大戟烷型三萜GS-45具有抑制动作电位放电的效应。
综上所述,本发明利用培养的大鼠海马神经元作为实验材料,利用全细胞电流钳方法,评价并初步研究了5种甘遂提取物的抗癫痫活性和可能的作用机制。实验结果表明,在10微摩尔(µM)给药浓度下,巨大戟烷型二萜GS-22和GS-54、麻风树烷型二萜GS-70和GS-71、大戟烷型三萜GS-45可显著性降低海马神经元的放电频率,具有潜在的抗癫痫活性。同时,在此检测浓度下,5种化合物不影响动作电位的幅度、半峰宽和膜电位水平。
附图说明
图1为巨大戟烷型二萜GS-22和GS-54可逆抑制培养的大鼠海马神经元自发放电效应。
图2为麻风树烷型二萜GS-70和GS-71可逆抑制培养的大鼠海马神经元自发放电效应。
图3示出了大戟烷型三萜GS-45可逆抑制培养的大鼠海马神经元自发放电效应。
具体实施方式
基于上述研究成果,以巨大戟烷型二萜GS-22、GS-54,麻风树烷型二萜GS-70、GS-71,大戟烷型三萜GS-45中的至少一种化合物为活性物质,并按药剂学可接受的辅料和规工艺制备成内服制剂,如胶囊剂、片剂、颗粒剂等。也可以其作为功能成分制备成功能型食品。
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