CN113885230A - Double-core optical fiber electro-optic modulator based on double-layer graphene - Google Patents
Double-core optical fiber electro-optic modulator based on double-layer graphene Download PDFInfo
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005491 wire drawing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 2
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
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- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 19
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 9
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- GQYHUHYESMUTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium niobate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Nb](=O)=O GQYHUHYESMUTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000001808 coupling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 graphite alkene Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
- G02F1/035—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect in an optical waveguide structure
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
- C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
- C03B37/02—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments by drawing or extruding, e.g. direct drawing of molten glass from nozzles; Cooling fins therefor
- C03B37/025—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments by drawing or extruding, e.g. direct drawing of molten glass from nozzles; Cooling fins therefor from reheated softened tubes, rods, fibres or filaments, e.g. drawing fibres from preforms
- C03B37/027—Fibres composed of different sorts of glass, e.g. glass optical fibres
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/255—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding
- G02B6/2552—Splicing of light guides, e.g. by fusion or bonding reshaping or reforming of light guides for coupling using thermal heating, e.g. tapering, forming of a lens on light guide ends
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
- G02F1/0305—Constructional arrangements
- G02F1/0316—Electrodes
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Abstract
The invention provides a double-core optical fiber electro-optic modulator based on double-layer graphene. The method is characterized in that: it is composed of a cladding 1 of a double-core optical fiber, a double-core 2, a graphene layer 3 and Al2O3Transition layer 4, organic material PVB layer 5, electrode 6. Specifically, the double-core optical fiber is prepared by a melt-drawing method, a D-shaped polishing area is formed in the middle section of the double-core optical fiber by a side polishing method, and then a first graphene layer 3-1 is grown in the D-shaped polishing area by a chemical vapor deposition method. Covering Al with larger refractive index on the first layer of graphene2O3Layer 4, Al2O3Mechanically transferring the second layer of graphene 3-2 on the layer 4, and applying the second layer of graphene 3-2 and the first layer of graphene 3-1 through an electrode 6The fermi level is adjusted by applying an external voltage. And covering a second graphene layer 3-2 with an organic material PVB layer 5. The invention can be used for constructing an integrated optical fiber modulation device with high modulation efficiency and modulation rate, low modulation voltage and insertion loss in an optical fiber communication waveband, and can be widely applied to the fields of optical fiber communication, optical fiber sensing systems and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a double-core optical fiber electro-optic modulator based on double-layer graphene, which can be used for constructing an integrated optical fiber modulator with high modulation efficiency, high modulation rate, low modulation voltage and low insertion loss in an optical fiber communication waveband, and belongs to the technical field of optical fiber communication and optical fiber sensing.
Background
With the development of society, the knowledge mastered by human beings and the generated information are exponentially and explosively increased, which provides great challenges for the transmission capacity and the processing speed of an information network. The implementation of a Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) optical fiber communication system with ultra-large capacity and ultra-long distance and the steady advance and rapid development of all-fiber network technology put great demands on an integrated optical modulator with full fiber, small volume and low power consumption. The lithium niobate optical modulator mainly used in the current optical network has the advantage of large modulation bandwidth, but the sensitivity of the lithium niobate modulator is low due to low electro-optic coefficient, the half-wave voltage is high, the structure of the device is complex, and the full-fiber of the device is difficult to realize.
In order to improve the performance and modulation efficiency of the electro-optical modulator, increase the modulation bandwidth, reduce the half-wave voltage, and reduce the size of the device, a large number of novel modulator schemes have been proposed. Graphene rapidly becomes a hot spot field of high-speed electro-optical modulation research due to the special electro-optical characteristics of graphene. Under the condition of no external voltage, the graphene is a zero-band-gap semiconductor structure, the position of a Fermi surface is superposed with a Dirac point, the Fermi level can be moved by a voltage regulation and control method, the optical characteristics of the graphene are changed, and a dynamically adjustable optical functional device is realized, which is also the physical basis of the graphene optical modulator.
In 2011, the first graphene electro-optic modulator was successfully prepared by the zhuang research group at berkeley division, california university. The feasibility of the graphene material for realizing the optical modulator is verified, the wide-spectrum modulation of 1.35-1.60 mu m is realized on the modulation length of 40 mu m, the 3dB modulation bandwidth is 1.2GHz, and the extinction ratio is 4 dB.
In the aspect of research on an all-fiber waveguide structure optical modulator, in 2014, a child-luck research group at Zhejiang university designed an all-fiber modulator based on a graphene coated micro-nano fiber structure. The interaction between graphene and an optical field is improved through the evanescent field characteristic and the wave guide effect of the micro-nano optical fiber, and the modulation efficiency of 38% and the response time of 2.2ps can be realized. In order to further increase the modulation depth, s.yu et al propose a graphene micro-nano fiber all-optical modulator based on an M-Z interferometer structure, using a graphene-covered micro-nano fiber as a phase modulator in an M-Z single arm, with a modulation depth 4.6 times that of a common graphene-coated micro-nano structure fiber modulator. In micro-nano structure optical fiber phase modulation realized by utilizing graphene photothermal effect, the graphene micro-nano optical fiber with the length of 5mm is used, and the phase delay exceeding 21p is realized. Although the light modulator with the graphene coated micro-nano optical fiber structure is of an all-optical fiber structure, the light modulator has the defects of weak coupling effect of graphene and a light field, difficulty in device preparation, high cost, fragile structure, difficulty in large-scale application and the like.
The invention discloses a double-core optical fiber electro-optic modulator based on double-layer graphene. The method can be used for constructing an integrated optical fiber modulation device with high modulation efficiency and modulation rate, low modulation voltage and insertion loss in an optical fiber communication waveband, and can be widely applied to the fields of optical fiber communication, optical fiber sensing systems and the like. The method comprises the steps of preparing the double-core optical fiber by adopting a melt-draw preparation method, forming a D-shaped side polishing area in the middle section of the double-core optical fiber by utilizing a side polishing method, and sequentially covering graphene and Al on the D-shaped side polishing area from bottom to top2O3The interferometer with a Mach-Zehnder structure is formed at two ends of the side polishing area through a fused tapering method, so that a light source can be coupled to another fiber core after entering from one fiber core and the Fermi level of the graphene can be dynamically changed by applying external voltage in the D-type area, and the phase difference change of 0-2 pi of the modulator can be realized. In contrast to the prior art, Al2O3The layer can have good bonding force with graphene and can provide a good light absorption effect due to a large refractive index. Secondly, the double-layer graphene can enable the modulator to have a larger absorption effect on light, a better modulation effect can be obtained, and the topmost layer organic material PVB can further improve the modulation effect and reduce the loss of light.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a double-core optical fiber electro-optical modulator based on double-layer graphene, which has a simple and compact structure, high modulation rate and low insertion loss.
The purpose of the invention is realized as follows:
the double-core optical fiber electro-optical modulator of the double-layer graphene comprises a cladding 1 of a double-core optical fiber, a double-fiber core 2, a graphene layer 3 and Al2O3Transition layer 4, organic material PVB layer 5, electrode 6. In the system, the double-core optical fiber is prepared by adopting a melt-draw preparation method, a D-shaped side polishing area is formed in the middle section of the double-core optical fiber by using a side polishing method, and then a first graphene layer 3-1 is grown in the D-shaped side polishing area by using a chemical vapor deposition method. Covering Al with larger refractive index on the first layer of graphene2O3Layer 4, electrode 6 in Al2O3Prepared on the transition layer 4, followed by Al2O3And the second layer of graphene 3-2 is mechanically transferred on the transition layer 4, and the Fermi level of the second layer of graphene is adjusted by applying an external voltage together with the first layer of graphene 3-1 through the electrode 6. And covering a second graphene layer 3-2 with an organic material PVB layer 5. And then forming the interferometer with a Mach-Zehnder structure at the front end and the rear end of the side polishing area by a fused tapering method.
The double-core optical fiber electro-optical modulator based on the double-layer graphene adopts a melt-draw preparation method to prepare the double-core optical fiber, and the method comprises the following steps: firstly, preparing a thicker quartz rod and two thin core rods with corresponding refractive indexes, wherein the side surface of one core rod is polished and processed into a D-shaped structure; secondly, preparing two small holes at proper positions of the thicker and integral quartz rod by using an ultrasonic punching process technology, wherein the hole positioned in the center of the end face of the quartz rod has a D-like structure; and finally, inserting the two core rods into the corresponding holes, and carrying out negative compression on the rods at high temperature to form the required double-core optical fiber preform. The prepared double-core optical fiber perform is placed on a wire drawing machine, after the double-core optical fiber perform is fixed by a clamping mechanism, the tail end of the perform passes through a heating furnace for melting, and optical fiber wire drawing is carried out under the traction of a driving wheel.
D type side throwing district in double-core optic fibre electro-optical modulator based on double-deck graphite alkene, characterized by: polishing and grinding the side surface of the double-core optical fiber to form a D-shaped structure, and connecting the side polishing areaAnd growing a first layer of graphene 3-1 by a chemical vapor deposition method. Covering Al with larger refractive index on the first layer of graphene2O3Layer 4, Al2O3And mechanically transferring a second layer of graphene 3-2 on the layer 4, and applying an external voltage together with the first layer of graphene 3-1 through an electrode 6 to adjust the Fermi level of the second layer of graphene. And covering a second graphene layer 3-2 with an organic material PVB layer 5. Wherein the electrode 6 is prepared on Al2O3On the layer 4.
The interferometer with a Mach-Zehnder structure is formed at two ends of the side polishing area through a fused tapering method, so that a light source can be coupled to another fiber core 2-2 after entering from one fiber core 2-1 and the Fermi level of graphene 3 can be dynamically changed by applying an external voltage 6 in the D-type area, and the phase difference change of 0-2 pi of the modulator can be realized. In contrast to the prior art, Al2O3 Layer 4 may have good bonding with graphene and may provide a better light absorption effect due to its larger refractive index. Secondly, the double-layer graphene 3 can enable the modulator to have a larger absorption effect on light, a better modulation effect can be obtained, and the topmost organic material PVB layer 5 can further improve the modulation effect and reduce the loss of light.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a two-dimensional structure based on a mach-zehnder interferometer formed by fused tapering.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a three-dimensional structure of a double-core optical fiber electro-optic modulator based on double-layer graphene.
Fig. 3 is a schematic two-dimensional structure diagram of a D-type side polishing region of a dual-core fiber electro-optic modulator based on double-layer graphene.
Fig. 4 is a simplified schematic circuit diagram of a dual-core fiber electro-optic modulator based on double-layer graphene.
FIG. 5 is a graph of the real part of the effective refractive index and the virtual step of a double-core fiber electro-optic modulator based on double-layer graphene as a function of the chemical potential of the graphene.
FIG. 6 is a graph of modulation bandwidth as a function of chemical potential for a dual-core fiber electro-optic modulator based on double-layer graphene.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated below with reference to specific examples.
Fig. 2 shows an example of a three-dimensional structure of a dual-core fiber electro-optic modulator based on double-layer graphene. The modulator is composed of a double-core optical fiber cladding 1, a double-core optical fiber 2, a graphene layer 3 and Al2O3Transition layer 4, organic material PVB layer 5, electrode 6. In the system, the double-core optical fiber is prepared by adopting a melt-draw preparation method, a D-shaped side polishing area is formed in the middle section of the double-core optical fiber by using a side polishing method, and then a first graphene layer 3-1 is grown in the D-shaped side polishing area by using a chemical vapor deposition method. Covering Al with larger refractive index on the first layer of graphene2O3Layer 4, electrode 6 in Al2O3Prepared on the transition layer 4, followed by Al2O3And the second layer of graphene 3-2 is mechanically transferred on the transition layer 4, and the Fermi level of the second layer of graphene is adjusted by applying an external voltage together with the first layer of graphene 3-1 through the electrode 6. And covering a second graphene layer 3-2 with an organic material PVB layer 5. And then forming the interferometer with a Mach-Zehnder structure at the front end and the rear end of the side polishing area by a fused tapering method.
Fig. 4 shows an embodiment of a simplified schematic circuit of a dual-core fiber electro-optic modulator based on double-layer graphene. The modulation bandwidth is one of the important performance parameters of the modulator, and can be used to evaluate the performance of the modulator and determine the capacity of information transmission, which is in Hz.
In the formula RtThe modulator comprises the self resistance of the graphene and the contact resistance of the contact surface of the graphene and the metal electrode, and the sum of the self resistance and the contact resistance is the total resistance of the system. CtAs the total capacitance of the system, including the self capacitance of graphene and Al between double-layer graphene2O3The capacitance of (2) is not considered, as the topmost organic material is not conductive. Wherein R isg1And Rg2Is the resistance of the two-layer graphene itself, Rb1And Rb2Is a two-layer stoneContact resistance between the graphene and the metal electrode; is Cg1And Cg2Is graphene self-capacitance, CAlIs graphene-mediated Al2O3The capacitance of (c).
Fig. 6 shows an example of the modulation bandwidth of a dual-core fiber electro-optic modulator based on double-layer graphene as a function of chemical potential. The graph of the modulation bandwidth changing along with the graphene Fermi level can be obtained according to the total capacitance and the total resistance of the modulator synthesized by the simplified circuit diagram, the modulation bandwidth of the modulator structure can reach the maximum modulation bandwidth of more than 16GHz, and the excellent modulation effect mainly depends on the selection of reasonable transition layer materials and thicknesses.
Claims (3)
1. A double-core optical fiber electro-optic modulator based on double-layer graphene. The method is characterized in that: it is composed of a cladding 1 of a double-core optical fiber, a double-core 2, a graphene layer 3 and Al2O3Transition layer 4, organic material PVB layer 5, electrode 6. In the system, the double-core optical fiber is prepared by adopting a melt-draw preparation method, a D-shaped side polishing area is formed in the middle section of the double-core optical fiber by using a side polishing method, and then a first graphene layer 3-1 is grown in the D-shaped side polishing area by using a chemical vapor deposition method. Covering Al with larger refractive index on the first layer of graphene2O3Layer 4, electrode 6 in Al2O3Prepared on the transition layer 4, followed by Al2O3And the second layer of graphene 3-2 is mechanically transferred on the transition layer 4, and the Fermi level of the second layer of graphene is adjusted by applying an external voltage together with the first layer of graphene 3-1 through the electrode 6. And covering a second graphene layer 3-2 with an organic material PVB layer 5. And then forming the interferometer with a Mach-Zehnder structure at the front end and the rear end of the side polishing area by a fused tapering method.
2. The method for preparing the dual-core optical fiber electro-optic modulator based on the double-layer graphene according to claim 1, which comprises the following steps: firstly, preparing a thicker quartz rod and two thin core rods with corresponding refractive indexes, wherein the side surface of one core rod is polished and processed into a D-shaped structure; secondly, preparing two small holes at proper positions of the thicker and integral quartz rod by using an ultrasonic punching process technology, wherein the hole positioned in the center of the end face of the quartz rod has a D-like structure; and finally, inserting the two core rods into the corresponding holes, and carrying out negative compression on the rods at high temperature to form the required double-core optical fiber preform. The prepared double-core optical fiber perform is placed on a wire drawing machine, after the double-core optical fiber perform is fixed by a clamping mechanism, the tail end of the perform passes through a heating furnace for melting, and optical fiber wire drawing is carried out under the traction of a driving wheel.
3. The D-type side polishing area in the double-core optical fiber electro-optic modulator based on the double-layer graphene as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: polishing and grinding the side surface of the double-core optical fiber to form a D-like structure, and respectively covering graphene layers 3-1 and Al on the side polishing region from bottom to top2O3Layer 4, graphene layer 3-2, PVB layer 5.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| GB2617851A (en) * | 2022-04-21 | 2023-10-25 | Paragraf Ltd | A graphene-containing laminate |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108717237A (en) * | 2018-05-25 | 2018-10-30 | 北京交通大学 | A kind of modulator of the multi-layer graphene multi output mode based on D type twin-core fibers |
| CN111045228A (en) * | 2019-11-20 | 2020-04-21 | 桂林电子科技大学 | Graphene-based D-type dual-core optical fiber M-Z modulator and preparation method thereof |
| CN112859388A (en) * | 2021-01-19 | 2021-05-28 | 北京工业大学 | Enhanced graphene electroabsorption modulator based on D-type optical fiber |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108717237A (en) * | 2018-05-25 | 2018-10-30 | 北京交通大学 | A kind of modulator of the multi-layer graphene multi output mode based on D type twin-core fibers |
| CN111045228A (en) * | 2019-11-20 | 2020-04-21 | 桂林电子科技大学 | Graphene-based D-type dual-core optical fiber M-Z modulator and preparation method thereof |
| CN112859388A (en) * | 2021-01-19 | 2021-05-28 | 北京工业大学 | Enhanced graphene electroabsorption modulator based on D-type optical fiber |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2617851A (en) * | 2022-04-21 | 2023-10-25 | Paragraf Ltd | A graphene-containing laminate |
| WO2023202944A1 (en) | 2022-04-21 | 2023-10-26 | Paragraf Limited | A graphene-containing laminate |
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