CN113748771A - Efficient saline-alkali soil improvement method capable of improving and planting crops simultaneously - Google Patents
Efficient saline-alkali soil improvement method capable of improving and planting crops simultaneously Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Conditioners And Soil-Stabilizing Materials (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for improving saline-alkali soil with high efficiency, which can improve and plant crops at the same time, takes straws as an adsorption carrier of microbial flora, takes fermented materials as nutrient substances, takes water as nutrient substances to rapidly propagate to form a microbial improver, and diffuses into the whole soil; the organic acid secreted by the microbial flora forms a slow-release saline-alkali-resistant soil conditioner, so that the alkalinity of the soil can be adjusted, and the pH value of the soil is kept balanced; the metabolite secreted by the microbial flora forms the slow-release saline-alkali-resistant seed treating agent, so that the growth of crops can be stimulated, the saline-alkali resistance of the crops can be improved, and the diversity and the activity of soil indigenous microorganisms can be activated; and the special slow-release saline-alkali resistant fertilizer formed by the adsorption and chelation of the converted organic matters and the extracellular enzymes can mineralize and eliminate soluble salt in soil, can keep water in the soil for a long time, slowly release the water and nutrients, ensure the wettability and the nutrient richness of the soil environment, and facilitate the propagation of microorganisms and the secretion of metabolites.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of ecological environment protection, and particularly relates to a high-efficiency improvement method for saline-alkali soil capable of improving and planting crops at the same time.
Background
The main reasons for the formation of coastal saline-alkali soil are two reasons: firstly, the salt is soaked in seawater for a long time, and sufficient salt sources exist; the other is a coast type sedimentary landform, rich soil fine particles, poor pore structure and difficult salt discharge. The problems are easy to cause that the salt leaching agent has the characteristics of high salinity of underground water, shallow underground water level, quick salt replenishment, easy salt return and difficult leaching. In addition, the earth surface of the saline-alkali soil is generally sparse under natural conditions, the soil is quickly heated and strongly evaporated, salt accumulation is easily formed on the earth surface, and the saline-alkali soil is difficult to drip. Vertical analysis shows that the situation is reduced firstly and then increased along with the increase of the depth of the soil body, and the vertical distribution rule of the soil body section with the salinity of 0-190cm is distributed in a V shape; the extension from inland to the coastline shows that the closer to the coastline, the higher the salt content and the higher the salinization degree of the soil.
The coastal saline-alkali soil directly develops in seawater to deposit silt, the salt accumulation process is prior to the soil formation process, the formed soil has serious surface salt accumulation, the salt content of the subsoil is relatively high when the subsoil is handed over to the saline-alkali soil in the inland arid region, and the method is a main characteristic for distinguishing other types of saline-alkali soil. The coastal saline-alkali soil has basically the same salt composition as seawater, is rich in soluble salt, has the salt content within 1m soil layer of over 0.4 percent generally, and can reach 2 to 3 percent in height, even can individually reach 5 to 8 percent in height, mainly contains sodium chloride, has secondary sulfate and has the minimum content of bicarbonate and carbonate. Wherein, in the cation composition, Na+Most in content, next to Mg has been completed+And Ca2+(ii) a And in the anion CI-The content of the active component is 70-90% of the total amount, and the content is SO4²-，HCO3 -And at a minimum. The vertical distribution of salt in soil is obviously influenced by the sedimentary rock property of the bottom layer, the condition of subsurface runoff, water quality characteristics and human activities, and particularly, the salt content in surface soil is more closely related to weather and human activities. Under the influence of artificial activities, in irrigated fields or in soil cultivated for a long time, the salt content of surface soil can be mostly effectively reduced, but the salt content of bottom soil is still higher. The mineralization degree of the underground water of the coastal saline-alkali soil can reach up to 100-150g/L, and is higher than that of the underground water of other areas by 90-120g/L, and the mineralization degree of the underground water of the coastal saline-alkali soil even in the soil with light salt content can reach more than 3-5 g/L.
Typically the salinity in soil exists in three forms: the first is in dissolved state in soil moisture; secondly, the fertilizer is attached to the soil colloid particles in an adsorption state; the third is in solid form in the soil pores. Soil moisture is a carrier for soil salt migration, and convection, dispersion and diffusion occur along with the movement of soil moisture. Where water flows through the pores of the soil, salt retention may occur. The soil water and salt migration process, namely the change of the water and salt distribution in the soil along with the change of time and space caused by the soil water and salt coupling migration, is a theoretical basis for understanding the evolution of saline-alkali soil and preventing and controlling the soil salinization. Understanding and researching the water and salt movement law of the saline-alkali soil (as shown in figure 3), the method can evaluate the effect and the applicability of the saline-alkali soil improvement measure, thereby reasonably adopting the improvement measure and effectively improving and preventing the soil salinization. The movement process of water and salt in soil is restricted by soil moisture conditions, and seasonal and perennial migration changes are generated under the seasonal and annual influence of precipitation and evaporation. The coastal saline-alkali soil climate is characterized in that the annual rainfall is greater than or close to the evaporation capacity, and the overall downward leaching degree of salt in a soil profile is greater than the accumulation degree of salt caused by evaporation, so that the coastal saline-alkali soil climate is beneficial to saline-alkali soil improvement in a long term. However, the precipitation and evaporation are unevenly distributed in the year, so that salt is accumulated upwards due to large evaporation in dry seasons, and salt is washed due to large rainfall in rainy seasons, which shows obvious seasonal salt return phenomenon.
At present, the improvement and restoration method for saline-alkali soil at home and abroad mainly comprises measures such as engineering measure improvement, biological and agricultural technology improvement, chemical modifier improvement and the like. In the 30 s of the 20 th century, represented by the council scientist b.a. koff da, a water irrigation and drainage system for farmland was built, and other measures such as a soil-filling method and the like were matched as main means for improving the saline-alkali soil. Long-term research and practice show that the saline-alkali soil irrigation and drainage integrated engineering measure has a good effect on reducing the soil salinity and is widely applied. With the development of saline-alkali soil improvement technology, the method also has been proposed to improve the physicochemical properties of soil to achieve the goal of saline-alkali soil improvement by using the agronomic measures of increasing the application of organic fertilizer, returning straw to field for fertilization, planting green manure for field cultivation, planting salt-tolerant crops and the like. In addition to the above engineering measures and agricultural measures, the application of the modifying agent is also a common measure for improving the saline-alkali soil at present, for example, the degree of salinization of the soil is reduced by adding calcium-containing substances (gypsum, phosphogypsum and calcium sulfite) and acidic substances (such as ferrous sulfate, black alum, weathered coal and furfural residue) into the alkalized soil. These methods have various advantages and disadvantages, such as quick improvement effect of engineering measures, but high improvement cost, good improvement effect of biological measures, but long improvement period, quick improvement effect of chemical measures, but easy repetition. Among a plurality of improvement measures, the key is to follow the law of water and salt movement of soil, especially to make a plan for irrigation and drainage of saline-alkali soil, ensure reasonable irrigation, effectively drain and wash salt, cut off a salt return path of a plough layer, keep the long-term effect of soil salt pressing, and additionally apply fertilizers and modifiers on the basis to achieve the aims of reducing the saline-alkali soil and improving the fertility.
Currently, in the improvement of saline-alkali soil, the improvement measures such as engineering, biology, chemistry and the like are mostly used comprehensively to achieve the aim of quickly reducing the saline and alkali. According to the field situation, the salt is washed by rainwater, and the salt deposit on the surface layer of the soil is reduced by storing water, supplementing water and inducing irrigation, and meanwhile, proper organic fertilizer and modifier are selected according to the salinization characteristics and fertility conditions of the soil, and salt-tolerant crops and leguminous plants are planted and bred to achieve comprehensive improvement.
To sum up, firstly, the characteristics of the target saline-alkali are deeply known and grasped by means of observation of physicochemical properties of the soil in the field, data analysis and the like based on the law of motion of water and salt in the soil. Secondly, specific improvement measures are scientifically and reasonably planned and selected according to the analysis result, the aims of effective improvement and ecological improvement are achieved by using limited resources and cost, and particularly when fresh water resources are insufficient, reasonable water network planning, irrigation and salt discharge are carried out by using rainwater and reclaimed water. Thirdly, in the aspects of soil fertility improvement and crop planting, the overground and underground measures are combined, the crops are planted in multiple varieties and multiple structures as well as the nutrients are artificially input, the natural fertility improvement is achieved, and the supporting measures are ecological and sustainable and are beneficial to ecological restoration of the saline-alkali soil. Finally, sustainable farmland management measures are adopted, a technology and management implementation mode is realized, and the problem of coastal saline-alkali soil can be thoroughly solved by reducing soil salt return.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the defects and shortcomings in the prior art, the invention provides a method for improving the saline-alkali soil efficiently, which adopts various microbial floras and balanced trace elements, carries out metabolic propagation in the saline-alkali soil to balance the pH value of the soil, mineralizes and eliminates the salinity of the soil, restores the ecological environment of the saline-alkali soil, activates the microbial diversity of the soil through the metabolic products of microbes, promotes the improvement of the virtuous cycle of soil probiotics and can be used for planting crops.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a method for improving saline-alkali soil with high efficiency and capable of planting crops at the same time comprises the steps of taking straws as an adsorption carrier of microbial flora, taking fermented materials as nutrient substances, taking water as nutrient substances, rapidly propagating to form a microbial improver, and diffusing the microbial improver into the whole piece of soil; the organic acid secreted by the microbial flora forms a slow-release saline-alkali-resistant soil conditioner, so that the alkalinity of the soil can be adjusted, and the pH value of the soil is kept balanced; the metabolite secreted by the microbial flora forms the slow-release saline-alkali-resistant seed treating agent, so that the growth of crops can be stimulated, the saline-alkali resistance of the crops can be improved, and the diversity and the activity of soil indigenous microorganisms can be activated; and the special slow-release saline-alkali resistant fertilizer formed by the adsorption and chelation of the converted organic matters and the extracellular enzymes can mineralize and eliminate soluble salt in soil, can keep water in the soil for a long time, slowly release the water and nutrients, ensure the wettability and the nutrient richness of the soil environment, and facilitate the propagation of microorganisms and the secretion of metabolites.
Preferably, the microbial flora comprises a "halophagin" complex microbial flora, an isolated reverse osmosis flora and a probiotic nutrient flora;
the salt and alkali phagocytosis composite microbial community can rapidly degrade the salt and alkali of a plough layer, convert nutrition, facilitate the absorption and conversion of plants and balance trace elements in soil; the yield of vegetables and fruits can be increased by 5-30% in planting; can increase to 100 ten thousand times in 30 days; can be fused with local probiotic groups, and has strong environmental adaptability;
the isolated reverse osmosis flora can quickly form a biological isolation film under a plough layer, effectively inhibits the salt and alkali in the underground from overflowing and balancing, quickly complexes with chloride ions to eliminate sodium ions, and reduces and removes the salt in the soil;
the probiotic nutrient flora can fully convert nutrient substances in the organic fertilizer, release active nutrients to soil and improve soil fertility.
A high-efficiency improvement method for saline-alkali soil capable of improving and planting crops at the same time comprises the following specific steps:
1) crushing straws into 1-2cm in length, and uniformly spraying salt and alkali phagocytosis composite microbial flora on the straws for later use;
2) adding sawdust or straw dregs into animal waste according to a certain proportion, spraying probiotic nutrient flora, and fermenting for later use;
3) carrying out rotary tillage on the saline-alkali soil by using a rotary cultivator, spraying water once, and spraying isolated reverse osmosis flora;
4) applying partial straw with bacteria and fermentation material, ploughing soil, mixing, spraying small water, and spraying salt and alkali phagocytosis composite microbial flora;
5) spraying functional microbial bacteria once after spraying small water for several days, then spraying trace elements after applying a small amount of bacteria-carrying fermentation material, and carrying out rotary tillage once again after waiting for soil to dry;
6) after the soil improvement is finished, the commercial crops can be normally planted after several days.
Preferably, the microbial modifier can improve the physical properties of soil, has strong biological nitrogen fixation effect, and can inhibit biological diseases and insect disasters.
Preferably, the microbial modifier can improve the physical properties of soil, and specifically means:
the soil volume weight is reduced, the soil porosity is increased, the submerged evaporation is reduced, the salt surface accumulation is inhibited, the infiltration of irrigation water and precipitation is increased, the soil desalination is facilitated, the soil colloid chemical property is improved, the soil microbial activity is increased, the soil solution ion composition is changed, the soil surface salt accumulation is obviously reduced, and the irrigation water is facilitated to wash the soil surface salt.
Preferably, the microbial modifier has a strong biological nitrogen fixation effect, specifically: after the microbial improver is applied to the saline-alkali soil, the content of hydrolyzable nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen of the tested soil can be effectively improved, the soil chemical strength and the nitrogen fixation strength are improved, and the protease activity and the enzyme activity are improved.
Preferably, the microbial modifier can also inhibit biological diseases and insect disasters, which specifically means: after the microbial modifier is applied, the biological modifier can generate the physiological active substances of the gibberellin B, the vitamins and the vitamins in the life activities of microbes, and the physiological active substances can promote the division of plant cells, enhance the capacity of absorbing water and nutrition and stimulate the increase of endogenous hormones of plants, so that the germination of seeds, the development of root systems and the early maturing and flowering of the plants are promoted; the microbial modifier is a physiological active substance except for the chelating action and the action of a plurality of organic acids generated by TCA per se, and can promote the growth of crops; meanwhile, the method is beneficial to mass propagation of microbial strains, forms a dominant population in a plant rhizosphere area, inhibits the growth and propagation of pathogenic microorganisms, and reduces the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests; the beneficial microbial strains can induce plants to generate antibiotic substances and plant peroxide polyphenol oxidase to participate in defense reaction of the plants, so that the disease and insect pest resistance of the plants is improved; the survival rate and the preservation rate of the vegetation in the saline-alkali soil are protected and promoted, the soil property of the saline-alkali soil is recovered, and the method plays a decisive role in building the ecological environment of the saline-alkali soil.
The invention adopts various microbial floras and balanced trace elements, metabolizes and breeds in the saline-alkali soil to balance the pH value of the soil, mineralizes and eliminates the salinity of the soil, restores the ecological environment of the saline-alkali soil, activates the microbial diversity of the soil through the metabolic products of the microbes, and promotes the virtuous cycle of soil probiotics; the improvement period is short, the operation is easy, the duplication and the popularization are easy, and various crops or economic crops can be planted immediately after the improvement; in addition, the improved soil microorganisms can be continuously propagated and continuously permeate downwards due to planting and breeding combination, so that the saline-alkali soil is not easy to return alkali, the effect of long-term stability is achieved, the problem of the saline-alkali soil can be solved for a long time, and the local soil quality is continuously improved; meanwhile, the improved technology has the advantages of convenient transportation and transfer of materials, inherent advantages in popularization and capability of rapidly developing improved embodiments in various suitable areas.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block location diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention in embodiment 1;
FIG. 2 is a view of a construction area according to an embodiment of the present invention in embodiment 1;
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the law of water and salt movement in the background art of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated in detail by the following examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1
In the present example, Daishan county Daisy towns and high towns (east longitude 121 DEG 30 '-123 DEG 25', north latitude 29 DEG 32 '-31 DEG 04') are located in the region of the embodiment, and the overall configuration of the embodiment is irregular, and the length of south and north is about 3.4km, and the width of east and west is about 2.1 km. The example area is located at Daishan Ben island with a nearest distance of 50 km to continent, Xitang Qiantai river outlet of about 70 km, and North Yangti river outlet of about 100 km (as shown in FIG. 1). The soil in the area is formed by the deposition of marine particles for many years and is originally used as the land for drying salt in a Daishan rocket saline farm. The soil has good salinity content, is easy to harden, has more gravels, has high underground water level and is obviously affected by tide.
The area scale of the embodiment: the total occupied area is about 7500 mu, which is used for the cultivation and reclamation of 6902 mu of land area, wherein the water system (including regulation and storage lake) is excavated to occupy 1100 mu of land area, and the final cultivation and reclamation of about 5516 mu of land area comprises 2500 mu of paddy field area and 3016 mu of dry ploughing area (as shown in figure 2). Wherein, the preset improvement grade of the dry farming land is 9 and the like (including soil physical and chemical index improvement, farmland water conservancy and other matched hardware facilities). The engineering construction contents mainly comprise land leveling, soil desalting and quality improvement, green manure planting, river regulation, irrigation and drainage of ditches, excavation and regulation of lakes, newly-built check gates, irrigation and water pumping pump stations, field roads, farmland protection engineering, matched buildings (culvert pipes, field discharge plates and the like) and the like.
The implementation region of this embodiment is characterized in that:
the landform: the primary engineering type of the location of the embodiment area belongs to the hills of the oceans island in Zhejiang east, the secondary engineering type area belongs to the low hills engineering type area, and the miniature landform is the coastal hills plain area. The land of the embodiment area is primarily leveled in the whole area, and the current situation is the transformation of the area of the salt pan to be treated.
② climate and hydrology: daishan island belongs to a southern monsoon marine climate area of northern subtropics, and generally has the advantages of long winter and summer, short spring and autumn, clear four seasons, warmness and wetness, no severe cold in winter, no summer heat in summer, sufficient illumination, less total rainfall, uneven distribution, insufficient fresh water resources and frequent drought.
The examples include strong wind, sea fog in spring, typhoid in summer and autumn all year round. According to the statistics of the observation data of the Daishan meteorological station, the average air temperature of the location of the embodiment is 16.2 ℃ for many years, the average wind speed of the location of the embodiment is 6.9 m/s for many years, the maximum wind speed is 23.37 m/s, the extreme maximum wind speed is 40m/s, SE-SSE is used as the main wind direction in summer and autumn, the main wind direction accounts for 24.6 percent, the secondary normal wind direction accounts for WNW-NW, the main wind direction accounts for 15.2 percent, and the strong wind direction is SSE mostly.
The average rainfall of the location of the embodiment is 1189.8 mm for many years, the rainfall is in bimodal distribution in many years, the front peak is more than 6 months, the location belongs to plum rainy season, and the average rainfall accounts for about 14.4% of the annual rainfall; the afterpeak usually occurs in 9 months, and is mostly caused by typhoon-induced rainstorm, which accounts for about 13.3% of annual rainfall.
③ soil: the soil in the embodiment area has high salt content and low organic matter content, is easy to harden and belongs to severe saline-alkali soil. The land in the embodiment area is originally rocket salt field land, belongs to a solar salt-drying operation area, and is characterized in that seawater is used as a resource for absorbing moisture, then the moisture is gradually evaporated by being blown by sun wind, the salt content is gradually increased, and finally the salt is crystallized to form salt to cover the ground surface. According to 2016 (11 month old) detection report results of Hangzhou Gejieyi detection corporation, the salt content of soil in an embodiment area is about 1%, the pH value is 8.5-9, the organic matter content is generally lower than 1%, the soil mainly comprises clay loam and silt loam, the underground water level is high, and the soil permeability is poor.
Implementation requirements, targets and quality standards of the present embodiment:
the embodiment sets the improvement of the dry farming saline-alkali land with the area of 3000 mu, and the quality of the improved cultivated land needs to reach 9 grades of the dry land and above standard of 'quality grade of national cultivated land'. According to the method for evaluating the quality grade of the cultivated land in the rural area of agriculture, the soil natural attribute indexes related to the grade respectively have the factors of soil pH value, soil fertility, soil texture, organic matter content and the like, if the soil natural attribute indexes reach more than 9 grades, the following numerical values are required to be met as shown in the table 1 (measured according to the thickness of the cultivated layer of more than 20cm and 10-15 cm):
TABLE 1
The soil improvement embodiment needs to pass the acceptance of relevant national departments, and the acceptance must reach the standard of more than 9 grades of dry land of national cultivated land quality grade.
The final aim of the embodiment is to create a new state demonstration area for modern agricultural sightseeing tourism, and land creation and improvement are key links and foundations in the area demonstration area. Under the planning and leading of modern ecological sightseeing agriculture in the embodiment area, the salt pan is firstly transformed into the dry pan by reclaiming cultivated land and the indexes of the cultivated land are obtained, and then related enterprises such as high-tech modern agriculture, tourism service and the like are introduced to plan and construct the garden in a matching way.
Daishan county is a rare resource which is unique in geographical position, full of the characteristics of agriculture ecology and tourism industry of islands and unavailable. The bridge from Daishan to Zhoushan is also built, and the possibility of passing at the end of 2021 years is expected, so that Daishan traffic is very convenient, and tourism and agricultural resources are further released due to the characteristics of natural environment, so that the bridge has high investment value. Whether the soil improvement project is smooth or not in the embodiment is directly related to the land acceptance and the development and construction progress of the subsequent embodiment, and is a difficult point and a key point in the implementation of the whole embodiment. Therefore, the soil improvement scheme which is economical, reasonable, easy to implement and quick in effect is provided, and the smooth acceptance of the project within the specified time is ensured as the established principle of the embodiment planning.
Based on the background and the current situation of land utilization, the soil improvement engineering of the embodiment has higher difficulty and more uncertain factors, which are mainly embodied in the following aspects:
1) the soil has high salt content: the original utilization mode of the land in the embodiment is a salt field, the salt drying history is decades, the salt content of the soil of the plough layer can reach 10-30 per thousand at most, the salt content is generally higher than that of the coastal beach saline-alkali soil in Zhejiang river, Jiangsu and the like, and the improvement difficulty is large.
2) The fresh water resource is tense: since Daishan county is an island of continental land and has a small area, the fresh water source is mainly natural rainfall, a small amount of continental water is drawn and the seawater is desalinated, and the available fresh water resource is extremely limited. Limited fresh water is needed to meet the requirements of conventional water consumption of Daishan residents, industry, agriculture, gardens and the like, and the improvement of saline-alkali soil necessarily needs a large amount of fresh water. Therefore, the solution of the fresh water supply is the key for the smooth implementation of the embodiment.
3) The soil quality is low: because the soil in the embodiment area is mainly formed by surface layer water and solar salt, the soil has high mineralization degree, low organic matter and poor agglomeration structure, mainly comprises raw soil and surface soil, has fine soil particles, low porosity and extremely poor permeability, is easy to harden, and is not beneficial to salt washing and alkali discharge.
4) The traffic and labor cost is high: at present, the transport between Daishan county and continent needs ferries, the traffic and logistics are inconvenient, the resources on the island are limited, most production data, equipment vehicles and the like need to be transferred and transported from the outside of the island, the local labor cost is high, the cost price of manpower, material resources, transportation and the like is high, and certain difficulty is brought to the cost control of the embodiment.
5) The abnormal climate is more: the Daishan island has changeable weather and is greatly influenced by typhoon. Although typhoon can bring effective precipitation, can alleviate the problem of shortage of fresh water resources, but has a great threat to agricultural production management, especially in the later stage of crop growth, typhoon may cause the consequence that crops reduce yield, even no harvest.
In the embodiment, in consideration of characteristics and various problems of coastal saline-alkali land of Daishan embodiment, based on the principle of adjusting local conditions, saving cost, being capable of being implemented on the ground and having effect on improvement, according to the water-salt migration rule of 'salt coming with water and salt going with water', sustainable management measures are adopted, and a mode of implementing technology and management is adopted, so that a set of comprehensive soil improvement scheme is provided: a microbial flora improving agent.
The embodiment adopts the novel slow-release saline-alkali resistant soil conditioner, the slow-release saline-alkali resistant seed treatment agent, the slow-release saline-alkali resistant special fertilizer and the like to comprehensively improve the saline-alkali soil, enables the severe and moderate saline-alkali soil of different types to be changed into fertile farmland through quick improvement under the relatively low input condition, and enables farmers to realize the harvest dream that the farmers can also take high yield in the 'poor land'.
The method is a modern saline-alkali soil high-efficiency improvement method which can improve and plant crops at the same time by a microecological cycle agricultural technology. The saline-alkali soil improvement takes the straws as an adsorption carrier of a compound microbial flora, takes a fermentation material as a nutrient substance, takes water as a nutrient substance to rapidly propagate, and diffuses into the whole piece of soil, and organic acid secreted by microorganisms can adjust the alkalinity of the soil, so that the pH value of the soil is kept balanced; the metabolite secreted by the microorganism can not only stimulate the growth of crops and improve the saline-alkali resistance of the crops, but also activate the diversity and activity of soil indigenous microorganisms; and the converted organic matters and the extracellular enzymes are adsorbed and chelated to mineralize and eliminate soluble salt in the soil, so that the water in the soil can be kept for a long time, the water and nutrients are slowly released, the wettability and the nutrient richness of the soil environment are ensured, the propagation and the metabolite secretion of microorganisms are facilitated, and the method is a sustainable technical scheme for circular ecology.
The microbial community improver of the embodiment has the following characteristics:
1) can improve the physical properties of soil:
researches show that the application of the microbial improver can improve the physical properties of soil, such as reduction of soil volume weight, increase of soil porosity and the like, which can have important influence on soil moisture and salinity movement. Meanwhile, the application of the organic fertilizer can reduce submerged evaporation, inhibit salt surface accumulation, increase infiltration of irrigation water and precipitation and be beneficial to soil desalination. In addition, the organic fertilizer applied in the field can also improve the chemical property of soil colloid, increase the activity of soil microorganisms and change the ion composition of soil solution. The research results also show that the organic fertilizer applied in the field can obviously reduce the accumulation of the salt on the surface layer of the soil and is beneficial to the leaching of the salt on the surface layer of the soil by irrigation. The salt content of the soil in the 10cm deep of the organic fertilizer treatment district is rapidly reduced by water irrigation, the salt accumulation process of the soil in the 30cm deep before water irrigation can be slowed down by applying the fertilizer, and the dissolved salt content of the soil in the 60cm deep of the organic fertilizer treatment district is greatly reduced and kept at a very low level.
2) Has strong biological nitrogen fixation function:
the international application of microbial improvement technology has been over a hundred years. Caron used several soil bacteria for the first time to increase the yield of leguminous crops. Thereafter, Noble and Hilter applied rhizobia for the first time to production, and bacteria capable of decomposing aluminosilicate minerals were separated from maggots. In the 20 th century, the research and trial of rhizobia inoculants (rhizobia fertilizers) began in countries such as the United states, Australia and the like, and until now, rhizobia remained the main species. Mehknnha successively separates silicate bacteria and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria from soil, and the content of available phosphorus is increased by 15-42% due to the use of the phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. The use of azotobacter chroococcum (self-growing or symbiotic) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria increases the crop by about 10 percent, and the application area is large. In the 50 s of the 20 th century, all countries in the world strengthen the inoculation of azospirillum into gramineous plants in the countries of the field such as the research and the beauty, the law and the like, so that the yield of corn is increased by 10-20%, and the nitrogen fixing capacity can reach mu. Tests of applying the microbial improver to the soda saline-alkali soil of the Songnen plain show that after the microbial fertilizer is applied to the saline-alkali soil, the content of hydrolyzable nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen of the tested soil can be effectively improved, the soil chemical strength and the nitrogen fixation strength are improved, and the protease activity and the enzyme activity are improved. These data fully demonstrate the effective nitrogen fixation effect of microbial fertilizer on saline-alkali soil.
3) Can inhibit biological diseases and insect disasters:
after the microbial modifier is applied, various physiologically active substances such as the gibberellin and various vitamins can be generated in the life activities of the microbes. The physiologically active substances can promote plant cell division, enhance water and nutrient absorption capacity, and stimulate the increase of endogenous hormones in plants, thereby promoting seed germination, root development, plant growth, early ripening and flowering. Besides the chelating action and action, the organic acids generated by TCA of various microbial fertilizers are physiological active substances which can promote the growth of crops.
And researches prove that the microbial modifier has an inhibiting effect on various crop germs. The beneficial microbes can induce the plant to produce antibiotic substances and plant peroxide polyphenol oxidase to participate in the defense reaction of the plant and raise the plant disease and pest resistance. The effects protect and promote the survival rate and the preservation rate of the vegetation in the saline-alkali soil to a certain extent, greatly improve the saline-alkali soil for a long time, recover the soil property of the saline-alkali soil and play a decisive role in building the ecological environment of the saline-alkali soil.
4) The improvement period is short, the cost is low, and the popularization is easy;
experiments show that the improvement period is short, the operation is easy, the duplication and the popularization are easy, and various crops or economic crops can be planted immediately after the improvement. In addition, the improved soil microorganisms can be continuously propagated and continuously permeate downwards due to planting and breeding combination, so that the saline-alkali soil is not easy to return alkali, the long-term stable effect is achieved, the problem of the saline-alkali soil can be solved for a long time, and the local soil quality is continuously improved. Meanwhile, the improved technology has the advantages of convenient transportation and transfer of materials, inherent advantages in popularization and capability of rapidly developing improved embodiments in various suitable areas.
The composite microbial flora used in the SHAPE/MERGEEFORMAT microbial saline-alkali soil improvement technology of the embodiment takes straws as an adsorption carrier, takes a fermentation material as a nutrient substance, takes water as a nutrient, rapidly propagates and diffuses into the whole saline-alkali soil, and organic acid secreted by microbes can adjust the alkalinity of the soil, so that the pH value of the soil is kept balanced; the metabolite secreted by the microorganism can not only stimulate the growth of crops and improve the saline-alkali resistance of the crops, but also activate the diversity and activity of soil indigenous microorganisms; the converted organic matter and the extracellular enzyme are adsorbed and chelated to mineralize and eliminate soluble salt in the soil, so that the water in the soil can be kept for a long time, the water and nutrients are slowly released, the wettability and the nutrient richness of the soil environment are ensured, and the propagation of microorganisms and the secretion of metabolites are facilitated.
In conclusion, the technology for improving the saline-alkali soil by the microorganisms is a sustainable technical scheme for circulating ecology.
The microbial flora of the present example includes:
1) the compound microbial flora of 'halophagiosalin':
high efficiency: can quickly degrade the saline and alkaline of the plough layer, transform the nutrition, facilitate the absorption and transformation of the plants and balance the trace elements in the soil.
Yield increase: the microbial fertilizer can increase the yield of vegetables and fruits by 5-30% in planting.
And (3) fast: the working microbial strain can be increased to 100 ten thousand times within 30 days;
compatibility: can be fused with local probiotic groups, and has strong environmental adaptability.
2) Isolating reverse osmosis flora:
high efficiency: can be quickly formed into a biological isolation film under the plough layer, effectively inhibits the salt and alkali in the underground from overflowing and balancing, quickly complexes with chloride ions to eliminate sodium ions, and reduces and clears away the salt in the soil.
3) Probiotic nutritional flora:
can fully convert nutrient substances in the organic fertilizer, release active nutrients to soil and improve the soil fertility.
(1) The production is started while the improvement is carried out, the technology is efficient, and the product is high in quality;
(2) planting and breeding are technical components of soil improvement, increase production and create income while improving, and the method is a systematic scheme for improving the saline-alkali beach;
(3) planting and breeding combination, carbon negative circulation, circulation development and ring availability;
(4) the microbial technology deeply permeates and improves the land, and the effect is continuous and stable;
(5) the whole industrial chain technology realizes long-term microecological balance through improvement, planting and cultivation, the salinity is continuously reduced, and the soil quality is continuously improved;
(6) soil improvement, soil fertility improvement, planting and breeding and environmental management are carried out synchronously, and the production and living ecology are highly integrated.
The comprehensive treatment method is characterized in that a plurality of compound microorganism bacteria and balanced trace elements are used for metabolic propagation in saline-alkali soil to balance the pH value of the soil, mineralize and eliminate the salinity of the soil, restore the ecological environment of the saline-alkali soil, activate the microbial diversity of the soil through metabolic products of the microorganisms, and promote the virtuous cycle of soil probiotics.
The method is characterized in that proper flora and formula proportion are reasonably selected according to the characteristics of coastal saline-alkali soil, the method is suitable for local soil climate conditions and can be continuously improved, and the method is a technical key of the experiment.
The specific steps of the embodiment are as follows:
(1) crushing the straws into 1-2 cm; uniformly spraying the compound microorganism bacteria on the surface for later use;
(2) adding wood chips or straw residues into animal waste according to a certain proportion, spraying strains, and fermenting for later use;
(3) carrying out rotary tillage on the saline-alkali soil by using a rotary cultivator, spraying water once, and spraying isolated strains;
(4) spraying small water after applying partial straw with bacteria and the fermented material to turn over the soil, and spraying compound microorganism bacteria;
(5) spraying functional microbial bacteria once again after spraying small water (according to temperature, humidity and illumination), then spraying trace elements after applying a small amount of bacteria-carrying fermentation material, and carrying out rotary tillage once again after waiting for soil to dry;
(6) after the soil improvement is finished, the commercial crops can be normally planted after several days.
The soil improvement and planting schedule is shown in table 2 according to the construction schedule of the examples.
TABLE 2
The approximate calculation (as shown in table 3) of this embodiment is made according to the technical scheme of the embodiment and the actual situation of Daisea, and the unit price of the list is the comprehensive unit price of each project, including all the expenses (excluding extra project expenses) such as labor cost, machine cost, material cost, construction measure cost, planning cost, profit, tax and management cost.
TABLE 3
Claims (7)
1. A method for improving saline-alkali soil capable of planting crops at the same time is characterized by comprising the following steps: the straw is used as an adsorption carrier of microbial flora, the fermentation material is used as a nutrient substance, water is used as a nutrient substance, and the fermentation material and the water are rapidly propagated to form a microbial modifier and are diffused into the whole soil; the organic acid secreted by the microbial flora forms a slow-release saline-alkali-resistant soil conditioner, so that the alkalinity of the soil can be adjusted, and the pH value of the soil is kept balanced; the metabolite secreted by the microbial flora forms the slow-release saline-alkali-resistant seed treating agent, so that the growth of crops can be stimulated, the saline-alkali resistance of the crops can be improved, and the diversity and the activity of soil indigenous microorganisms can be activated; and the special slow-release saline-alkali resistant fertilizer formed by the adsorption and chelation of the converted organic matters and the extracellular enzymes can mineralize and eliminate soluble salt in soil, can keep water in the soil for a long time, slowly release the water and nutrients, ensure the wettability and the nutrient richness of the soil environment, and facilitate the propagation of microorganisms and the secretion of metabolites.
2. The method for improving saline-alkali soil capable of improving crops simultaneously according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the microbial flora comprises a 'salt phagocytic alkali' compound microbial flora, an isolation reverse osmosis flora and a probiotic nutrient flora;
the salt and alkali phagocytosis composite microbial community can rapidly degrade the salt and alkali of a plough layer, convert nutrition, facilitate the absorption and conversion of plants and balance trace elements in soil; the yield of vegetables and fruits can be increased by 5-30% in planting; can increase to 100 ten thousand times in 30 days; can be fused with local probiotic groups, and has strong environmental adaptability;
the isolated reverse osmosis flora can quickly form a biological isolation film under a plough layer, effectively inhibits the salt and alkali in the underground from overflowing and balancing, quickly complexes with chloride ions to eliminate sodium ions, and reduces and removes the salt in the soil;
the probiotic nutrient flora can fully convert nutrient substances in the organic fertilizer, release active nutrients to soil and improve soil fertility.
3. The method for improving saline-alkali soil capable of improving crops simultaneously according to claim 2, which is characterized in that: the method comprises the following specific steps:
1) crushing straws into 1-2cm in length, and uniformly spraying salt and alkali phagocytosis composite microbial flora on the straws for later use;
2) adding sawdust or straw dregs into animal waste according to a certain proportion, spraying probiotic nutrient flora, and fermenting for later use;
3) carrying out rotary tillage on the saline-alkali soil by using a rotary cultivator, spraying water once, and spraying isolated reverse osmosis flora;
4) applying partial straw with bacteria and fermentation material, ploughing soil, mixing, spraying small water, and spraying salt and alkali phagocytosis composite microbial flora;
5) spraying functional microbial bacteria once after spraying small water for several days, then spraying trace elements after applying a small amount of bacteria-carrying fermentation material, and carrying out rotary tillage once again after waiting for soil to dry;
6) after the soil improvement is finished, the commercial crops can be normally planted after several days.
4. The method for improving saline-alkali soil capable of improving crops simultaneously according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the microbial improver can improve the physical properties of soil, has a strong biological nitrogen fixation effect, and can also inhibit biological diseases and insect disasters.
5. The method for improving saline-alkali soil capable of improving crops simultaneously according to claim 4, which is characterized in that: the microbial improver can improve the physical properties of soil, and specifically comprises the following components:
the soil volume weight is reduced, the soil porosity is increased, the submerged evaporation is reduced, the salt surface accumulation is inhibited, the infiltration of irrigation water and precipitation is increased, the soil desalination is facilitated, the soil colloid chemical property is improved, the soil microbial activity is increased, the soil solution ion composition is changed, the soil surface salt accumulation is obviously reduced, and the irrigation water is facilitated to wash the soil surface salt.
6. The method for improving saline-alkali soil capable of improving crops simultaneously according to claim 4, which is characterized in that: the microorganism modifier has strong biological nitrogen fixation function, which specifically comprises the following steps: after the microbial improver is applied to the saline-alkali soil, the content of hydrolyzable nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen of the tested soil can be effectively improved, the soil chemical strength and the nitrogen fixation strength are improved, and the protease activity and the enzyme activity are improved.
7. The method for improving saline-alkali soil capable of improving crops simultaneously according to claim 4, which is characterized in that: the microorganism modifier can also inhibit biological diseases and insect disasters, and specifically comprises the following components: after the microbial modifier is applied, the biological modifier can generate the physiological active substances of the gibberellin B, the vitamins and the vitamins in the life activities of microbes, and the physiological active substances can promote the division of plant cells, enhance the capacity of absorbing water and nutrition and stimulate the increase of endogenous hormones of plants, so that the germination of seeds, the development of root systems and the early maturing and flowering of the plants are promoted; the microbial modifier is a physiological active substance except for the chelating action and the action of a plurality of organic acids generated by TCA per se, and can promote the growth of crops; meanwhile, the method is beneficial to mass propagation of microbial strains, forms a dominant population in a plant rhizosphere area, inhibits the growth and propagation of pathogenic microorganisms, and reduces the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests; the beneficial microbial strains can induce plants to generate antibiotic substances and plant peroxide polyphenol oxidase to participate in defense reaction of the plants, so that the disease and insect pest resistance of the plants is improved; the survival rate and the preservation rate of the vegetation in the saline-alkali soil are protected and promoted, the soil property of the saline-alkali soil is recovered, and the method plays a decisive role in building the ecological environment of the saline-alkali soil.
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| CN117720383B (en) * | 2024-02-18 | 2024-04-30 | 天津大学 | Organomineral mixture and method for improving saline-alkali soil and raising seedlings by using same |
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Application publication date: 20211207 |