CN113906856A - Method for constructing soil plough layer structure of middle and low-yield field of Xinjiang muskmelon - Google Patents
Method for constructing soil plough layer structure of middle and low-yield field of Xinjiang muskmelon Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
Abstract
The application aims to provide a method for constructing a soil plough layer structure of a low-and-medium-yield field of Xinjiang muskmelon, which comprises the steps of crushing and returning a previous crop straw crop to the field, mechanically deeply ploughing and deeply loosening, irrigating in winter in large water, applying a base fertilizer in the next year, ensuring sufficient water volume before sowing for irrigation, selecting a disease-resistant, high-quality and high-yield variety, and applying a soil conditioner or a mineral source potassium fulvic acid fertilizer along with water in a seedling stage and a flower bud stage of the muskmelon to gradually improve the soil nutrient content, improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil and reduce the soil volume weight, so that a good soil plough layer structure of the low-and-medium-yield field of the muskmelon is constructed. The soil utilization and the rest cultivation are further promoted to be combined, the formation of soil aggregate structures in low-yield fields of the muskmelon is promoted, the soft texture of a plough layer, good water and air permeability, strong water and fertilizer holding capacity, good soil tiltability, low hardening degree and low incidence of diseases, insect pests and weeds are realized, the seeding emergence rate and the strong seedling rate of the muskmelon are improved, the adverse effect of continuous cropping obstacles is reduced, the reasonable plough layer soil requirements for yield increase and stable yield are met, and the continuous high-yield and high-quality target of the muskmelon is finally reached.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of crop planting, in particular to a method for constructing a soil plough layer structure of a low-yield field in Xinjiang muskmelons.
Background
In recent years, under the influence of land decentralized management and long-term use of small-sized power machines, the area of large-scale mechanized deep ploughing and deep scarification operation is less and less, so that the effective cultivated layer of soil is shallow, the surface layer volume weight of the soil is increased by mechanical compaction, the soil is hardened, the plough bottom layer is thickened, the fertilizer and water supply capacity is weakened, soil moisture loss is serious, the soil fertility is further reduced continuously, the growth and development of crop roots are limited, and the yield and the commodity of melons are adversely affected. The natural ecological environment of Xinjiang is severe, so the cultivation time of the melon field is generally lower than that of other melon planting areas in China, and about 30 percent of the average cultivation time of the melon field is only about 15 years.
The problems of heavy soil hardening degree, unbalanced soil microbial flora, mass propagation of harmful pathogenic microorganisms, frequent occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, gradual increase of soil-borne diseases, higher plant morbidity of melon fields, lower content of soil organic matters, poorer physical and chemical properties of soil plough layers and the like exist in low-yield fields of Xinjiang muskmelons for a long time, so that the high-yield and the repeatability of the muskmelons are poor, and the yield of 20 percent of the muskmelons in actual production is less than 60 percent of the average yield. In addition, in order to ensure that soil has good entropy condition before sowing, large water is needed for irrigation before sowing, the annual gap of water resource can reach more than 25%, air evaporation capacity is large, water holding capacity of soil is poor, and the contradiction between extreme shortage of water resource and large water irrigation requirement is further deepened. Aiming at the fact that the compactness of a soil plough layer is high after melons are harvested, the solid phase proportion is high, the soil plough layer can be returned to the field in time through straws, organic fertilizers and microbial fertilizers are added, the farming depth and large water volume winter irrigation are increased in an auxiliary mode, and other agricultural measures such as variety selection and drip application of soil conditioners are combined, so that the plough layer is periodically broken, the curing speed of the soil is accelerated, the thickness of the plough layer is increased, the soil salinization and secondary salinization are relieved, the soil water storage and preservation capacity is improved, and the soil evaporation, runoff and seepage are reduced.
The natural ecological environment of the melon planting area in other countries in the world is greatly different from the muskmelon production area in Xinjiang, and at present, the problem existing in the soil plough layer under the similar ecological condition of the low-yield melon field in Xinjiang is not reported by system research at home and abroad, so that the method for improving the soil of the low-yield melon field plough layer under the drip irrigation condition is lacked.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the technical problems of the prior art that the low-yield field of the Xinjiang muskmelon has heavy soil hardening degree, unbalanced soil microbial flora, massive propagation of harmful pathogenic microorganisms, frequent occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, aggravation of soil-borne diseases year by year, higher plant morbidity of the muskmelon field, lower content of soil organic matters, poorer physicochemical properties of a soil plough layer and the like for a long time, so that the high-yield and the heavy performance of the muskmelon are poor and the like, the invention aims to provide a method for constructing a soil plough layer structure of the low-yield field of the Xinjiang muskmelon, the method comprises the steps of crushing previous-stubble straw crops and returning the crushed previous-stubble straw crops to the field, carrying out deep ploughing and deep scarification operation, carrying out winter irrigation with large water content, applying decomposed farmyard manure, oil residue, microbial fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer as base fertilizers in the next year, ensuring sufficient water content irrigation before sowing, selecting appropriate varieties, applying soil conditioner or mineral source potassium fulvate fertilizer along with water in a seedling stage and a flower bud stage of the muskmelon, and adopting the steps of a simplified field management method for the open field muskmelon. The area spitting Torr in the east of Xinjiang is an important melon planting area in China and is one of the largest commodity melon production areas in China, the planting area is about 8-10 ten thousand mu throughout the year, and the method has important significance for the sustainable development and social stability of the local commodity melon industry.
The invention relates to a method for constructing a soil plough layer structure of a low-yield field in Xinjiang muskmelon, which comprises the following steps:
deeply ploughing 1 time before winter irrigation in the last year or 7-10 days before sowing of the melons in the current year, wherein the deeply ploughing depth is 20-40 cm, continuously ploughing deeply for 2 years is carried out alternately by ridge opening and ridge closing, and deeply ploughing operation is completed before winter irrigation, wherein the previous stubble of straw crops are crushed and returned to the field before deeply ploughing; deep scarification is carried out in 3 rd year in the melon field with deep ploughing, and should be carried out before winter irrigationPerforming operation for 10 to 11 months before, wherein the deep scarification is performed for 40 to 50cm in depth and 25 to 35cm in width, and then performing super-deep scarification for 1 time every 3 to 5 years, and before the deep scarification, crushing the straws of the previous crops and returning the straws to the field; performing large-water-volume winter irrigation in 15 days of 11 months to 15 days of 12 months in the last year, wherein the irrigation volume is 220-245 m3Per mu; before sowing in the melon field, 4.5-5 m of decomposed farmyard manure needs to be applied3The fertilizer is characterized by comprising the following raw materials, by weight, 20-25 kg/mu of oil residue, 1-2 kg/mu of microbial fertilizer and 20-25 kg/mu of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer; irrigating before sowing at 20-3 months and 30 days 3 months in the current year, wherein the irrigation amount is 150-200 m3Per mu; selecting melon varieties with relatively strong growth vigor and biological yield of 2500-3000 kg/mu as medium and late-maturing melon varieties of Nascomi, West Michelia twenty-five, Clausena lansium 9818, West Michelia seventeen and Green rose; according to the simplified cultivation mode of the muskmelon in the open field, namely N, P is continuously grown for 3-5 years after the muskmelon field is deeply turned over2O5The total input amount of the chemical fertilizer and the organic fertilizer is 20-25% more than that of the conventional high-yield melon field without deep ploughing, and K is not applied2And (3) O fertilizer, namely, immediately leveling the melon field by using a grader after deep ploughing, ensuring that the height difference of each hundred mu of area of the melon field is controlled within +/-10 cm, and applying soil conditioner or biochemical potassium fulvate fertilizer along with water drops in a seedling stage and a flower bud stage.
When irrigating before sowing, high-land irrigation is firstly completed, and then low-lying land is irrigated;
when deep ploughing and deep scarification are carried out on site, machines and tools are prevented from damaging the buried drip irrigation pipeline facilities;
preferably, other management measures of the melon field establish a matched water-saving drip irrigation system according to the region according to a conventional method, and the field management is carried out by adopting an open field melon simplified cultivation mode.
Preferably, the melon field is irrigated in winter with the irrigation quantity of 240m3Per mu.
Preferably, before sowing the melon field, 4.7m of decomposed farmyard manure needs to be applied323.5 kg/mu of oil residue, 1.5 kg/mu of microbial fertilizer and 22.5 kg/mu of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer.
Preferably, the soil conditioner or the biochemical potassium fulvate fertilizer is applied in a dripping mode along with water in the seedling stage and the flower bud stage, the using amount of the soil conditioner is 2.5-3.0 kg/mu, and the using amount of the potassium fulvate fertilizer is 10-15 kg/mu.
More preferably, the dosage of the micro element brand soil conditioner is 2.8 kg/mu; the consumption of the potassium fulvate fertilizer is 13 kg/mu.
Furthermore, the invention also provides application of the method for constructing the soil plough layer structure of the melon low and medium-yield field in planting the melon in the low and medium-yield field.
By implementing the specific invention content of the invention, the following effects can be achieved:
(1) aiming at the technical current situation that the high-yield and poor-repeatability of the muskmelon are caused by the problems of heavy soil hardening degree, unbalanced soil microbial flora, massive propagation of harmful microorganisms, frequent occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, annual aggravation of soil-borne diseases, high morbidity of muskmelon field plants, low soil organic matter content, poor soil plough layer physical and chemical properties and the like existing in low-yield fields of the muskmelon in Xinjiang, the invention ensures sufficient water irrigation by crushing previous crop straws, returning the straws to the field, mechanically turning deeply and deeply loosening the crops, irrigating in large water in winter, applying decomposed farmyard manure, oil residue, microbial manure, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers which are mixed according to the proportion in the next year, selecting disease-resistant, high-quality and high-yield varieties, combining with water application of soil conditioners or mineral source potassium fulvate fertilizers in seedling stage and bud stage of the muskmelon in water, gradually increasing the soil nutrient content, improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and the soil, The volume weight of the soil is reduced, so that a good soil plough layer structure of the low-yield field in the melon is constructed. The soil utilization and the rest cultivation are further promoted to be combined, the formation of soil aggregate structures in low-yield fields of the muskmelon is promoted, the soft texture of a plough layer, good water and air permeability, strong water and fertilizer holding capacity, good soil tiltability, low hardening degree and low incidence of diseases, insect pests and weeds are realized, the seeding emergence rate and the strong seedling rate of the muskmelon are improved, the adverse effect of continuous cropping obstacles is reduced, the reasonable plough layer soil requirements for yield increase and stable yield are met, and the continuous high-yield and high-quality target of the muskmelon is finally reached.
(2) After the muskmelon is planted by adopting the method for constructing the soil plough layer structure of the medium and low-yield field of the muskmelon in Xinjiang, the investigation result shows that: the water content of the soil in the seedling stage is increased by 0.3 percent, and the organic matter of the soil plough layer is quickly cultivatedThe contents of available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium are respectively increased by 18.98%, 15.06%, 16.75% and 20.82%, the temperature of soil 5cm below the film is increased by 0.5 ℃, the thickness of the plough layer in the seedling stage is increased by 6.3cm, the porosity (%) of the soil is increased by 7.7%, the penetration resistance (PSI) of the soil is reduced by 120, and the volume weight of the soil is reduced by 0.09g/cm3The pH value of the soil is reduced by 0.5, the pesticide cost is reduced by 22.5 yuan/mu, the muskmelon has no premature senility phenomenon, and the fruit yield is increased by 65.2 kg/mu, so the method has the effects of improving the soil and increasing the yield, and can meet the production requirement.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
the method of the invention is implemented in 2015 in a north latitude N: 42 ° 45' 26.86 "east longitude E: 89 degrees 19' 52.41 ", the method is carried out in a low-yield and medium-yield melon field around the Rake village in the Gaichang area of Turpan city in Xinjiang, 4 examples are arranged, the area of each example is 35-40 mu, the total area of each example is 150 mu, the melon field is positioned at the southern foot of the flame mountain and in the southeast of the Turpan basin, and the melon field is a low-yield and medium-yield drip irrigation melon field which is continuously planted for 15 years.
By using the method, the soil conditioner or the biochemical potassium fulvate fertilizer, such as a micro-element soil conditioner produced by the micro-element biotechnology limited company in Guangzhou city, can also use the soil conditioners of other brands such as green Jian Da, Kuaikang, Melson and the like; the mineral source potassium fulvate fertilizer can be selected from a pilot brand mineral source potassium fulvate fertilizer produced by Shandong Jinan pilot chemical company Limited, and can also be selected from other brands such as Tengqi, Lingjin, Wo duo Sen and the like.
The reagents and materials can be purchased through public channels, and the equipment and instruments adopted in the process are common equipment in the field.
All materials, reagents and equipment selected for use in the present invention are well known in the art, but do not limit the practice of the invention, and other reagents and equipment well known in the art may be suitable for use in the practice of the following embodiments of the invention.
The following examples further illustrate the present invention but are not to be construed as limiting the invention. Modifications or substitutions to methods, procedures, or conditions of the invention may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
The first embodiment is as follows: method for constructing soil plough layer structure of middle and low-yield field of Xinjiang muskmelon
The invention aims to provide a method for constructing a soil plough layer structure of a low-yield field in Xinjiang muskmelon, which comprises the following steps:
deeply ploughing 1 time before winter irrigation of the last year or 7-10 days before sowing of the muskmelon in the same year in the current year, wherein the deeply ploughing depth is 20-40 cm, continuously ploughing for 2 years is alternately realized by opening and closing ridges, and deeply ploughing operation is completed before winter irrigation, wherein before deeply ploughing, previous stubble straw crops are crushed and returned to the field; deep scarification is carried out in 3 rd year of the melon field which is deeply ploughed, deep scarification operation is finished before winter irrigation is not carried out, the time is finished before 10 th to 11 th last ten days of the last year, the depth of the deep scarification is 40-50 cm, the width is 25-35 cm, super deep scarification is carried out for 1 time every 3-5 years, and the straws of the previous crops are crushed and returned to the field before the deep scarification; performing large-water-volume winter irrigation in 15 days of 11 months to 15 days of 12 months in the last year, wherein the irrigation volume is 220-245 m3Per mu; before sowing in the melon field, 4.5-5 m of decomposed farmyard manure needs to be applied3The fertilizer is characterized by comprising the following raw materials, by weight, 20-25 kg/mu of oil residue, 1-2 kg/mu of microbial fertilizer and 20-25 kg/mu of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer; irrigating before sowing at 20-3 months and 30 days 3 months in the current year, wherein the irrigation amount is 150-200 m3Per mu; selecting melon varieties with relatively strong growth vigor and biological yield of 2500-3000 kg/mu as medium and late-maturing melon varieties of Nascomi, West Michelia twenty-five, Clausena lansium 9818, West Michelia seventeen and Green rose; according to the simplified cultivation mode of the muskmelon in the open field, the muskmelon is continuously cultivated for 3-5 years after the muskmelon field is deeply turned over N, P2O5The total input amount of the chemical fertilizer and the organic fertilizer is 20-25% more than that of the conventional high-yield melon field without deep ploughing, and K is not applied2And (3) O fertilizer, namely, immediately leveling the melon field by using a grader after deep ploughing, ensuring that the height difference of each hundred mu of area of the melon field is controlled within +/-10 cm, and applying soil conditioner or biochemical potassium fulvate fertilizer along with water drops in a seedling stage and a flower bud stage.
Example two: method for constructing soil plough layer structure of middle and low-yield field of Xinjiang muskmelon
Planting in 2014 + 2015, deeply turning in Xinjiang and returning straws to field in the preparation stage of the melon field: finishing field residual film cleaning by using a residual film recovery machine and manpower in 11 months and 16-17 days in 2014, then crushing previous straw crops by using a straw crusher and throwing the crushed previous straw crops on the surface of the melon field so as to realize straw crushing and returning to the field, and using a suspension type multi-furrow hydraulic deep ploughing turnover plow for deep ploughing operation in 11 months and 18-19 days in the current year, wherein the average deep ploughing depth is 64.2cm, so that a plow bottom layer with poor ventilation and water permeability is reformed and eliminated;
winter irrigation of melon fields: leveling the melon field by using a grader 20-21 days 11 months in 2014, ensuring that the height difference of the melon field per area of one hundred mu is controlled to be +/-10 cm, completing winter irrigation of the melon field in the embodiment 22-23 days 11 months in 2014 after finishing land leveling operation, and controlling the irrigation quantity to be 230m3Per mu;
nutrient input and irrigation before sowing: before sowing in melon field, putting decomposed farmyard manure 5m in 2015 year 3 months 15-16 days by using fertilizer applying machine3And oil residue is 20 kg/mu, and 1 kg/mu of microbial fertilizer produced by Hebei Shizhuang Fuming bio-organic fertilizer company and 20 kg/mu of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer produced by Zhengzhou enkini chemical product limited company are applied simultaneously. Irrigation before sowing is finished in 20 days in 3 months to 21 days in 3 months, and the irrigation quantity is 155m3Per mu.
Determining the variety and the planting area: the middle and late-maturing varieties Nascomi and West Zhou Mitwenty-five are selected, and the planting area of each variety accounts for 50% of the total area of the melon field.
And (3) management of the growth period: carrying out first drip irrigation after squatting of seedlings in the melon field in 25 days 4 months 4 in 2015, and applying 2.5 kg/mu of a microelement-brand soil conditioner produced by the microelement biotechnology limited company in Guangzhou with water drops; the mineral source potassium fulvate fertilizer can be selected from a pilot brand mineral source potassium fulvate fertilizer produced by Shandong Jinnan pilot chemical Limited company, and the dosage is 10 kg/mu.
In 2016-2019, deep ploughing operation is carried out before planting of each batch of Xinjiang melons, wherein the deep ploughing operation is carried out for 26cm in depth in 3 months and 8-9 days in 2016, 28cm in depth in 3 months and 6-7 days in 2017, 25cm in depth in deep ploughing in 11 months and 12 days in 3 months and 11 months in 2018, and 29cm in depth in 3 months and 10-11 days in 2019. The deep ploughing machine adopts a 4-share hydraulic deep ploughing turnover plow produced by Huayuan heavy industry machinery Limited company in Jining city; in 2018, a combined-prosperity subsoiler produced by Yu City combined-prosperity machinery Limited company is used for subsoiling, and an oriental red 1504 wheel tractor with 150 horsepower is matched to crush and return the straws of previous crops to the field in time before the subsoiling; the subsoiling time is 14-15 days in 11 months in 2018, the subsoiling depth is 45cm, and winter irrigation is carried out immediately after subsoiling;
irrigation before sowing: the irrigation quantity in 2016 (3 months) and 11-12 days) is 150m3Irrigation quantity per mu, 3 months and 9-10 days in 2017 is 155m3The irrigation quantity per mu is 160m in 2018, 3 months and 15-16 days3The irrigation quantity per mu is 165m in 2019 in 3 months and 12-13 days3Per mu;
selecting varieties: 2016-2019, respectively selecting varieties of Nascomi, West Miwu, Clausena 9818, West Miseventeen, West Miwu, Clausena 9818, Nascomi and Green rose, wherein the planting area of each variety accounts for 50% of the total area of the embodiment every year;
the management measures of the melon field adopt a simplified cultivation mode of the melon in the open field to manage, and a matched drip irrigation water supply system is established.
Example three: method for constructing soil plough layer structure of middle and low-yield field of Xinjiang muskmelon
Planting in 2014 + 2015, deeply turning and returning straws to the field in the preparation stage of the melon field:
finishing field residual film cleaning by using a residual film recovery machine and manpower in 11 months and 18-19 days in 2014, then crushing previous straw crops by using a straw crusher and throwing the crushed previous straw crops on the surface of the melon field so as to realize straw crushing and returning to the field, and using a suspension type multi-furrow hydraulic deep ploughing turnover plow for deep ploughing operation in 11 months and 20-21 days in the current year, wherein the average deep ploughing depth is 63.6cm, so that a plow bottom layer with poor ventilation and water permeability is reformed and eliminated;
winter irrigation of melon fields: leveling the melon field by using a grader 22-23 days 11 months in 2014, ensuring that the height difference of the melon field per area of one hundred mu is controlled to be +/-10 cm, completing winter irrigation of the melon field in the embodiment 24 days-25 days 11 months in 2014 after the land leveling operation is completed, and controlling the irrigation quantity to be 220m3Per mu;
nutrient input and irrigation before sowing: before sowing, 4.5m of thoroughly decomposed farmyard manure is put into the seeds in 2015 year 3, 16-17 days by using a fertilizing machine3Is applied to each mu of the soil, 22kg of oil residue is applied to each mu of the soil simultaneously1.2 kg/mu of microbial fertilizer produced by Hebei Shizhuang Fuming bio-organic fertilizer company and 22 kg/mu of nitrogen phosphorus potassium compound fertilizer produced by Zhengzhou enlightening chemical products Limited company. Irrigation before sowing is finished at 18 days in 3 months to 19 days in 3 months, and the irrigation amount is 165m3Per mu.
Determining the variety and the planting area:
the medium and late maturing variety wampee 9818 and West Miqin are selected, and the planting area of each variety accounts for 50% of the total area of the melon field.
And (3) management of the growth period:
carrying out first drip irrigation after squat seedlings in the melon field 4 and 23 days 2015, wherein the dosage of the micro-element soil conditioner produced by the micro-element biotechnology limited company in Guangzhou is 2.7 kg/mu along with water drops; the mineral source potassium fulvate fertilizer can be selected from a pilot brand mineral source potassium fulvate fertilizer produced by Shandong Jinnan pilot chemical Limited company, and the consumption is 12 kg/mu.
In 2016-2019, deep ploughing operation is carried out before planting of each batch of Xinjiang melons, wherein the deep ploughing operation is carried out for 2016, 14-15 days in 2016, 26.5cm in 9-10 days in 2017, 28.2cm in 13-14 days in 2018 and 30.3cm in 15-16 days in 2019. The deep ploughing machine adopts a 4-share hydraulic deep ploughing turnover plow produced by Huayuan heavy industry machinery Limited company in Jining city; in 2018, a combined-prosperity subsoiler produced by Yu City combined-prosperity machinery Limited company is used for subsoiling, and an oriental red 1504 wheel tractor with 150 horsepower is matched to crush and return the straws of previous crops to the field in time before the subsoiling; the subsoiling time is 11 months and 12-13 days in 2017, the subsoiling depth is 40cm, and winter irrigation is carried out immediately after subsoiling;
irrigation before sowing: the irrigation quantity in 2016 (3 months) and 16-17 days) is 160m3The irrigation quantity per mu is 150m in 3 months and 10-11 days in 20173Irrigation quantity per mu, 3 months and 15-16 days in 2018 is 165m3The irrigation quantity per mu is 155m in 2019 in 3 months and 17-18 days3Per mu;
selecting varieties: 2016-2019, respectively selecting varieties of Nascomi, West Miwu, Clausena 9818, West Miseventeen, West Miwu, Clausena 9818, Nascomi and Green rose, wherein the planting area of each variety accounts for 50% of the total area of the embodiment every year;
the management measures of the melon field adopt a simplified cultivation mode of the melon in the open field to manage, and a matched drip irrigation water supply system is established.
Example four: method for constructing soil plough layer structure of middle and low-yield field of Xinjiang muskmelon
Planting in 2014 + 2015, deeply turning and returning straws to the field in the preparation stage of the melon field:
finishing field residual film cleaning by using a residual film recovery machine and manpower in 21-22 days 11 months 2014, then crushing previous straw crops by using a straw crusher and throwing the crushed previous straw crops on the surface of the melon field so as to realize straw crushing and returning to the field, and using a suspension type multi-furrow hydraulic deep ploughing turnover plow for deep ploughing operation in 23-24 days 11 months in the current year, wherein the average deep ploughing depth is 65.5cm, so that a plow bottom layer with poor ventilation and water permeability is reformed and eliminated;
winter irrigation of melon fields: leveling the melon field by using a grader 25-26 days 11 months in 2014, ensuring that the height difference of the melon field per area of one hundred mu is controlled within +/-10 cm, completing winter irrigation of the melon field in the embodiment 11 months 27-28 days in 2014 after the land leveling operation is completed, and controlling the irrigation quantity to be 240m3Per mu;
nutrient input and irrigation before sowing: before sowing, 4.7m of thoroughly decomposed farmyard manure is put into the seeds in 2015 year 3 months and 20-21 days by using a fertilizing machine3The fertilizer is characterized by comprising 23.5 kg/mu of oil residue and simultaneously applying 1.5 kg/mu of microbial fertilizer produced by Hebei Shijiazhuangmeng bio-organic fertilizer company and 22.5 kg/mu of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer produced by Zhengzhou endi chemical products limited company. Irrigation before sowing is finished in 22 days in 3 months to 23 days in 3 months, and the irrigation quantity is 160m3Per mu.
Determining the variety and the planting area:
the medium and late maturing varieties of Centipeda cunninghami No. twenty-five and Clausena lansium 9818 are selected, and the planting area of each variety accounts for 50% of the total area of the melon field.
And (3) management of the growth period:
carrying out first drip irrigation after squatting of seedlings in the melon field in 28 days 4 and 4 months 2015, and applying 2.8 kg/mu of a micro-element soil conditioner produced by micro-element biotechnology limited company in Guangzhou along with water drops; the mineral source potassium fulvate fertilizer can be selected from a pilot brand mineral source potassium fulvate fertilizer produced by Shandong Jinnan pilot chemical Limited company, and the using amount is 13 kg/mu.
In 2016-2019, deep ploughing operation is carried out before planting of each batch of melons, wherein deep ploughing depth is 29.5cm in 3 months and 17-18 days in 2016, 30.5cm in 3 months and 16-17 days in 2017, 29.6cm in 3 months and 20-21 days in 2018, and 32.2cm in 3 months and 19-20 days in 2019. The deep ploughing machine adopts a 4-share hydraulic deep ploughing turnover plow produced by Huayuan heavy industry machinery Limited company in Jining city; in 2018, a combined-prosperity subsoiler produced by Yu City combined-prosperity machinery Limited company is used for subsoiling, and an oriental red 1504 wheel tractor with 150 horsepower is matched to crush and return the straws of previous crops to the field in time before the subsoiling; the subsoiling time is 2016, 11 months and 22-23 days, the subsoiling depth is 42.5cm, and winter irrigation is carried out immediately after the subsoiling;
irrigation before sowing: the irrigation quantity in 2016, 3 months, 22-23 days is 170m3The irrigation quantity per mu is 155m in 2017 in 3 months and 18-19 days3The irrigation quantity per mu is 160m in 2018 in 3 months and 24-25 days3The irrigation quantity per mu is 165m in 2019 in 3 months and 17-18 days3Per mu;
selecting varieties: 2016-2019, respectively selecting varieties of Nascomi, West Miwu, Clausena 9818, West Miseventeen, West Miwu, Clausena 9818, Nascomi and Green rose, wherein the planting area of each variety accounts for 50% of the total area of the embodiment every year;
the management measures of the melon field adopt a simplified cultivation mode of the melon in the open field to manage, and a matched drip irrigation water supply system is established.
Example five: method for constructing soil plough layer structure of middle and low-yield field of Xinjiang muskmelon
Planting in 2014 + 2015, deeply turning and returning straws to the field in the preparation stage of the melon field: finishing field residual film cleaning by using residual film recovery machinery and manpower in 11 months and 25-26 days in 2014, then crushing previous straw crops by using a straw crusher and throwing the crushed previous straw crops on the surface of the melon field so as to realize straw crushing and returning to the field, and using a suspension type multi-furrow hydraulic deep ploughing turnover plow for deep ploughing operation in 11 months and 27-28 days in the current year, wherein the average deep ploughing depth is 67.3cm, so that a plow bottom layer with poor ventilation and water permeability is reformed and eliminated;
winter irrigation of melon fields: leveling the melon field by using a grader in 29-30 days 11 months in 2014, ensuring that the height difference of the melon field per area of one hundred mu is controlled to be +/-10 cm, completing winter irrigation of the melon field in the embodiment in 1-2 days 12 months in 2014 after the land leveling operation is completed, and controlling the irrigation quantity to be 245m3Per mu;
nutrient input and irrigation before sowing: before sowing, mature farmyard manure is put into the field by a fertilizing machine for 5m in 2015 3 months and 22-23 days3And the oil residue is 25 kg/mu, and 2 kg/mu of microbial fertilizer produced by Hebei Shizhuang Fuming bio-organic fertilizer company and 25 kg/mu of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer produced by Zhengzhou enkini chemical product limited company are applied simultaneously. Irrigation before sowing is finished at 24 days in 3 months to 25 days in 3 months, and the irrigation quantity is 175m3Per mu.
Determining the variety and the planting area:
the middle and late-maturing varieties of Nascomi and Lumei are selected, and the planting area of each variety accounts for 50% of the total area of the melon field.
And (3) management of the growth period:
carrying out first drip irrigation after squatting seedlings in 31-day melon fields 5 months 5 in 2015, and applying a infinitesimal soil conditioner produced by infinitesimal biotechnology limited company in Guangzhou along with water drops, wherein the using amount of the infinitesimal soil conditioner is 3 kg/mu; the mineral source potassium fulvate fertilizer can be selected from a pilot brand mineral source potassium fulvate fertilizer produced by Shandong Jinnan pilot chemical Limited company, and the consumption is 15 kg/mu.
In 2016-2019, deep ploughing is carried out before planting of each batch of melons, wherein the deep ploughing time is respectively that the deep ploughing depth is 32.3cm in 3 months and 16-17 days in 2016, 29.5cm in 3 months and 22-23 days in 2017, 30.7cm in 3 months and 25-26 days in 2018, and 31.6cm in 3 months and 18-19 days in 2019. The deep ploughing machine adopts a 4-share hydraulic deep ploughing turnover plow produced by Huayuan heavy industry machinery Limited company in Jining city; in 2018, a combined-prosperity subsoiler produced by Yu City combined-prosperity machinery Limited company is used for subsoiling, and an oriental red 1504 wheel tractor with 150 horsepower is matched to crush and return the straws of previous crops to the field in time before the subsoiling; the subsoiling time is 28-29 days in 11 months in 2017, the subsoiling depth is 46.2cm, and winter irrigation is carried out immediately after subsoiling;
before sowingIrrigation: the irrigation quantity in 2016, 3 months, 22-23 days is 185m3The irrigation quantity per mu is 165m in 2017 in 3 months and 18-19 days3The irrigation quantity per mu is 180m in 2018 in 3 months and 24-25 days3The irrigation quantity per mu is 175m in 2019 in 3 months and 17-18 days3Per mu;
selecting varieties: 2016-2019, respectively selecting varieties of Nascomi, West Miwu, Clausena 9818, West Miseventeen, West Miwu, Clausena 9818, Nascomi and Green rose, wherein the planting area of each variety accounts for 50% of the total area of the embodiment every year;
the management measures of the melon field adopt a simplified cultivation mode of the melon in the open field to manage, and a matched drip irrigation water supply system is established.
Example six: application effect of method for constructing soil plough layer structure of middle and low-yield field of Xinjiang muskmelon
Based on the construction method of the soil plough layer structure of the melon middle and low-yield field provided in the second to fifth embodiments, the yield of the finally harvested melon is counted, and the measurement result is shown in table 1.
Table 1: measuring table for yield of muskmelon harvested by different schemes
Based on the measurement results, the yield of the melons in the technical schemes provided in the second embodiment to the fifth embodiment is higher than 2078 kg/mu, wherein the technical scheme provided in the fourth embodiment has the best effect of producing the melons, and the yield of the melons reaches 2102.1 kg/mu.
Example seven: comparison of use effects of method for constructing soil plough layer structure of middle and low-yield field of Xinjiang muskmelon
Based on the sixth embodiment, in the situation of the melon yield obtained by determination, the melon yield obtained by the technical scheme provided by the fourth embodiment has the optimal level, in order to further verify the physicochemical characteristics of water, fertilizer, temperature and soil of the plough layer of the fourth embodiment and the influence on the disease, pest control and yield traits of the melon field, the technical scheme provided by the fourth embodiment of the invention is adopted as a test group, the planting treatment is carried out according to the simplified cultivation technical specification of DB 65/T4037 melon as a control group, and the organic matter content, the available nitrogen, the available phosphorus, the available potassium, the thickness of the plough layer of the soil, the porosity of the soil, the soil penetration resistance (PSI), the soil volume weight, the soil water content, the temperature of 5cm under the film, the soil pH value, the melon emergence rate, the number of seedlings, the organic matter content of the plough layer of the melon field before and after the use, the available nitrogen, the available potassium, the soil plough layer thickness of the soil, the soil porosity of the soil, the soil penetration resistance (PSI), the soil volume weight, the soil water content, the temperature of 5cm under the soil, the soil pH value of the melon seedlings, the number of the melon seedlings and the melon seedlings, Plant morbidity, pesticide cost, the number of bearing melons per plant, the weight of each melon, the content of refractive sugar in the center of a fruit and yield. 7-10 points are randomly selected from physical and chemical property indexes of soil every year, 5-10 plants are randomly selected from growth properties, fruit quality and yield indexes of melons, corresponding indexes before the method is not used are determined by taking average data in 2011-2014 as reference, and the using effects of the method are determined through analysis in tables 2 and 3 as follows:
table 2: the influence of the invention on water, fertilizer, temperature and other physical and chemical properties of soil in the plough layer
Table 2 can give: the contents of organic matters, quick-acting nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus and quick-acting potassium in a soil plough layer of Xinjiang soil are respectively increased by 0.7g/kg, 3.2mg/kg, 0.6mg/kg and 12.6mg/kg, and the increasing ranges are respectively 7.2%, 6.8%, 5.5% and 9.4%; the thickness of the plough layer is increased by 7.1cm, the increase amplitude reaches 30.6 percent, and the increase of the thickness of the plough layer is obvious. The porosity of the soil is increased by 9.2 percent, and the increase amplitude reaches 22.3 percent; the soil penetration resistance (PSI) is reduced to 95 g and 0.08g respectively, the reduction amplitude reaches 41.3 percent and 5.1 percent, the soil porosity is increased, the penetration resistance is reduced, the soil permeability is further improved, and the soil microorganism metabolism is facilitatedThe activity and the muskmelon root system are extended and grown, and simultaneously, the volume weight of the soil is reduced by 0.08g/cm3The soil structure is optimized; the water content of the soil rises by 0.6 percent, which shows that the water retention capacity of the soil is improved; the temperature of 5cm under the film rises by 0.4 ℃, so that the soil heat preservation is good. The pH value of the soil is reduced by 0.5, the reduction amplitude reaches 7.2 percent, and the method has a certain relieving effect on the increase of the pH value of the soil caused by long-term continuous cropping, and the change of the indexes shows that the method is beneficial to constructing a good soil plough layer structure and improving the soil environment.
Table 3: influence of the invention on disease and pest control and quality and yield traits
| Control group | Test group | |
| Melon emergence rate (%) | 84.7 | 92.2 |
| Number of adult seedlings of melon (plant/mu) | 720 | 860 |
| Plant morbidity (%) | 12.1 | 7.3 |
| Cost of pesticide (Yuan/mu) | 51.8 | 34.5 |
| Number of single plant bearing melon (number/plant) | 1.2 | 1.6 |
| Weight of single melon (kg) | 1.7 | 2.2 |
| Fruit center refractive sugar content (%) | 13.5 | 14.9 |
| Yield (kg/mu) | 1650 | 2100 |
Table 3 can show that: after sowing, the emergence rate of the Xinjiang muskmelon is improved by 7.5 percent, the number of grown seedlings is improved by 140 seedlings/mu, the increase is respectively 8.8 percent and 19.4 percent, which shows that the soil hardening condition is obviously improved, the soil looseness is good, and the germination and rooting of seeds are facilitated; the disease incidence and pesticide cost of the muskmelon plant are respectively reduced by 4.8 percent and 17.3 yuan/mu, the amplitude is reduced by 65.7 percent and 50.1 percent, which indicates that the proper soil environment enhances the crop growth potential, improves the disease resistance of the crop, simultaneously reduces the disease and insect pest incidence and the dependence on pesticide, and the phenomenon of premature senility of the plant does not occur at the later period of the growth period; the content of the refractive sugar in the center of the fruit is increased by 1.4 percent, and the amplification is 10.3 percent; the number of the single-plant bearing melons is increased by 0.4 per plant, the amplification is 33.3 percent, the weight of the single-plant bearing melons is increased by 0.5kg, the amplification is 29.4 percent, the yield per mu is increased by 450 kg/mu, the amplification is 27.3 percent, and the method is obtained through further analysis: the invention improves the content of trace elements and the quantity and activity of beneficial microorganisms in the soil plough layer, optimizes the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and the content of soil organic matters, quick-acting nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus and quick-acting potassium is superior to that of the soil organic matters, the quick-acting nitrogen, the quick-acting phosphorus and the quick-acting potassium which are not used.
As described above, the present invention can be preferably implemented, and the above-mentioned embodiments only describe the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and do not limit the scope of the present invention, and various changes and modifications of the technical solution of the present invention made by those skilled in the art without departing from the design spirit of the present invention shall fall within the protection scope defined by the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method for constructing a soil plough layer structure of a low-yield field in Xinjiang muskmelons is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
deeply ploughing 1 time before winter irrigation of the last year or 7-10 days before sowing of the muskmelon in the same year in the current year, wherein the deeply ploughing depth is 20-40 cm, continuously ploughing for 2 years is alternately realized by opening and closing ridges, and deeply ploughing operation is completed before winter irrigation, wherein before deeply ploughing, previous stubble straw crops are crushed and returned to the field; deep scarification is carried out in 3 rd year of the melon field which is deeply ploughed, deep scarification operation is finished before winter irrigation is not carried out, the time is finished before 10 th to 11 th last ten days of the last year, the depth of the deep scarification is 40-50 cm, the width is 25-35 cm, super deep scarification is carried out for 1 time every 3-5 years, and the straws of the previous crops are crushed and returned to the field before the deep scarification; performing large-water-volume winter irrigation in 15 days of 11 months to 15 days of 12 months in the last year, wherein the irrigation volume is 220-245 m3Per mu; before sowing in the melon field, 4.5-5 m of decomposed farmyard manure needs to be applied3The fertilizer is characterized by comprising the following raw materials, by weight, 20-25 kg/mu of oil residue, 1-2 kg/mu of microbial fertilizer and 20-25 kg/mu of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer; irrigating before sowing at 20-3 months and 30 days 3 months in the current year, wherein the irrigation amount is 150-200 m3Per mu; selecting melon varieties with relatively strong growth vigor and biological yield of 2500-3000 kg/mu as medium and late-maturing melon varieties of Nascomi, West Michelia twenty-five, Clausena lansium 9818, West Michelia seventeen and Green rose; according to the method, muskmelon is placed in the openThe cultivation mode is simplified slightly, and the continuous 3-5 years N, P of the melon field after deep ploughing2O5The total input amount of the chemical fertilizer and the organic fertilizer is 20-25% more than that of the conventional high-yield melon field without deep ploughing, and K is not applied2And (3) O fertilizer, namely, immediately leveling the melon field by using a grader after deep ploughing, ensuring that the height difference of each hundred mu of area of the melon field is controlled within +/-10 cm, and applying soil conditioner or biochemical potassium fulvate fertilizer along with water drops in a seedling stage and a flower bud stage.
2. The method for constructing soil plough layer structure in low-yield field of melon, Xinjiang melon according to claim 1, wherein in the method, when irrigation is performed before sowing, irrigation of high land is performed first, and then irrigation of low land is performed; when deep ploughing and deep scarification are carried out on site, the machine tool is required to be prevented from damaging the buried drip irrigation pipeline facility.
3. The method for constructing the soil plough layer structure of the low-yield field in the muskmelon in Xinjiang according to claim 1, wherein in the method, other management measures of the muskmelon field are used for establishing a matched water-saving drip irrigation system according to the area according to a conventional method and performing field management by adopting a light and simplified cultivation mode of the muskmelon in the open field.
4. The method for constructing the soil plough layer structure of the low-yield field in melon in Xinjiang according to claim 1, wherein the irrigation quantity of winter irrigation in the melon field is 240m3Per mu.
5. The method for constructing the soil plough layer structure of the low-yield field of the melon in Xinjiang according to claim 1, wherein the decomposed farmyard manure is applied to the melon field for 4.7m before sowing323.5 kg/mu of oil residue, 1.5 kg/mu of microbial fertilizer and 22.5 kg/mu of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer.
6. The method for constructing the soil plough layer structure of the low-yield field in the Xinjiang melon according to claim 1, wherein in the method, a soil conditioner or a biochemical potassium fulvate fertilizer is applied in a dripping mode along with water in a seedling stage and a flower bud stage, the dosage of the soil conditioner is 2.5-3.0 kg/mu, and the dosage of the potassium fulvate fertilizer is 10-15 kg/mu.
7. The method for constructing the soil plough layer structure of the low-yield field in the Xinjiang melon according to claim 6, wherein the dosage of the micro element brand soil conditioner is 2.8 kg/mu; the consumption of the potassium fulvate fertilizer is 13 kg/mu.
8. The application of the method for constructing the soil plough layer structure of the low-yield field of the muskmelon in Xinjiang province in planting the muskmelon in the low-yield field as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7.
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