CN113933411A - 一种检测食品中非法添加物的方法及应用 - Google Patents
一种检测食品中非法添加物的方法及应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113933411A CN113933411A CN202111101914.3A CN202111101914A CN113933411A CN 113933411 A CN113933411 A CN 113933411A CN 202111101914 A CN202111101914 A CN 202111101914A CN 113933411 A CN113933411 A CN 113933411A
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种检测食品中非法添加物的方法及应用,所述方法包括以下步骤:采用超高效液相色谱‑四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法对检测溶液进行检测,将检测数据与标准数据库比对,得出检测结果。本发明采用超高效液相色谱‑四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱建立了食品中204种非法添加药物的检测方法,实现了多成分高通量筛查、确证和定量,为食品中204种非法添加物的检测提供新的可靠的技术手段。检测成分涵盖204种,包含凉茶非法添加的常见阳性成分和高风险添加成分,范围广,针对性强,能有效解决现时检测方法漏检、检验效率低的问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及检测领域,具体涉及一种检测食品中非法添加物的方法及应用。
背景技术
凉茶是岭南地区流行的传统饮料,一般认为具有清热解毒的功效。有部分不法商家受利益驱使,在凉茶中非法添加药物以增强宣称的功效,带来食品安全风险。若误服含有解热镇痛药、激素、抗生素的凉茶,可能掩盖发热、炎症等症状,延误疾病治疗。消费者在不知情的情况下还会导致重复用药、滥用药物、错用药物。非法添加行为已严重影响凉茶行业发展。
凉茶非法添加药物的情况是复杂的,一方面添加的药物种类繁多,涉及解热镇痛药、糖皮质激素、抗菌药物、抗组胺药物等多个种类,并有扩散的趋势。另一方面添加形式隐蔽,药物可以混在药粉原料、掺入半成品中,或者直接在凉茶中投入成药制剂。因此,凉茶非法添加物具有多样性和未知性,要求检测方法覆盖尽量多的药物,适用基质涵盖原料、半成品和最终产品。
目前,凉茶非法添加物检测常用方法有酶联免疫法、高效液相色谱法和液质联用法等。酶联免疫法和液相色谱法灵敏度较低,检测成分较少。液相色谱-串联三重四极杆低分辨质谱法虽是主流的检测方法,但多为单类别药物的靶向检测,检测药物不够全面。随着非法添加药物的扩散增加,出现标准外或方法外的成分漏检的情况。若凉茶同时添加多类型药物,需采用两个或两个以上的液质联用法检测,检验效率低。因此,现有的三重四极杆质谱方法已不能满足新形势下的检验需求。此外,大部分的研究对象是成品凉茶,对药材、药粉原料、半成品浓缩凉茶等的研究较少,适用基质的研究有待补充。
发明内容
为了克服上述现有技术存在的问题,本发明的目的之一在于提供一种检测食品中非法添加物的方法。
本发明的目的之二在于提供上述方法在检测凉茶、凉茶原料或药物中的应用。
为了实现上述目的,本发明第一方面提供了:一种检测食品中非法添加物的方法,包括以下步骤:
采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法对检测溶液进行检测,将检测数据与标准数据库比对,得出检测结果;
所述非法添加物为对乙酰氨基酚、氨基比林、安替比林、尼美舒利、非那西丁、依托考昔、氯唑沙宗、吡罗昔康、异丙安替比林、贝诺酯、舒林酸、酮洛芬、美洛昔康、芬布芬、奥沙普秦、双氯芬酸钠、吲哚美辛、醋氯芬酸、非普拉宗、保泰松、塞来昔布、甲芬那酸、罗通定、依托度酸、水杨酰胺、甲硝唑、替硝唑、奥硝唑、四环素、土霉素、金霉素、美他环素、多西环素、红霉素、罗红霉素、恩诺沙星、加替沙星、依诺沙星、诺氟沙星、氟罗沙星、培氟沙星、环丙沙星、达氟沙星、洛美沙星、沙拉沙星、双氟沙星、甲氧苄啶、磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺吡啶、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲噻二唑、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲氧哒嗪、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、磺胺氯哒嗪、磺胺噻唑、磺胺多辛、磺胺异恶唑、磺胺苯酰、磺胺喹恶啉、林可霉素、克林霉素、克林霉素磷酸酯、氯霉素、甲砜霉素、头孢克洛、氟康唑、益康唑、酮康唑、咪康唑、萘替芬、灰黄霉素、联苯苄唑、夫西地酸、曲安西龙、泼尼松、可的松、氢化可的松、泼尼松龙、甲基泼尼松龙、倍他米松、地塞米松、二氟拉松、二氟拉松双醋酸酯、氟米松、倍氯米松、地索奈德、曲安奈德、曲安西龙双醋酸酯、氟氢缩松、氢化可的松醋酸酯、氟氢可的松醋酸酯、氟米龙、泼尼松醋酸酯、地夫可特、可的松醋酸酯、甲基泼尼松龙醋酸酯、倍他米松醋酸酯、地塞米松醋酸酯、布地奈德、氢化可的松丁酸酯、氟米龙醋酸酯、曲安奈德醋酸酯、氢化可的松戊酸酯、氟轻松醋酸酯、倍他米松戊酸酯、哈西奈德、泼尼卡酯、安西奈德、莫米他松糠酸酯、氯倍他索丙酸酯、氟替卡松丙酸酯、阿氯米松双丙酸酯、倍他米松双丙酸酯、倍氯米松双丙酸酯、氯倍他松丁酸酯、氯苯那敏、溴苯那敏、甲氧那明、曲吡那敏、地氯雷他定、二氧丙嗪、阿司咪唑、咪唑斯汀、去氯羟嗪、苯海拉明、阿伐斯汀、异丙嗪、二苯拉林、赛庚啶、氯雷他定、特非那定、曲普利啶、氯马斯汀、酮替芬、茶碱、二羟丙茶碱、多索茶碱、沙丁胺醇、氯丙那林、克伦特罗、妥洛特罗、吗啡、可待因、那可丁、右美沙芬、喷托维林、苯丙哌林、金刚烷胺、吗啉胍、伪麻黄碱、麻黄碱、芬氟拉明、酚酞、比沙可啶、氟西汀、西布曲明、双醋酚丁、利莫那班、左旋肉碱、脱乙酰比沙可啶、洛哌丁胺、法莫替丁、西咪替丁、雷尼替丁、尼扎替丁、罗沙替丁醋酸酯、雷贝拉唑、泮拖拉唑、兰索拉唑、丙谷胺、普卡必利、依托必利、莫沙必利、西沙必利、氯波必利、多潘立酮、替加色罗、甲氧氯普胺、地芬诺酯、山莨菪碱、阿托品、贝那替嗪、苯环壬酯、溴丙胺太林、东莨菪碱、异丙托溴铵、氨溴索、溴己新、羧甲司坦、曲尼司特、扎鲁司特、氨苯砜、普鲁卡因、利多卡因、米诺地尔、阿苯达唑、蒂巴因、罂粟碱、苯巴比妥、氯丙嗪、地西泮中的至少一种。本发明中的检测方法可以同时对食品中204种非法添加物进行检测,检测范围涵盖范围宽,若食品样品中添加有上述非法添加物中的成分,则在一次检测中同时检测出来,检测速度快,从样品制备到定性筛查检测总耗费时间小于2h,检测结果准确,该检测方法可检测的非法添加物涵盖了包含解热镇痛、抗组胺、抗菌、消炎、抗胆碱等204种食品中非法添加高风险药物和内源性成分,食品包括凉茶、凉茶原料、饮料、保健食品等。
优选地,所述检测溶液包括样品溶液;优选地,所述样品选自凉茶、凉茶原料、饮料、保健食品中的至少一种;进一步优选地,所述样品选自凉茶、凉茶原料中的至少一种;再进一步优选地,所述凉茶原料选自液体凉茶原料、半固体凉茶原料、固体凉茶原料中的至少一种。
优选地,所述样品溶液的配制步骤为:对样品进行前处理,然后配制成质量浓度为20mg/mL的样品溶液;进一步优选地,所述样品溶液的配制步骤为:对样品进行前处理,然后用50%甲醇溶液配制成质量浓度为20mg/mL的样品溶液。
优选地,所述前处理步骤具体为:将样品与提取溶剂加入定量容器中,提取,再定容,然后过滤。
优选地,所述提取溶剂为50%甲醇。
优选地,所述提取步骤采用超声和涡旋中的至少一种;进一步优选地,所述提取步骤为超声提取;或,所述提取步骤采用涡旋提取结合超声提取的方法。
优选地,所述超声时间为20~40min;进一步优选地,所述超声时间为25~35min。
优选地,所述涡旋时间为0.8~1.2min。
优选地,所述过滤步骤采用0.22μm的滤膜过滤。
优选地,所述检测溶液包括样品溶液、标准质控溶液和空白溶液;
优选地,所述检测溶液的进样顺序依次为:标准质控溶液、空白溶液、样品溶液、空白溶液、标准质控溶液。检测溶液采用该进样顺序,可以实现对检测结果进行质控,提高检测结果的准确度。所述检测质控结果判断依据为当空白溶液中无目标成分检出,标准质控溶液中所有成分均有效检出时,筛查结果可信。采用标准质控溶液、空白溶液、样品溶液、空白溶液、标准质控溶液依次进样的方式,可以实现对检测结果进行质控,通过设置该质控手段,可以提高检测结果的精确度和准确度,使检测结果更加可靠。
优选地,所述标准质控溶液每24h至少分析一次。
优选地,所述标准质控溶液的配制步骤为:将标准品配制成检出限浓度的混合标准质控溶液;进一步优选地,所述标准质控溶液的配制步骤为:将标准品配制成质量浓度为1mg/mL的标准储备液,然后将标准储备液稀释成检出限浓度的混合标准质控溶液;再进一步优选地,所述标准品为10种代表成分的标准物质或对照品,所述10种代表成分为:对乙酰氨基酚、伪麻黄碱、土霉素、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、红霉素、地塞米松、氯霉素、兰索拉唑、尼美舒利、利莫那班。所述标准储备液的配制溶剂为甲醇和/或乙腈,标准质控溶液的稀释溶剂为50%甲醇。
优选地,所述标准储备液的配制步骤为:称取标准品,用甲醇溶解并配制成质量浓度为1mg/mL的单标标准储备液。若有不溶的,用冰醋酸或乙腈溶解后再用甲醇定容。标准储备液于-20℃保存。所述配置标准储备液中的标准品为204种非法添加物的标准物质或对照品。
更进一步优选地,标准质控溶液包含对乙酰氨基酚、伪麻黄碱、土霉素、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、红霉素、地塞米松、氯霉素、兰索拉唑、尼美舒利、利莫那班。
优选地,所述空白溶液的配制步骤为除不加样品,按样品溶液的配制步骤进行配制。
优选地,所述检测溶液还包括采集用单标溶液和标准曲线溶液;
所述方法包括以下步骤:
采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法对所述采集用单标溶液进行检测,建立标准数据库;
采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法对所述标准曲线溶液进行检测,建立标准曲线;
采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法对检测溶液进行定性筛查和定量分析;在定性筛查时将检测数据与标准数据库比对,得出定性筛查结果;在定量分析时,根据标准曲线和检测数据计算出检测溶液中样品溶液所含非法添加物的含量。
优选地,所述采集用单标溶液配制的步骤为:将标准品配制成质量浓度为100ng/mL的采集用单标溶液;进一步优选地,所述采集用单标溶液配制的步骤为:先将标准品配制成质量浓度为1mg/mL的标准储备液,再将标准储备液稀释成质量浓度为100ng/mL的采集用单标溶液;进一步优选地,标准品为上述204种非法添加物的标准物质或对照品,所述标准储备液的配制溶剂为甲醇和/或乙腈,采集用单标溶液的稀释溶剂为50%甲醇。
优选地,所述建立标准数据库的步骤具体为:通过超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱仪检测采集用单标溶液,采集每个成分的检测数据和高分辨质谱图,导入数据库软件,建立204种非法添加物成分的标准数据库。
优选地,所述标准曲线溶液的配制步骤为:将标准储备液配成至少5种不同浓度的标准曲线溶液;进一步优选地,所述标准曲线溶液的配制步骤为:将标准储备液配成质量浓度依次为5ng/mL、20ng/mL、50ng/mL、200ng/mL、500ng/mL的标准曲线溶液;再进一步优选地,所述标准曲线溶液的配制步骤为:将标准储备液配成质量浓度依次为5ng/mL、10ng/mL、20ng/mL、30ng/mL、50ng/mL、100ng/mL、200ng/mL、500ng/mL的标准曲线溶液。
优选地,所述标准曲线溶液采用50%甲醇溶液进行配制。
优选地,所述超高效液相色谱条件为:色谱柱为Waters XBridge BEH C18或与其相似或同等极性的色谱柱;流速为0.2~0.4mL/min;柱温为32~48℃;进样量2~8μL;洗脱剂为:流动相A为0.1%甲酸溶液,流动相B为0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液;洗脱方式为梯度洗脱。
优选地,所述梯度洗脱具体为:0~1min,流动相A为95%;1~20min,流动相A为95%~10%;20~23min,流动相A为10%;23~23.5min,流动相A为10%~95%;23.5~28min,流动相A为95%。
优选地,所述洗脱剂的流速为0.25~0.35mL/min;进一步优选的,所述洗脱剂的流速为0.3mL/min。
优选地,所述超高效液相色谱的色谱柱为Waters XBridge BEH C18(2.1×100mm,2.5μm)。
优选地,所述色谱柱的柱温为35~45℃;进一步优选地,所述色谱柱的柱温为35~40℃;更进一步优选地,所述色谱柱的柱温为40℃。
优选地,所述进样量为5μL。
优选地,所述高分辨质谱条件为:正离子喷雾电压为3.0~4.0kV;负离子喷雾电压为-2.30~-3.70kV;毛细管温度为260~380℃;管状透镜电压为40.0~60.0V;辅助气加热温度为280~420℃;鞘气流速为3.60~5.50L/min;辅助气流速2~4L/min;扫描类型为全扫描/数据依赖二级质谱扫描,正、负离子分开采集。
优选地,所述管状透镜电压为45.0~55.0V;进一步优选地,所述管状透镜电压为50.0V。
优选地,所述辅助气加热温度为300℃~400℃;进一步优选地,所述辅助气加热温度为330℃~380℃;更进一步优选地,所述辅助气加热温度为350℃。
优选地,所述正离子喷雾电压为3.30~3.80kV;进一步优选地,所述正离子喷雾电压为3.5kV。
优选地,所述负离子喷雾电压为-3.00~-3.50kV;进一步优选地,所述负离子喷雾电压为-3.20kV。
优选地,所述毛细管温度280~360℃;进一步优选地,所述高分辨质谱的毛细管温度300~350℃;再进一步优选地,所述高分辨质谱的毛细管温度320℃。
优选地,所述高分辨质谱的鞘气流速为3.80~5.46L/min;进一步优选地,所述高分辨质谱的鞘气流速为4~5L/min;再进一步优选地,所述高分辨质谱的鞘气流速为4.55L/min。
优选地,所述高分辨质谱的辅助气流速为2.4~3.6L/min;进一步优选地,所述高分辨质谱的辅助气流速为2.8~3.2L/min;再进一步优选地,所述高分辨质谱的辅助气流速为3L/min。
优选地,所述的全扫描参数为:分辨率为70000FWHM;自动增益控制目标离子数(ACG Target)为1e6~3e6;最大离子注入时间为80~120ms;扫描范围为100~1500m/z。
优选地,所述自动增益控制目标离子数(ACG Target)1e6;和/或,优选地,所述最大离子注入时间100ms,扫描范围100~1500m/z。
优选地,所述的数据依赖二级质谱扫描参数为:分辨率为17500FWHM;自动增益控制目标离子数(ACG Target)为1e5~3e5;最大离子注入时间为40~60ms;循环次数为1~10次;隔离宽度为1.0~3.0m/z;归一化碰撞能量为20%、40%、60%;开启动态排除8~12s。
优选地,所述自动增益控制目标离子数为2e5;最大离子注入时间50ms,循环次数5,隔离宽度2.0m/z,归一化碰撞能量(NEC)20%、40%和60%。
优选地,所述动态排除时间为10s。
优选地,所述定性筛查时将检测数据与标准数据库比对的步骤具体为:采用数据库软件从所述标准数据库中筛选匹配数据。
优选地,所述匹配数据为母离子质量数、保留时间、碎片离子质量数、同位素中的至少三项
优选地,所述数据库软件在定性筛查时需要设置筛选条件。
优选地,所述数据库软件的筛选条件选自以下筛选条件中的至少三个,四个筛选条件具体为:条件(1):母离子质荷比偏差小于5×10-6(5ppm);条件(2):保留时间偏差小于20s;条件(3):碎片离子质荷比偏差小于5×10-6且至少有1个碎片与数据库匹配;条件(4):同位素质荷比偏差小于5×10-6、相对丰度偏差小于25%且综合比对大于75%。
当上述四个筛选条件满足其中三项时,为可疑样品。提取可疑样品检出成分对应的一级、二级质谱图与数据库收录的标准品图谱进行比对,重点比较二级图谱碎片离子的整体分布趋势。当母离子精确质量数、保留时间、特征碎片离子质量数以及离子分布趋势均符合时,确证为同一物质,检出阳性成分。
优选地,所述定量分析具体为:将标准曲线溶液的检测数据和样品溶液的检测数据导入数据库软件中,计算样品溶液中非法添加物的含量。
优选地,所述计算样品溶液中非法添加物的含量步骤中,数据库软件的参数设置为:(1)通道为一级全扫描通道,提取离子为母离子;(2)保留时间偏差为20s;(3)积分方式为与保留时间接近(Nearest RT);(4)定量响应为峰面积,定量方式为外标法。
为了实现上述发明目的,本发明第二方面提供了上述的方法在检测凉茶、凉茶原料或药物中的应用。
本发明的有益效果是:本发明采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱建立了食品中204种非法添加药物的检测方法,实现了多成分高通量筛查、确证和定量,为食品中204种非法添加物的检测提供新的可靠的技术手段。
本发明基于质谱数据库,采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱建立了凉茶中跨类列多成分的高通量筛查、确证和定量的检测方法。检测成分涵盖204种,包含凉茶非法添加的常见阳性成分和高风险添加成分,范围广,针对性强,能有效解决现时检测方法漏检、检验效率低的问题。从样品提取、质谱采集到数据分析,检测时间在2h内,检测时间短,检测效率高。本发明中的检测方法设置了质控方法,结果可控,筛查准确率高。
附图说明
图1为检测食品中非法添加物的方法流程图。
图2为凉茶粉末原料中对乙酰氨基酚、金刚烷胺、氯苯那敏的全扫描母离子提取离子流图。
图3为对乙酰氨基酚的质谱图,其中:图a为样品中对乙酰氨基酚的一级质谱图;图b为样品中对乙酰氨基酚的二级质谱图;图c为数据库中对乙酰氨基酚标准品的二级质谱图。
图4为金刚烷胺的质谱图,其中:图a为样品中对金刚烷胺的一级质谱图;图b为样品中对金刚烷胺的二级质谱图;图c为数据库中金刚烷胺标准品的二级质谱图。
图5为氯苯那敏的质谱图,其中:图a为样品中对氯苯那敏的一级质谱图;图b为样品中对氯苯那敏的二级质谱图;图c为数据库中氯苯那敏标准品的二级质谱图。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图和实例对本发明的具体实施作进一步详细说明,但本发明的实施和保护不限于此。需要指出的是,以下若为有未特别详细说明之过程,均是本领域技术人员可参照现有技术实现或理解的。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,视为可以通过市售购买得到的常规产品。
(1)数据库成分的选择
凉茶跨类别添加药物的问题非常突出,根据宣称的功效不同,可加入解热镇痛药、抗菌药物(抗生素)、糖皮质激素、抗组胺药物、平喘药、镇咳药等。近年来市面上新型的胃痛茶、消滞茶、减肥茶又将消化系统用药、减肥药纳入到可能被添加的药物范畴中。综合考虑,选择了204种药物建立高分辨质谱数据库,包括解热镇痛药25个、抗菌药物51个、激素42个、抗组胺药物19个、镇咳平喘药13个、其他感冒制剂用药4个、消化系统用药19个、减肥药9个,抗胆碱药7种和其他类别15种。具体药物种类见表1,药物种类及其相应的分子式见表2,这些成分基本覆盖了常见阳性成分和非法添加高风险药物。该204种非法添加物的检测数据信息见表3。
在检测时,采用[M-H]-的加合方式的成分有氯霉素、氯唑沙宗、塞来昔布、依托度酸、夫西地酸、尼美舒利、苯巴比妥和甲砜霉素;采用[M-Na+H]+的加合方式的成分有双氯芬酸钠;采用[M-Br]-的加合方式的成分有异丙托溴铵和溴丙胺太林。没有特别说明,其他成分采用[M+H]+的加合方式。
表1数据库成分
表2数据库成分及其分子式
表3数据库成分检测信息
(3)色谱条件优化
考察了Waters XBridge BEH C18(2.1mm×100mm,2.5μm)、Waters CORTECS UPLCC18(100mm×2.1mm,1.6μm)、Thermo Hypersil GOLD(100mm×2.1mm,1.9μm)、ThermoAccucore RP-MS(100mm×2.1mm,2.6μm)、Agilent Poroshell 120EC-C18(100mm×2.1mm,2.7μm)和PhenomeneKinetex C18(100mm×2.1mm,2.6μm)六款色谱柱。204种化合物在Waters XBridge BEH C18(2.1mm×100mm,2.5μm)上峰型良好,保留时间稳定,柱压合适且波动稳定,整体表现最佳。
比较0.1%甲酸-0.1%甲酸乙腈、0.01mol/L乙酸铵-乙腈、0.01mol/L甲酸铵-乙腈、0.01mol/L甲酸铵(含0.1%甲酸)-乙腈为流动时各化合物的分离情况。当流动相含甲酸铵、乙酸铵时,四环素类和喹诺酮类药物响应明显降低,灵敏度差。采用0.1%甲酸-0.1%甲酸乙腈时,各化合物峰型、响应良好,配合梯度洗脱,各化合物在运行时间内均匀分布。
(4)质谱参数及质谱数据库的优化
本方法筛查的药物多达204个,优化时需保证每个药物被有效采集,在分辨率和最大驻留时间相对固定的情况下,Orbitrap可调整的参数有TopN、动态排除功能。TopN由Loopcount和MSX count的乘积决定,代表触发响应前N强的离子进行二级质谱。MSK count默认为1,本方法Loop cpount设置为5时,能获得数量较多、质量较好的二级图谱。动态排除是指强度占优势的母离子做过二级质谱后将其排除,避免重复采集,尽量多获得不同质荷比母离子的二级图谱。以本方法为例,在3.3~4.4min区间,有对乙酰氨基酚、甲硝唑、氨基比林、茶碱、可待因等高风险物质,其中前三者属于高浓度添加物(添加量600~2000mg/kg),后两者属于低浓度添加物(添加量20~60mg/kg),开启动态排除前,高浓度添加物持续采集,造成茶碱、可待因的采集不稳定。开启后情况得到显著改善,解决了剂量差异造成相互干扰的问题。
化合物的母离子、碎片离子精确质量数是质谱数据库的重要信息。在确定化合物特征碎片离子过程中遇到两种情况:一是糖皮质激素的碎片信息丰富,出现多个碎片离子;二是安替比林、可待因、吗啡在各碰撞能叠加下的特征碎片离子不明显。采用仪器工作站提取标准品二级图谱中的最强的5个离子作为对应成分的碎片离子(若含有母离子,除去母离子),能避免人工提取错误,最大限度保留化合物的质谱信息。
(5)质控方式的选择
本方法在前期已经采用标准品建立了质谱数据库。在定性筛查时,只需将检测数据和数据库比对,无需再次使用标准品,但应该在筛查过程中对仪器稳定性、灵敏度进行监测。本方法引入标准质控溶液、空白溶液随行进样的手段,对分析过程进行质量控制。标准质控溶液设置为检出限浓度,包含了乙酰氨基酚、伪麻黄碱、土霉素、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、红霉素、地塞米松、氯霉素、兰索拉唑、尼美舒利、利莫那班,覆盖正负离子,兼顾了常见的高浓度污染成分和不稳定成分,有一定的代表性。利用质控溶液和空白溶液可以监测灵敏度、质量轴稳定性和仪器状态,及时发现潜在的污染或降解,减少假阳性和假阴性,提高筛查结果的可信度。
(6)方法学验证
特异性:
取阴性样品溶液、加标溶液进样分析,记录离子流图和多级质谱图,进行数据库筛查。结果显示,阴性样品中无检出目标成分,加标样品中均筛查出目标成分,样品基质对筛查结果无干扰。
检出限:
在空白样品中加入适量的标准储备液,制成质量浓度为5ng/mL、10ng/mL和50ng/mL的加标溶液,从低至高进样确定各成分的检出限。当母离子、保留时间和碎片离子三项指标在数据库筛查全部满足要求时,对应的最低浓度为检出限。本方法在0.25mg/kg下可筛查出52个成分,0.5mg/kg下可筛出132个成分,2.5mg/kg下可筛出204个成分,方法检出限可满足非法添加的检测要求。
线性关系:
分别配制质量浓度为5ng/mL、10ng/mL、20ng/mL、30ng/mL、50ng/mL、100ng/mL、200ng/mL、500ng/mL的标准曲线溶液,考察各化合物的线性关系。各化合物按实际情况选取5个浓度点,以质量浓度为横坐标x,以一级全扫描母离子提取离子流图中的色谱峰响应为纵坐标y,绘制标准曲线。结果表明,各化合物线性关系良好,相关系数r大于0.99。
回收率、精密度:
以1倍方法检出限浓度进行加标试验,采用单点法计算回收率,考察6份,计算RSD。结果显示,各化合物回收率在70.5%~130.5%,RSD为0.9%~18.7%。
将上述加标溶液进行数据库筛查,全部成分均匹配检出,准确率达到100%。
实施例1和实施例2中的非法添加药物的检测流程图见图1所示。
实施例1
凉茶中非法添加药物的检测
收集市场上现场制售的液体成品凉茶,共172批,以超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱快速筛查非法添加药物并初步测定阳性成分含量。
(1)仪器与试药
仪器:超高效液相色谱仪VANQUIVE Optiplex、四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱QExactive Orbitrap和TraceFinder软件;分析天平;超纯水发生器;超声波清洗器;涡旋振荡器。
试剂:乙腈、甲醇、甲酸、冰醋酸;50%甲醇溶液:量取甲醇500mL和水500mL,混合;0.1%甲酸溶液:准确吸取甲酸1mL于1000mL容量瓶中,用水稀释至刻度;0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液:准确吸取甲酸1mL于1000mL容量瓶中,用乙腈稀释至刻度。
标准品:对乙酰氨基酚、伪麻黄碱、土霉素、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、红霉素、地塞米松、氯霉素、兰索拉唑、尼美舒利、利莫那班、氯苯那敏、金刚烷胺、甲硝唑、环丙沙星、双氯芬酸钠、地塞米松醋酸酯、溴苯那敏、可待因、泼尼松醋酸酯、泼尼松、右美沙芬标准品。
(2)仪器分析条件
色谱柱:Waters XBridge BEH C18(2.1mm×100mm,2.5μm),流速0.3mL/min;柱温40℃,进样量5μL。流动相:流动相A为0.1%甲酸溶液,流动相B为0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液。
梯度洗脱程序如下:0~1min,流动相A:95%;1~20min,流动相A:95%~10%;20~23min,流动相A:10%;23~23.5min,流动相A:10%~95%;23.5~28min,流动相A:95%。
喷雾电压3.50kV(正离子)和-3.20kV(负离子),毛细管温度320℃;管状透镜电压50.0V,辅助气加热温度350℃,鞘气流速4.55L/min,辅助气流速3L/min。扫描类型为全扫描/数据依赖二级质谱扫描(Full MS/dd-MS2),正、负离子分开采集。Full MS参数:分辨率70000FWHM,自动增益控制目标离子数1e6,最大离子注入时间100ms,扫描范围100~1000m/z。dd-MS2参数:分辨率17500FWHM,自动增益控制目标离子数2e5,最大离子注入时间50ms,循环次数5,隔离宽度2.0m/z,归一化碰撞能量(NEC)20%、40%和60%,开启动态排除10s。
数据库成分具体参数见表3。
(3)标准储备液和标准质控溶液的配制
分别准确称量对乙酰氨基酚、伪麻黄碱、土霉素、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、红霉素、地塞米松、氯霉素、兰索拉唑、尼美舒利、利莫那班标准品各10mg,置于不同的10mL容量瓶中,用甲醇溶解并稀释至刻度,制成单标标准储备液,于-20℃冰箱保存。
分别取适量单标标准储备液用50%甲醇溶液配制成标准质控溶液,各标准质控溶液的质量浓度为:对乙酰氨基酚10ng/mL、伪麻黄碱10ng/mL、土霉素50ng/mL、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶10ng/mL、红霉素10ng/mL、地塞米松10ng/mL、氯霉素10ng/mL、兰索拉唑50ng/mL、尼美舒利5ng/mL、利莫那班10ng/mL。
(4)样品前处理
取样前摇匀液体凉茶,准确称取样品1g于50mL容量瓶中,加入适量50%甲醇溶液,超声提取15min。取出放冷,用50%甲醇溶液定容至50mL,0.22μm滤膜过滤,制得样品溶液。采用同样的方法制备空白溶液。
(5)筛查方法和结果
在TraceFinder软件中设置筛查条件:母离子质荷比偏差小于5×10-6(5ppm),保留时间偏差小于20s,碎片离子质荷比偏差小于5×10-6且至少有1个碎片与数据库匹配,同位素质荷比偏差小于5×10-6,相对丰度偏差小于25%,综合比对大于75%。当符合筛查条件时,该参数项通过;当三项参数均通过时,判断为该成分检出,对应样品为可疑样品;
分别将样品溶液、标准质控溶液和空白溶液注入仪器中,按仪器分析条件获得质谱数据,其中进样顺序为标准质控溶液-空白溶液-样品溶液-空白溶液-标准质控溶液。将数据导入TraceFinder软件进行高通量筛查。空白溶液中无目标成分检出,标准质控溶液中所有成分均有效检出,筛查结果可信。在172批凉茶中,筛查出20批可疑样品,涉及14种阳性成分,检出成分有对乙酰氨基酚、氯苯那敏、地塞米松醋酸酯、甲硝唑等,具体见表4和表5所示,其中金刚烷胺、右美沙芬、溴苯那敏、环丙沙星是补充检验标准外成分。
(6)定量方法和结果
在TraceFinder软件中,建立对乙酰氨基酚、双氯芬酸钠、红霉素、甲硝唑、环丙沙星、地塞米松醋酸酯、泼尼松醋酸酯、泼尼松、氯苯那敏、溴苯那敏、金刚烷胺、右美沙芬、可待因、伪麻黄碱的定量方法,设置定量通道为一级全扫描通道,提取离子为母离子,保留时间偏差为20s,积分方式为Nearest RT,响应类型为峰面积,定量方式为外标法,设置8级浓度对应标准曲线浓度水平。
用甲醇分别配制14种阳性成分的单标标准储备液。取每个单标标准储备液用50%甲醇配制质量浓度依次为5ng/mL、10ng/mL、20ng/mL、30ng/mL、50ng/mL、100ng/mL、200ng/mL和500ng/mL的系列标准曲线溶液。
分别将系列标准曲线溶液和样品溶液注入仪器中,按仪器分析条件测定,数据导入TraceFinder软件进行自动计算。若阳性成分浓度超过线性范围,用50%甲醇稀释至线性范围内。20批可疑样品中14种阳性成分的含量见表4和表5所示。
(7)定量方法验证
准确称取空白样品1g,加入适量14种阳性成分标准储备液,配制1倍、2倍和10倍检出限浓度水平的加标溶液,每个浓度水平制备6份,进行方法学验证,结果见表6。结果表明,14种成分线性关系良好,相关系数r大于0.995,回收率70.9%~113.4%,RSD(n=6)1.0%~12.7%,精密度良好,满足定量要求。
表4可疑样品中检出的阳性成分及其含量(单位:mg/kg)
表5可疑样品中检出的阳性成分及其含量(单位:mg/kg)
成分 | LC11 | LC12 | LC13 | LC14 | LC15 | LC16 | LC17 | LC18 | LC19 | LC20 |
对乙酰氨基酚 | 144 | 15.6 | 511 | 224 | 1.8 | 279 | 690 | 643 | 558 | 814 |
双氯芬酸钠 | 14.8 | 1.3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
红霉素 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 144 | 65 | 7.7 |
甲硝唑 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.0 | ND | 553 | ND | ND |
环丙沙星 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 261 |
地塞米松醋酸酯 | ND | ND | 1.1 | 1.4 | ND | 1.7 | ND | ND | 1.8 | 1.7 |
泼尼松醋酸酯 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 8.0 | ND |
泼尼松 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.3 | ND |
氯苯那敏 | ND | ND | 1.6 | ND | ND | ND | 2.6 | ND | 1.9 | 2.3 |
溴苯那敏 | ND | ND | ND | 5.5 | ND | 7.3 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
金刚烷胺 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 84.3 | 0.3 | ND | ND |
右美沙芬 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 18.2 |
可待因 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.7 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
伪麻黄碱 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 47.7 |
表6 14种阳性成分的方法学数据
实施例2
凉茶原料中非法添加药物的检测
采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱对凉茶相关原料进行非法添加药物高通量筛查,筛查出补充检验标准外成分,结合数据库对检出成分进行确证。
(1)仪器、试药和仪器分析条件同实施例1
(2)样品前处理
浓缩凉茶液:取样前充分摇匀,称取混合均匀样品1g于50mL容量瓶中,加入适量50%甲醇溶液,超声提取15min。取出放冷,用50%甲醇溶液定容至50mL,0.22μm滤膜过滤,待测。
半成品糖浆:取样前充分摇匀,使样品呈混悬状态,称取混合均匀样品1g于50mL具塞比色管中,加入适量50%甲醇溶液,涡旋1min,超声提取30min。取出放冷,用50%甲醇溶液定容至50mL,0.22μm滤膜过滤,待测。
凉茶粉末:取适量研磨均匀,称取混合均匀样品1g于50mL具塞比色管中,加入适量50%甲醇溶液,涡旋1min,超声提取30min。取出放冷,用50%甲醇溶液定容至50mL,0.22μm滤膜过滤,待测。
采用同样的方法制备空白溶液。
(3)筛查确证结果
将样品溶液、空白溶液、标准质控溶液注入仪器,按仪器分析条件采集数据,在TraceFinder软件中按照实施例1中的筛查条件,进行数据库筛查。筛查结果显示,在一批凉茶粉末原料中检出对乙酰氨基酚、氯苯那敏、金刚烷胺,其中金刚烷胺为补充检验标准外成分。结合数据库,对上述成分进行确证,可疑样品中3种成分的全扫描母离子提取离子流图、一级质谱图、二级质谱图具体见图2~5。
从图2中可以看出,在一级母离子提取离子流图中,对乙酰氨基酚、金刚烷胺、氯苯那敏的可疑峰保留时间为3.33min、4.83min、5.76min,与数据库中标准品的一致。从图3至图5可以看出,一级质谱图实测母离子准确质量数依次为152.07027(理论值152.07061)、152.14299(理论值152.14338)、275.13109(理论值275.13095),按ΔM=(M实测-M理论)×106/M理论公式计算,质量偏差为-2.2ppm、-2.6ppm、0.5ppm,均小于5ppm。二级质谱特征碎片,对乙酰氨基酚为110.06099,金刚烷胺为135.11650,氯苯那敏为230.07234、167.07243,均与数据库中的特征离子对应,且离子整体分布趋势一致,可确证为同一物质。
本方法基于高分辨质谱数据库,定性筛查和确证过程一般无需再次使用标准品,但前提是方法保留时间稳定,仪器质量轴不偏移。为保证结果可靠,本方法引入标准质控溶液、空白溶液随行进样的手段,可以监测保留时间、灵敏度和仪器状态。标准质控溶液包含了检出限浓度的对乙酰氨基酚等10种成分,覆盖正负离子,保留时间、质量数分布均匀,兼顾了高浓度污染成分、不稳定成分,有一定的代表性。
以上实施例仅为本发明较优的实施方式,仅用于解释本发明,而非限制本发明,本领域技术人员在未脱离本发明精神实质与原理下所作的任何改变、替换、修饰等均应属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种检测食品中非法添加物的方法,其特征在于:所述方法包括以下步骤:
采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法对检测溶液进行检测,将检测数据与标准数据库比对,得出检测结果;
所述非法添加物为对乙酰氨基酚、氨基比林、安替比林、尼美舒利、非那西丁、依托考昔、氯唑沙宗、吡罗昔康、异丙安替比林、贝诺酯、舒林酸、酮洛芬、美洛昔康、芬布芬、奥沙普秦、双氯芬酸钠、吲哚美辛、醋氯芬酸、非普拉宗、保泰松、塞来昔布、甲芬那酸、罗通定、依托度酸、水杨酰胺、甲硝唑、替硝唑、奥硝唑、四环素、土霉素、金霉素、美他环素、多西环素、红霉素、罗红霉素、恩诺沙星、加替沙星、依诺沙星、诺氟沙星、氟罗沙星、培氟沙星、环丙沙星、达氟沙星、洛美沙星、沙拉沙星、双氟沙星、甲氧苄啶、磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺吡啶、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺甲噻二唑、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲氧哒嗪、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、磺胺氯哒嗪、磺胺噻唑、磺胺多辛、磺胺异恶唑、磺胺苯酰、磺胺喹恶啉、林可霉素、克林霉素、克林霉素磷酸酯、氯霉素、甲砜霉素、头孢克洛、氟康唑、益康唑、酮康唑、咪康唑、萘替芬、灰黄霉素、联苯苄唑、夫西地酸、曲安西龙、泼尼松、可的松、氢化可的松、泼尼松龙、甲基泼尼松龙、倍他米松、地塞米松、二氟拉松、二氟拉松双醋酸酯、氟米松、倍氯米松、地索奈德、曲安奈德、曲安西龙双醋酸酯、氟氢缩松、氢化可的松醋酸酯、氟氢可的松醋酸酯、氟米龙、泼尼松醋酸酯、地夫可特、可的松醋酸酯、甲基泼尼松龙醋酸酯、倍他米松醋酸酯、地塞米松醋酸酯、布地奈德、氢化可的松丁酸酯、氟米龙醋酸酯、曲安奈德醋酸酯、氢化可的松戊酸酯、氟轻松醋酸酯、倍他米松戊酸酯、哈西奈德、泼尼卡酯、安西奈德、莫米他松糠酸酯、氯倍他索丙酸酯、氟替卡松丙酸酯、阿氯米松双丙酸酯、倍他米松双丙酸酯、倍氯米松双丙酸酯、氯倍他松丁酸酯、氯苯那敏、溴苯那敏、甲氧那明、曲吡那敏、地氯雷他定、二氧丙嗪、阿司咪唑、咪唑斯汀、去氯羟嗪、苯海拉明、阿伐斯汀、异丙嗪、二苯拉林、赛庚啶、氯雷他定、特非那定、曲普利啶、氯马斯汀、酮替芬、茶碱、二羟丙茶碱、多索茶碱、沙丁胺醇、氯丙那林、克伦特罗、妥洛特罗、吗啡、可待因、那可丁、右美沙芬、喷托维林、苯丙哌林、金刚烷胺、吗啉胍、伪麻黄碱、麻黄碱、芬氟拉明、酚酞、比沙可啶、氟西汀、西布曲明、双醋酚丁、利莫那班、左旋肉碱、脱乙酰比沙可啶、洛哌丁胺、法莫替丁、西咪替丁、雷尼替丁、尼扎替丁、罗沙替丁醋酸酯、雷贝拉唑、泮拖拉唑、兰索拉唑、丙谷胺、普卡必利、依托必利、莫沙必利、西沙必利、氯波必利、多潘立酮、替加色罗、甲氧氯普胺、地芬诺酯、山莨菪碱、阿托品、贝那替嗪、苯环壬酯、溴丙胺太林、东莨菪碱、异丙托溴铵、氨溴索、溴己新、羧甲司坦、曲尼司特、扎鲁司特、氨苯砜、普鲁卡因、利多卡因、米诺地尔、阿苯达唑、蒂巴因、罂粟碱、苯巴比妥、氯丙嗪、地西泮中的至少一种。
2.根据权利要求1所述的检测食品中非法添加物的方法,其特征在于:所述检测溶液包括样品溶液;所述样品选自凉茶、凉茶原料中的至少一种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的检测食品中非法添加物的方法,其特征在于:所述超高效液相色谱条件为:色谱柱为Waters XBridge BEH C18或与其相似或同等极性的色谱柱;流速为0.2~0.4mL/min;柱温为32~48℃;进样量为2~8μL;洗脱剂为:流动相A为0.1%甲酸溶液,流动相B为0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液;洗脱方式为梯度洗脱。
4.根据权利要求3所述的检测食品中非法添加物的方法,其特征在于:所述梯度洗脱具体为:0~1min,流动相A为95%;1~20min,流动相A为95%~10%;20~23min,流动相A为10%;23~23.5min,流动相A为10%~95%;23.5~28min,流动相A为95%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的检测食品中非法添加物的方法,其特征在于:所述高分辨质谱条件为:正离子喷雾电压为3.0~4.0kV;负离子喷雾电压为-2.30~-3.70kV;毛细管温度为260~380℃;管状透镜电压为40.0~60.0V;辅助气加热温度为280℃~420℃;鞘气流速为3.60~5.50L/min;辅助气流速2~4L/min;扫描类型为全扫描/数据依赖二级质谱扫描,正、负离子分开采集。
6.根据权利要求5所述的检测食品中非法添加物的方法,其特征在于:所述的全扫描参数为:分辨率为70000FWHM;自动增益控制目标离子数为1e6~3e6;最大离子注入时间为80~120ms;扫描范围为100~1500m/z。
7.根据权利要求5所述的检测食品中非法添加物的方法,其特征在于:所述的数据依赖二级质谱扫描参数为:分辨率为17500FWHM;自动增益控制目标离子数为1e5~3e5;最大离子注入时间为40~60ms;循环次数为1~10;隔离宽度为1.0~3.0m/z;归一化碰撞能量为20%、40%、60%;开启动态排除8~12s。
8.根据权利要求1所述的检测食品中非法添加物的方法,其特征在于:所述检测溶液包括样品溶液、标准质控溶液和空白溶液;所述检测溶液的进样顺序依次为:标准质控溶液、空白溶液、样品溶液、空白溶液、标准质控溶液。
9.根据权利要求8所述的检测食品中非法添加物的方法,其特征在于:所述标准质控溶液包括以下组分:对乙酰氨基酚、伪麻黄碱、土霉素、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、红霉素、地塞米松、氯霉素、兰索拉唑、尼美舒利、利莫那班。
10.权利要求1至9任一项所述的方法在检测凉茶、凉茶原料或药物中的应用。
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