CN111045228A - Graphene-based D-type dual-core optical fiber M-Z modulator and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Graphene-based D-type dual-core optical fiber M-Z modulator and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a graphene-based D-type dual-core optical fiber M-Z modulator and a preparation method thereof. The method is characterized in that: the optical fiber cable is composed of a V-shaped groove 1, a double-core optical fiber 3, epoxy glue 4, a metal electrode 5, an H-BN transition layer 6 and a graphene layer 7. Specifically, two couplers 8 are prepared at two ends of a side polishing area of a section of double-core optical fiber by a fused biconical taper method, namely an input end coupler 8-1 and an output end coupler 8-2; to construct an M-Z interferometer on both core optical paths of a two-core fiber. The light output by the first fiber core and the second fiber core is used as two arms of the M-Z modulator in an M-Z mode, the transmitted light in the two fiber cores generates additional phase difference under the action of external voltage of the metal electrode, and the phase difference between the light paths of the two arms of the interferometer continuously changes between 0 pi and 2 pi by adjusting the input of the external voltage, so that the continuous modulation of the light intensity of the output end is realized. The invention can be widely applied to the fields of optical fiber communication and optical fiber sensing.
Description
(I) technical field
The invention relates to a graphene-based D-type dual-core optical fiber M-Z modulator and a preparation method thereof, which can be used for optical fiber communication and optical fiber sensing and belong to the field of optical fiber integrated devices.
(II) background of the invention
The modulator is a key device in an optical signal processing system in optical fiber communication, and loads signals onto light for transmission, so that long-distance and large-capacity information transmission can be realized. The communication of the information of the present human society is closely related to the life of people, an optical fiber communication system plays an irreplaceable role in the life of people, and as a key device, a modulator develops towards the direction of transmitting more information with small loss, compact structure and large bandwidth capacity.
To date, the studies on optical fiber modulators are mainly classified into the following two categories; one is to achieve modulation by controlling physical disturbances in the optical path; another type is to achieve the modulator function by injecting some absorptive or partially reflective material, such as liquid crystals, certain specific compounds or metal oxides, into the fiber. From the principle of the modulator, the optical fiber modulator can be further divided into an acousto-optic modulator, an electro-optic modulator, a magneto-optic modulator, a thermo-optic modulator, and the like. However, since a large optical fiber cladding region exists between the optical fiber core and the external substance, the structure of the optical fiber itself is composed of silica, which is an ideal optical transmission medium, and the optical fiber has high stability against external interference, this increases the difficulty in implementing an all-fiber modulator, which makes optical modulation difficult to implement; secondly, for silicon materials, the interaction between light and matter is quite limited, and now generally the effective refractive index of silicon materials varies by a maximum of 10-4The size of the modulator realized by the method is large, and even the length of some optical fiber modulators needs to reach the order of m to realize optical modulation, and the optical fiber modulators are difficult to be combined with the existing optical integrated circuit, so that the structure of many proposed optical fiber modulators does not meet the requirement of integrated optics. In order to control the light transmission in the optical fiber and improve the modulation efficiency, some new all-fiber structure or new material is needed to increase the control of the light transmission.
With the discovery of a novel two-dimensional material graphene and the intensive research on some characteristics of the novel two-dimensional material graphene, the discovery that the graphene has a unique energy band structure of a Dirac cone with a zero band gap is realized, so that the graphene can have an interband transition process generated by electrons under the action of external pump light, and the graphene has the characteristics of wide response spectrum range and the like. Fiber-optic communications are now essentially transmitted using optical fibers, and modulators made using optical fibers can be integrated with optical fibers having high losses that are not accessed into fiber-optic systems as with waveguide devices.
The patent CN 103176294 a discloses an all-fiber electro-optic modulator based on graphene materials and a method thereof, which use a similar structure, and change the conductivity characteristic of graphene by applying voltage to metal electrodes, thereby changing the imaginary part or real part of the effective refractive index of the graphene composite layer structure, and realizing phase modulation thereof. However, the invention uses single-mode fiber for modulation, so the adjusting capability is limited and the adjusting mode is not flexible.
The multi-layer graphene multi-output modulator based on the D-type dual-core optical fiber disclosed in patent CN 201810545677.1 forms a multi-output modulator by changing the two-core radius, the two-core interval, the cladding radius and the number of graphene layers. The modulator improves the modulation effect of the modulator by using the multilayer graphene, and has high extinction ratio and good compatibility. However, the double-core optical fiber is not fixed, so that the side of the double-core optical fiber is polished into the D-shaped double-core optical fiber with great difficulty.
The invention discloses a D-type dual-core optical fiber M-Z modulator based on graphene, which utilizes the advantages of the electrochemical property of the graphene, the coupling characteristic of the dual-core optical fiber and an M-Z structure and has the characteristics of integration, compact structure, miniaturization and the like. In addition, the invention designs the V-shaped groove which is specially used for fixedly placing the double-core optical fiber and is matched with the outer diameter of the double-core microstructure optical fiber, the metal electrode of the modulator provided by the invention is prepared on the V-shaped groove, and the width of the metal electrode extends from the D-shaped optical fiber to the top ends of two sides of the V-shaped groove, so that the modulator is more convenient to manufacture. The structure can be used as a novel modulator and has great application potential in future research of optical fiber communication systems.
Disclosure of the invention
The invention aims to provide a graphene D-type dual-core optical fiber-based M-Z modulator which is integrated, more compact in structure, miniaturized and convenient to manufacture and a preparation method thereof.
The purpose of the invention is realized as follows:
the graphene D-type double-core optical fiber M-Z modulator is characterized in that: the optical fiber composite material consists of a V-shaped groove 1, a double-core optical fiber 3, a metal electrode 5, an H-BN transition layer 6 and a graphene layer 7. In the system, a double-core optical fiber 3 is placed in a V-shaped groove 1, and is fixed by epoxy glue 4, and then is laterally thrown in the direction vertical to the length direction of the double-core optical fiber 3, so that a D-shaped double-core optical fiber structure is obtained; depositing a graphene layer and an H-BN transition layer 6 substrate in a side polishing area, coating a graphene layer 7 on the substrate, and preparing a metal electrode on the H-BN transition layer 6; and finally, preparing couplers 8, namely an input end coupler 8-1 and an output end coupler 8-2, at the front end and the rear end of the side polishing area of the double-core optical fiber 3 by using a fused biconical taper method, so as to construct an M-Z interferometer on two fiber core light paths. When a certain fiber core in the dual-core optical fiber 3 has an incident light wave with the intensity of P0, the light wave is divided into two beams after passing through the input end coupler 8-1, and the two beams enter the two fiber cores in the dual-core optical fiber 3 respectively for continuous transmission. The voltage applied by the metal electrode 5 is changed to change the refractive index of the graphene layer 7, so that the effective refractive index of the modulation arm of the double-core optical fiber 3 is changed, and an additional phase difference is generated between two paths of light waves. Through corresponding external signals, the continuous change of the phase difference between two paths of light waves between 0 and 2 pi can be realized, and thus the continuous modulation of the output light intensity between 0 and P0 is realized.
The preparation method of the graphene D-type double-core optical fiber M-Z modulator comprises the following steps:
1) placing the double-core optical fiber 3 in a specially designed V-shaped groove 1 matched with the outer diameter of the double-core microstructure optical fiber, and fixing by using epoxy glue 4;
2) polishing and grinding the double-core optical fiber 3 in the direction perpendicular to the length direction to obtain a D-shaped double-core optical fiber structure, depositing a graphene layer 7 and an H-BN transition layer 6 substrate in a side polishing area, and coating a graphene layer 7 on the substrate;
3) and preparing a metal electrode 5 on the H-BN transition layer 6. The metal electrode 5 structure is composed of a source electrode, a drain electrode, a double-layer graphene layer 7 and an H-BN transition layer 6 coated between the double-layer graphene. And preparing a metal electrode 5 on the H-BN transition layer 6, wherein the source electrode of the metal electrode 5 is contacted with the upper graphene layer, the drain electrode of the metal electrode 5 is contacted with the lower graphene layer, and the width of the metal electrode extends from the double-core optical fiber 3 to the top ends of two sides of the V-shaped groove 1.
4) Two fiber cores in the double-core optical fiber 3 are close to each other through a fused tapering method at the front end and the rear end of the side polished section of the double-core optical fiber 3 to form a coupler 8 which is an input end coupler 8-1 and an output end coupler 8-2 respectively. Therefore, the graphene D-type double-core optical fiber M-Z modulator is developed.
Optical fibers have high losses that are not accessed into fiber optic systems as waveguide devices. Compared with the common optical fiber, the D-type optical fiber can shorten the distance between the graphene layer and the evanescent field, so that the graphene has stronger effect, the modulation performance is obviously improved, and the D-type optical fiber has the characteristics of high modulation rate and small size. The two-core optical fiber 3 has stable polarization characteristics and superior coupling characteristics compared to a single-core optical fiber modulator. The double-core optical fiber 3 is formed into an M-Z interferometer by a fused biconical taper method, and the phase difference between the two arm light paths of the interferometer continuously changes between 0 pi and 2 pi due to the input of an external voltage, so that the continuous modulation of the light intensity of the output end is realized.
The side polishing system is adopted to polish the membrane of the double-core optical fiber, so that a gradual change concave transition structure of an optical fiber grinding area can be generated, and the insertion loss and the echo of the molded optical fiber modulator can be reduced. Two graphene layers 7 are prepared in the side polishing area of the double-core optical fiber, a transition layer 6 of hexagonal boron nitride (H-BN) is coated between the two graphene layers, and a metal electrode 5 is prepared on the H-BN transition layer 6. Because the effective refractive index of the graphene material has great dynamic adjustability along with the state of the Fermi level, the introduction of the H-BN transition layer 6 is beneficial to stabilizing the distribution stability of the mode field between two layers of graphene, and the heat transfer and the adhesive force are well matched with the graphene layer, so that the addition of the H-BN transition layer between the two layers of graphene is beneficial to increasing the strength and toughness of the optical fiber coating surface composite layer, and the equivalent capacitance model formed by the two layers of graphene and the transition layer can be effectively prevented from being broken down by an external voltage.
(IV) description of the drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a dual-core optical fiber 3 fixed to a V-groove 1 matching the outer diameter of the dual-core microstructured optical fiber by epoxy 4.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a D-shaped dual-core fiber structure formed by side polishing a specific region of a dual-core fiber in a direction perpendicular to the length of the dual-core fiber.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of preparing two graphene layers 7 in a side polishing region of a dual-core optical fiber 3, coating an H-BN transition layer 6 between the two graphene layers 7, and then preparing a metal electrode 5 in the H-BN transition layer 6.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a modulator based on a graphene D-type dual-core fiber M-Z structure developed by making two fiber cores in a dual-core fiber 3 approach each other to form couplers 8-1 and 8-2 by a fusion tapering method at front and rear ends of a side-polished region of the dual-core fiber 3.
Fig. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a graphene-based D-type dual-core fiber M-Z modulator.
FIG. 6 is an interference diagram of an optical path in a graphene D-type dual-core optical fiber based M-Z structure. Wherein 91, 92 are single mode fibers welded at the front and back ends of the fiber core 21 in the double-core fiber, and 10 is a D-type area where a transition layer and a graphene layer are laid. When the light intensity of one beam is IinThe original light is divided into light I transmitted by a fiber core I21 through a D-type double-core optical fiber M-Z structure01And the second core 2202Two parts, finally forming I by interference at the outputout。
Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the relationship between driving voltage and graphene chemical potential.
(V) detailed description of the preferred embodiments
The invention is further illustrated below with reference to specific examples.
The principle of the invention is as follows:
graphene can be abstracted as an infinitely thin material with double surfaces, whose surface conductivity σ is related to the system angular frequency ω, the chemical potential μ, the scattering rate τ and the temperature T. The conductivity of the graphene is an isotropic medium, and the surface conductivity value of the graphene can be calculated by a Kubo formula
σ＝σintra+σinter
In the formula: sigmaintraIn band conductivity, σinterIs the conductivity between bands, which can be respectively expressed as
In the formula:
is a reduced Planck constant; kBBoltzmann constant; e is the electron charge amount; t is temperature, and is 298K at normal temperature; τ is carrier scattering ratio, τ is 2 × 1012rad/s. Thus, the magnitude of the conductivity of graphene is related to the operating frequency and chemical potential. According to the equivalent dielectric constant formula, the relation between the dielectric constant and the conductivity of the graphene is
In the formula: epsilon0Is a vacuum dielectric constant; d is the thickness of the single layer graphene. The relation between the refractive index n of the graphene and the dielectric constant epsilon is
Thus, the graphene conductivity and refractive index are affected by chemical potential. In addition, the chemical potential is related to the applied voltage in the relationship of
In the formula: epsilonrIs a relative dielectric constant; vFAt a Fermi speed, VF＝1.1×106m/s；VgIs an applied voltage. Therefore, the direct determined relationship is formed between the external voltage and the refractive index of the graphene, and the refractive index and the dielectric constant of the graphene are changed by controlling the external voltage, so that the modulation feasibility is theoretically verified.
When the light intensity of one beam is IinThe original light is divided into light I transmitted by a fiber core I21 through a D-type double-core optical fiber M-Z structure01And the second core 2202Two parts, finally forming I by interference at the outputout。
Where φ represents the phase difference of the light propagating in the first fiber core 21 and the second fiber core 22:
wherein L is the cavity length of M-Z structure, Δ neffIs the difference in effective refractive index, and λ is the wavelength. It can be seen that when an optical signal is input, the second core 22 transmits the intensity I of light1Will change, the electron distribution in the graphene will be changed by the input of the corresponding applied voltage, thereby affecting the effective refractive index of the graphene, i.e. changing the effective refractive index difference Δ n in the formulaeffAnd further, continuous variation of the output intensity can be realized.
The preparation method of the graphene D-type double-core optical fiber M-Z modulator comprises the following steps:
1) placing the double-core optical fiber 3 in a specially designed V-shaped groove 1 matched with the outer diameter of the double-core microstructure optical fiber, and fixing by using epoxy glue 4; 2) performing side polishing in the direction perpendicular to the length direction of the double-core optical fiber 3, depositing a graphene layer 7 and an H-BN transition layer 6 substrate in a side polishing area, and coating a graphene layer 7 on the substrate; 3) and preparing a metal electrode 5 on the H-BN transition layer 6. The source electrode of the metal electrode 5 is in contact with the upper graphene layer, the drain electrode of the metal electrode is in contact with the lower graphene layer, and the width of the metal electrode extends from the double-core optical fiber 3 to the top ends of the two sides of the V-shaped groove 1; 4) two fiber cores in the double-core optical fiber 3 are close to each other through a fused tapering method at the front end and the rear end of the side polished section of the double-core optical fiber 3 to form a coupler 8 which is an input end coupler 8-1 and an output end coupler 8-2 respectively. Therefore, the graphene D-type double-core optical fiber M-Z modulator is developed.
Claims (2)
1. A D-type dual-core optical fiber M-Z modulator based on graphene and a preparation method thereof. The method is characterized in that: the optical fiber cable is composed of a V-shaped groove 1, a double-core optical fiber 3, epoxy glue 4, a metal electrode 5, an H-BN transition layer 6 and a graphene layer 7. In which a dual core light is usedThe fiber 3 is placed in the V-shaped groove 1, fixed by epoxy glue 4 and laterally thrown in the direction vertical to the length direction of the double-core fiber 3 to obtain a D-shaped double-core fiber structure; depositing a graphene layer and an H-BN transition layer 6 substrate in a side polishing area, coating a graphene layer 7 on the substrate, and preparing a metal electrode on the H-BN transition layer 6; and finally, preparing couplers 8, namely an input end coupler 8-1 and an output end coupler 8-2, at the front end and the rear end of the side polishing area of the double-core optical fiber 3 by using a fused biconical taper method, so as to construct an M-Z interferometer on two fiber core light paths. When the incident intensity of a certain fiber core in the dual-core optical fiber 3 is P0The light wave is divided into two beams after passing through the input end coupler 8-1 and enters two fiber cores in the double-core optical fiber 3 to be continuously transmitted. The voltage applied by the metal electrode 5 is changed to change the refractive index of the graphene layer 7, so that the effective refractive index of the modulation arm of the double-core optical fiber 3 is changed, and an additional phase difference is generated between two paths of light waves. The continuous change of the phase difference between two paths of light waves between 0 and 2 pi can be realized through corresponding external signals, so that the output light intensity is 0 to P0With continuous modulation in between.
2. The graphene D-type dual-core optical fiber M-Z modulator and the preparation method thereof according to claim 1, the steps are as follows:
1) placing the double-core optical fiber 3 in a specially designed V-shaped groove 1 matched with the outer diameter of the double-core microstructure optical fiber, and fixing by using epoxy glue 4;
2) polishing and grinding the double-core optical fiber 3 in the direction perpendicular to the length direction to obtain a D-shaped double-core optical fiber structure, depositing a graphene layer 7 and an H-BN transition layer 6 substrate in a side polishing area, and coating a graphene layer 7 on the substrate;
3) and preparing a metal electrode 5 on the H-BN transition layer 6. The metal electrode 5 structure is composed of a source electrode, a drain electrode, a double-layer graphene layer 7 and an H-BN transition layer 6 coated between the double-layer graphene. And preparing a metal electrode 5 on the H-BN transition layer 6, wherein the source electrode of the metal electrode 5 is contacted with the upper graphene layer, the drain electrode of the metal electrode 5 is contacted with the lower graphene layer, and the width of the metal electrode extends from the double-core optical fiber 3 to the top ends of two sides of the V-shaped groove 1.
4) Two fiber cores in the double-core optical fiber 3 are close to each other through a fused tapering method at the front end and the rear end of the side polished section of the double-core optical fiber 3 to form a coupler 8 which is an input end coupler 8-1 and an output end coupler 8-2 respectively. Therefore, the graphene D-type double-core optical fiber M-Z modulator is developed.
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111650694A (en) * | 2020-06-06 | 2020-09-11 | 桂林电子科技大学 | Wavelength division multiplexer based on three-core graphene optical fiber |
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