CN113769773A - 一种金属单原子催化剂及其制备方法和环境修复中的应用 - Google Patents
一种金属单原子催化剂及其制备方法和环境修复中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种金属单原子催化剂及其制备方法和环境修复中的应用。该方法包括:首先采用其他金属酞菁与酞菁锌,聚合物氮化碳以一定比例混合均匀,然后加入适量的乙醇后,进行碾磨,直到乙醇完全挥发。得到的样品,在惰性气体的氛围中进行分段式高温热解,使金属原子分散为单原子状态。本发明可以高效活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)降解有机污染物,在环境修复领域得以运用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于单原子催化剂领域,具体涉及一种金属单原子催化剂制备方法以及在环境修复领域关于有机污染物去除的应用。
背景技术
随着全球经济的快速发展,环境污染日益严重。如何高效处理含有机废水,是一个亟待解决的重要问题。自1894年开始进行环境治理以来,过硫酸盐高级氧化技术处理有机污染物越来越受到人们的关注。其原因在于相对传统的的双氧水高级氧化技术,该技术具有使用范围广,针对目标污染物的选择性好等特点。
单原子催化剂(SAC)因其原子利用率最大化、活性位点分散以及不同催化系统中的各种催化机制等优点而受到越来越多的关注。单独的金属-载体相互作用促进电弧额转移,从而协调催化剂的结构或直接出金反应物活化。尽管已经探索了SAC的许多独特优势来加速各种催化过程,但研究SAC用于PMS活化仍处于初级阶段。同时,为实际应用制造低成本,可扩展且易于设计的SAC仍然具有巨大挑战性。
例如Jingwen Pan等人(J.Mater.Chem.A,2021,9,11604- 11613)利用废吸附剂沼气渣吸附Cu2+和Zn2+并混合相对于吸附金属离子十倍重量的双氰胺进行热解,成功制备出了具有催化活化PMS的单原子铜催化剂,并在降解双酚A,四氯苯酚,4-硝基苯酚,苯酚等多种有机物具有良好效果。Hongchao Li等人(Li H,Qian J,Pan B. N-coordinated Cocontaining porous carbon as catalyst with improved dispersity and stabilityto activate peroxymonosulfate for degradation of organic pollutants[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2021,403:126395)利用酞菁钴与三聚氰胺混合后进行热解,所得样品进行酸洗最终得到碳基单原子钴催化剂,并在催化活化PMS降解有机污染物苯酚的应用中展现优越的性能,在催化剂浓度为20mg/L,PMS浓度为2.0mM时,15分钟能将浓度50uM的苯酚完全降解。Peixin Cui等人(Cui P,Yang Q, Liu C,et al.An N,S-AnchoredSingle-Atom Catalyst Derived from Domestic Waste for EnvironmentalRemediation[J].ACS ES&T Engineering,2021.)利用廉价的咖啡渣和六水合氯化钴(CoCl2·6H2O)充当金属源,将两者混合于水溶液中充分搅拌使Co2+充分被咖啡渣吸附,将干燥后的样品进行热解,即得钴离子与氮(N),硫(S)配位的单原子钴催化剂。其在催化活化PMS降解有机污染物双酚A表现出优秀的性能且存在良好的稳定性。
虽然有很多优秀的科学家利用各种方法制备出了单原子催化剂以及在催化活化PMS降解有机污染物有不错的性能表现,但是对比于他们的方法,他们只展示了某一种金属元素的单原子催化剂的制备方法,并没有说明该方法的通用性。
因此急需要一种通用的制备金属单原子的方法,并且制备出的样品具有良好的催化活化PMS的能力。以解决日益增长的有机物破坏环境的问题。
发明内容
针对以上问题,本发明提供了一种简单的通用的制备金属单原子催化剂的制备方法,只包括简单两个步骤:研磨,热解。制备方法简单易行,得到的单原子铜,钴,铁,镍催化剂都具有良好的催化活化 PMS的活性,所产生的自由基和非自由基对小分子有机物有强大的破坏能力且催化剂具有良好的稳定性。所以在处理环境中有机废水的应用具有巨大潜力。
本发明的技术方案如下:
S1:将0.05~0.2重量份的金属酞菁(Cu,Fe,Co,Mg,Ni,OV),2重量份的聚合物氮化碳和1重量份的酞菁锌置于研钵中,加入助混剂无水乙醇,进行研磨使其混合均匀直到乙醇完全挥发,得到单原子催化剂的前驱体。
S2:将前驱体置于石英舟内,在氮气的保护下,以10℃/min的升温速度加热至650度保持两小时,然后继续以10℃/min的升温速度加热至910度保持两小时。
S3:待降温至室温,即得到金属单原子催化剂。
若干种金属单原子催化剂采用如上所述的制备方法制备得到。
若干种金属单原子催化剂在环境修复中的应用,其中,所述的若干种金属单原子催化剂用于催化活化PMS。
有益效果:本发明以若干种金属酞菁为金属源,聚合物氮化碳在高温热解的过程种提供防止金属团聚的保护气,酞菁锌则进一步充当阻止在热解过程中金属团聚的作用。其工艺极简,所用物质种类少;得到的金属单原子催化剂能够表现出优秀的催化活化PMS降解小分子有机污染物的能力并具有良好的稳定性,金属离子浸出低,不会造成对环境的二次污染。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1中,制得SAC-Cu-NC的TEM图:其中,(a )为SAC-Cu-NC的低倍TEM图,(b)为SAC-Cu-NC的高倍TEM图。
图2为本发明实施例1中,制得SAC-Cu-NC的X-射线衍射图谱(XRD)
图3为本发明实施例1中,制得SAC-Cu-NC的球差校正电镜(ac- STEM-HAADF)
图4为本发明实施例2中,制得SAC-Co-NC的X-射线衍射图谱(XRD)。
图5为本发明实施例3中,制得SAC-V-NC的X-射线衍射图谱(XRD)。
图6为本发明实施例4中,制得SAC-Fe-NC的X-射线衍射图谱(XRD)。
图7为本发明实施例5中,制得SAC-Cu-NC降解染料罗丹明B的性能图:其中,(a)为降解曲线图,(b)为对应的紫外分光吸收光谱图。
图8为本发明实施例5中,制得SAC-Co-NC降解染料罗丹明B的性能图:其中,(a)为降解曲线图,(b)为对应的紫外分光吸收光谱图
图9为本发明实施例5中,制得SAC-Fe-NC降解染料罗丹明B的性能图:其中,(a)为降解曲线图,(b)为对应的紫外分光吸收光谱图
图10为本发明实施例5中,制得NC降解染料罗丹明B的性能图:其中,(a)为降解曲线图,(b)为对应的紫外分光吸收光谱图
图11为本发明实施例5中,制得得SAC-Cu-NC的自由基和非自由基检测图:其中,(a)为检测羟基自由基和硫酸自由基ESR图,(b)为检测非自由基单线态氧图。
具体实施方式
本发明提供一种制备金属单原子催化剂的方法与应用。为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及效果更加清楚、明确,以下对本发明进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施案例仅仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。
本发明实施例提供一种金属单原子催化剂的制备方法,包括步骤:
S1:取某种金属酞菁,酞菁锌,聚合物氮化碳,三者质量比为0.5: 10:20~2:10:20。将三者混合于研钵中。
S2:加入无水乙醇淹没三者混合物,并用研磨棒充分研磨直到乙醇完全挥发,得到的样品记为样品A
S3:将样品A装入石英舟并转移至管式加热炉中,通入惰性气体进行高温分段式热解。首先以5℃~15℃/min的加热速度加热至650℃保持1~3小时,之后在650℃的基础上以与之前相同的加热速度加热至910℃保持1~3小时。
S4:待温度降为室温,则金属单原子催化剂制备完毕。
本实施例中,金属酞菁可有五种,分别为酞菁铜,酞菁钴,酞菁镁,酞菁铁,酞菁镍、酞菁氧钒,但不限于此。该方法具有以下优势:工艺只有两步,简单可控,无需额外采用其他载体材料。金属酞菁本身结构具有单原子形式,有助于防止金属团聚产生,聚合物氮化碳在高温下生成的保护气进一步防止了金属团簇的生成。得到的金属催化剂催化活性高,稳定性好,在环境治理中的使用对环境无二次污染。
在一种实施方案中,步骤S1中,金属酞菁的纯度要求至少在95%以上,酞菁锌的纯度要求在95%以上。
在一种实施方案中,步骤S1中,优选金属酞菁,酞菁锌和聚合物氮化碳的质量比为2:10:20,获得的金属单原子催化剂具有最佳的催化活性。
在一种实施方案中,步骤S2中无水乙醇的纯度应达到99.7%以上。
在一种实施方案中,步骤S3中惰性气体应为氮气,在进行热解之前至少先通入氮气2小时,以保证管式炉中无氧气的存在。
在一种实施方案中,步骤S3中优选加热升温速率为10℃/min,优选保温时间为2小时。
本发明实施例还提供一种金属单原子催化剂,其中,采用如上任意所述的制备方法制备得到。
本发明实施例还提供一种如上所述金属单原子催化剂在催化活化PMS在环境中治理水污染的应用。
下面通过具体实施例对本发明进行详细说明。
实施例1单原子铜催化剂:SAC-Cu-NC的制备
S1:将0.2g纯度为99%的酞菁铜,1g纯度大于95%的酞菁锌和2g 聚合物氮化碳混合于玛瑙研钵中。
S2:向玛瑙研钵中加入纯度为99.5%的无水乙醇至淹没整个混合物,用研磨棒研磨已形成的悬浊液,直到乙醇完全挥发,得到前驱体铜。
S3:将前驱体装入合适大小的石英舟内,并至于管式加热炉中,通入氮气两小时后,以10℃/min的加热速率加热至650℃,保持温度2小时,之后在650℃的基础上以10℃/min的加热速率加热至 910℃,保持温度两小时。
S4:待管式加热炉温度降为室温后,取出样品即得单原子铜催化剂,命名为SAC-Cu-NC。
采用透射电子显微镜(Transmission electron microscope,TEM) 对实施例1制备得到的SAC-Cu-NC进行测试,测试结果如图1(a,b), a为低倍TEM图,b为高倍TEM图,从图像中均未观察到明显的金属结晶纳米颗粒
采用X射线衍射仪(X-Ray Diffractometer,XRD)对实施例1 制得的SAC-Cu-NC进行测试,测试结果如图2,从图像中未出现纳米金属结晶颗粒的衍射峰,对应于TEM图,证明了表面没有金属纳米结晶颗粒。
采用球差校正电镜(ac-STEM-HAADF)对实施例1制得的SAC-Cu- NC进行测试,测试结果如图3,可知不同的元素因结构不同是的其衬度有差异,重元素会展示较高的亮度,如图中用圆圈标注的所示,重元素Cu几乎呈单位点均匀的分散在碳结构中,证实合成的样品SAC- Cu-NC为单原子铜催化剂。
实例2单原子钴催化剂:SAC-Co-NC的制备
制备步骤同实施例1,不同之处在于:采用纯度为95%的酞菁钴替换纯度为99%的酞菁铜。
采用X射线衍射仪(X-Ray Diffractometer,XRD)对实施例2 制得的SAC-Co-NC进行测试,测试结果如图4,从图像中未发现纳米金属结晶颗粒的衍射峰。
实例3单原子钒催化剂:SAC-V-NC的制备
制备步骤同实施例1,不同之处在于:采用纯度为95%的酞菁氧钒替换纯度为99%的酞菁铜。
采用X射线衍射仪(X-Ray Diffractometer,XRD)对实施例3 制得的SAC-Co-NC进行测试,测试结果如图5,从图像中未发现纳米金属结晶颗粒的衍射峰。
实例4单原子铁催化剂:SAC-Fe-NC的制备
制备步骤同实施例1,不同之处在于:采用纯度大于97%的酞菁铁替换纯度为99%的酞菁铜
采用X射线衍射仪(X-Ray Diffractometer,XRD)对实施例4 制得的SAC-Fe-NC进行测试,测试结果如图6,从图像中未发现纳米金属结晶颗粒的衍射峰。
对比例氮掺杂碳(NC)的制备
制备步骤同实施例1,不同之处在于:采用纯度大于93%的酞菁替换纯度为99%的酞菁铜。
实施例5单原子催化剂的催化活化性能测试与表征
S1:催化剂活化PMS降解小分子有机物的性能测试:称取5mg催化剂分散在装有50ml浓度为10mg/L的染料罗丹明B(性能评价污染物)溶液中,进行半小时吸附脱附平衡后,加入10mg过一硫酸盐(PMS),开始性能测试
S2:每隔五分钟取4毫升溶液进行紫外分光光度计进行测试,共取四次,罗丹明B在554nm处会出现吸收峰。
S3:按照上诉测试步骤和条件对实施例1-4分别制得的SAC-Cu- NC、SAC-Co-NC、SAC-Fe-NC、对比例NC进行性能测试。
S4:通过对溶液进行紫外分光测试,通过溶液的吸光度可以准确反应染料罗丹明B的降解程度。如图7,8,9,10。如图7a所示, SAC-Cu-NC单原子催化剂,20分钟可将10mg/L的染料罗丹明B几乎完全降解,图7b为对应的染料罗丹明B的紫外分光光谱。如图8a所示,SAC-Co-NC单原子催化剂,在十分钟之内可将10mg/L的染料罗丹明B几乎完全降解,图8b为对应的染料罗丹明B的紫外分光光谱。如图9a所示,SAC-Fe-NC单原子催化剂,在十五分钟之内可将十五分钟将10mg/L的染料罗丹明B几乎完全降解,如9b为对应的染料罗丹明B的紫外分光光谱。如图10a所示,NC催化剂在20分钟内只能将10mg/L的染料罗丹明B降解50%,如10b为对应的染料罗丹明B 的紫外分光光谱。所以在氮掺杂碳上锚定铜,钴,铁,大大的提升了降解有机小分子污染物的性能。
S5:以SAC-Cu-NC为例,通过电子自旋测试(electron spin- resonancespectroscopy,ESR)进行该催化剂在活化PMS降解小分子污染物的机理解释。如图11,如图11a,当加入硫酸根自由基和羟基自由基捕获剂DMPO后,出现的信号峰是1:2:1:2:1:2:1,不同于传统的信号峰1:2:2:1,经分析可知该信号峰代表着非自由基单线态氧;如图11b,当加入非自由基单线态氧捕获剂TEMP后,出现代表着单线态氧的信号峰1:1:1。说明了在SAC-Cu-NC催化活化PMS 中降解染料罗丹明B起主要作用的是非自由基单线态氧。
综上所述,本发明提供一种可制备多种金属单原子催化剂的制备方法与应用。本发明以金属酞菁为金属源,酞菁锌和聚合物氮化碳作为保护剂(保护金属原子不发生团聚),无水乙醇作为助混剂,四者混合,研磨致无水乙醇完全挥发后,将其进行两段式热解。这种方法具有以下优势:工艺简单可控,无需采用额外的载体材料,高温煅烧过程中氮化碳的热解生升华会保护金属原子的不团聚,酞菁锌中的锌原子用物理隔离的方式,防止金属原子团结,最终锌原子在最终的热解中得以蒸发去除。得到金属单原子催化活性好,稳定性高。
应道理解的是,本发明的应用不限于上述举例,对本领域普通技术人员来说,可以根据上述说明加以改进或变换,所有这些改进和变换都应属于本发明所附权利要求的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种金属单原子催化剂及其制备方法和环境修复中的应用,其特征在于,包括:首先采用金属酞菁使其均匀分散在酞菁锌和聚合物氮化碳的混合物中,其中乙醇作为溶剂帮助三种物质混合均匀,然后将得到样品转移至惰性气体的氛围中进行热解,从而形成金属以单原子状态掺杂含有氮位点的碳中。
2.根据权利要求1所述单原子催化剂制备方法,其特征在于,所述的制备方法包括以下步骤:
S1:将金属酞菁,酞菁锌和聚合物氮化碳均匀混合,得到混合物A;
S2:在混合物A中加入无水乙醇直到混合物A被淹没,得到悬浮液B;
S3:用研钵棒对悬浮液B进行搅拌并研磨直到乙醇完全挥发,得到样品C;
S4:将样品C在惰性气体氛围中加热至650℃,保持两小时,紧接着加热至910℃,保持两个小时。冷却降温后得到金属单原子催化剂D。
3.根据权利要求2所述单原子催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤1)中的所述金属酞菁为:酞菁铜,酞菁铁,酞菁镁,酞菁钴,酞菁氧钒。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的单原子催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:在所述步骤S1中金属酞菁与酞菁锌与聚合物氮化碳的质量比为0.05:10:20~0.2:10:20。
5.根据权利要求2所述单原子催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤S2中,无水乙醇的质量分数为99.7%。
6.根据权利要求2所述单原子催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤S4中,样品C在氮气氛围中热解时的升温速率为10℃/min。
7.根据权利要求2所述单原子催化剂的制备方法,特征在于:所述步骤S4中,惰性气体为氮气或氩气。
8.根据权利要求2所述单原子催化剂的制备方法,特征在于:所述步骤S4中,冷却降温过程也需要保持惰性气体氛围。
9.根据权利要求2所述单原子催化剂的制备方法,特征在于:所述步骤S1中,金属酞菁的纯度要大于95%。
10.一种金属单原子催化剂,其特征在于:是采用根据权利要求1至6任一所述D的制备方法制的单原子催化剂。
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CN115779953A (zh) * | 2022-12-19 | 2023-03-14 | 中南大学 | 铜负载碳基单原子材料及其制备方法和应用 |
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