CN113522273B - 一种富含氧空位三氧化钨的制备方法及其在光催化反应中的应用 - Google Patents
一种富含氧空位三氧化钨的制备方法及其在光催化反应中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种富含氧空位三氧化钨光催化剂的制备方法及其在光催化反应中的应用,其以富含氧空位三氧化钨为催化剂,苯为原料,氧气为氧化剂,在一定条件下进行取代苯的羟基化反应。开发了制备富含氧空位三氧化钨光催化剂的一种简便方法,将光生载流子分离和氧气分子的光催化活化过程高效耦合,促进氧气分子吸附活化,从而提高绿色制备苯酚的效率。该发明操作简单,反应条件温和,可重复性高,反应周期短,循环稳定性较高,不需要复杂昂贵的设备,具有一定的工业应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种富含氧空位三氧化钨的制备方法和光催化苯制苯酚的应用,属于多相有机催化和半导体材料制备领域。
背景技术
苯酚是一类重要的基础有机化工原料,广泛应用于化工行业。目前,苯酚的工业化生产仍以异丙苯法为主,其存在总产率偏低,原子利用率低,能耗高,污染严重、设备损耗严重等问题。因此,需要寻找一种新的合成方法来代替传统的工业方法。以氧气为氧化剂,将苯一步羟基化生成苯酚的制备方法具有步骤简单、绿色环保等特点,符合可持续发展的需求。但是,由于氧气分子难以活化,光生载流子复合导致光能的利用率低。因此,我们有必要活化氧气分子,并将光生载流子分离和氧气分子的光催化活化过程高效耦合,以实现苯酚的高效合成。
发明内容
针对上述问题,本发明提供了一种富含氧空位三氧化钨的制备方法和选择性羟基化苯制备苯酚的应用。该方法合成技术简单、绿色环保、易于操作,具有良好的苯酚产率,高选择性和循环稳定性,具有潜在的应用前景。
本发明具体技术方案主要内容如下:
本发明的第一个目的是提供一种富含氧空位的三氧化钨光催化剂,在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述的氧空位是通过光刻蚀的方式构筑在三氧化钨上,包括以下步骤:
(1)将钨酸或偏钨酸铵或碳酸钨平铺在小方舟中并盖上盖子置于马弗炉中,加热到400~500℃,保温2~4 h后,自然冷却至室温,得到黄色粉末三氧化钨;
(2)将三氧化钨粉末置于石英反应管中,依次加入去离子水和甲醇,冷冻抽真空后,用300 W氙灯光照反应1h,去离子水洗涤数次后,置于真空干燥箱里60℃真空干燥得到富含氧空位三氧化钨。
进一步的,所述富含氧空位的三氧化钨光催化剂的制备方法包括以下具体步骤:
(1)称取1 g钨酸,将其平铺在小方舟中并盖上盖子置于马弗炉中,加热到400~500℃,保温2~4 h后,自然冷却至室温,得到黄色粉末WO3;
(2)取0.15 g上述三氧化钨粉末于50 ml石英反应管中,依次加入10~20 mL去离子水和1~2 mL甲醇,冷冻抽真空后,用300 W氙灯光照反应1h,去离子水洗涤数次后,置于真空干燥箱里60℃真空干燥得WV-1h。
进一步的,所述光刻蚀方法是将三氧化钨化合物真空条件或惰性气氛下置于氙灯下反应。
进一步的,所述光刻蚀是在含有牺牲剂的溶剂中进行,利用光生电子腐蚀催化剂制得富含氧空位三氧化钨催化剂。
本发明的第二个目的是提供所述催化剂在羟基化苯制备苯酚的应用。
具体应用:以富含氧空位三氧化钨为催化剂,苯为原料,氧气为氧化剂,在有机物-水体系中,在420 nm LED灯照射下进行苯选择性羟基化反应制备苯酚;
有机物-水体系溶剂体积比为1:1,有机溶剂为乙腈;催化剂与有机物-水体系的用量比为30 mg/6~8 ml;反应温度为60℃,反应时间为1 h~5 h;氧气压力为一个大气压。
在本发明的一种实施方式中,所述方法是将催化剂以30 mg/6~8 ml 比例加入乙腈-水体系中,苯为原料,氧气为氧化剂,在420 nm LED灯下以特定温度进行苯的羟基化反应。反应结束后,乙醇作为淬灭剂、甲苯为内标加入到反应体系中,并检测产物生成。
其他应用:所述的富含氧空位三氧化钨在光催化苄胺偶联制备N-苄烯丁胺中的应用。
本发明的有益效果:本发明使用简单的光刻蚀法快速制得富含氧空位三氧化钨光催化剂。利用氧空位对氧气分子吸附活化和光刻蚀选择性地在光生电子汇聚的催化剂表面原位构筑氧空位活性位点的特点,提高苯羟基化反应中苯酚的产率。实验结果表明,所述催化剂在苯的羟基化反应中具有极高产率和选择性。产物中苯酚的选择性超过99%,产率达到20.3%,高于无刻蚀的三氧化钨催化剂(产率8.1%),且四轮循环实验仍然保持结构的稳定性。本发明构筑的氧空位结构,利用氧空位对氧气分子吸附势垒的降低,可促进氧气分子的吸附活化,提高羟基自由基和超氧自由基的产生量,进一步提高反应转化率。本发明方法工艺简单,反应条件温和,生产成本低,绿色环保,适合大规模生产。
本发明的催化剂由于在光催化活性位点上的引入氧空位而不改变催化剂的晶型,氧空位可以很好的吸附活化氧气,并且在光生载流子分离的活性位点处引入氧空位可以高效结合氧气的活化过程和光生载流子的分离过程,因此本发明的催化剂能够很好地提高苯酚产率和选择性。
附图说明
图1为富含氧空位三氧化钨催化剂(WV)的X射线衍射(XRD)图谱;
图2为富含氧空位三氧化钨催化剂(WV)的拉曼光谱图;
图3为实施例1合成的富含氧空位三氧化钨催化剂(WV-1h)的扫描电镜(SEM)图;
图4为实施例1合成的富含氧空位三氧化钨催化剂(WV-1h)的透射电镜的高角环形暗场(HAADF-STEM)图;
图5为对比例1合成的三氧化钨催化剂(WO3)的扫描电镜(SEM)图;
图6为对比例1合成的三氧化钨催化剂(WO3)的透射电镜的高角环形暗场(HAADF-STEM)图;
图7为实施例4催化剂光催化苯羟基化的评价图。
图8为实施例5催化剂光催化苯羟基化反应循环稳定性的评价图。
图9为实施例6催化剂光催化苄胺偶联的评价图。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明进行进一步的说明,下述说明仅是为了解释本发明,并不对其内容进行限定。
实施例1
(1)称取1 g钨酸,将其平铺在小方舟中并盖上盖子置于马弗炉中,加热到400℃,保温2 h后,自然冷却至室温,得到黄色粉末WO3。
(2)取0.15 g上述三氧化钨粉末于50 mL石英反应管中,依次加入15 mL去离子水和1 mL甲醇,冷冻抽真空后,用300 W氙灯光照反应1.0 h,洗涤数次,置于真空干燥箱里60℃真空干燥得WV-1h。
实施例2
制备方法同实施例1,不同的是:氙灯光照反应时间为0.5 h, 得催化剂WV-0.5h。
实施例3
制备方法同实施例1,不同的是:氙灯光照反应时间为1.5 h,得催化剂WV-1.5h。
图1是WV-x的x射线衍射图谱,从图中可以看出,所得产品为单斜相三氧化钨,且光刻蚀前后结晶度没有明显变化。图2是WV-x的拉曼光谱图,从图中可以看出,WV上具有氧空位构。图3和图4分别是WV的扫描电镜图和透射电镜图,从图中可以看出,与光刻蚀前的样品(图5和图6)相比,光刻蚀后样品颗粒变小,样品上有刻蚀形成的孔洞结构及氧空位结构。
实施例4
使用实施例1,2,3和对比例中所制备的催化剂30 mg, 加入到装有3 mL水和3 mL乙腈的反应器中,再加入0.05 mL苯,用氧气置换反应器中气体,在420 nm LED灯照射下,在60 ℃油浴中,反应时间为5 h。在反应结束后,待混合物冷却,将5 mL乙醇注入混合物中以淬灭反应并将两相体系转化为单相,接着加入甲苯作为内标物,用液相色谱来分析反应产物。
实施例5
使用实施例1中所制备的催化剂30 mg, 加入到装有3 mL水和3 mL乙腈的反应器中,再加入0.05 mL苯,用氧气置换反应器中气体,在420 nm LED灯照射下,在60 ℃油浴中,反应时间为5 h。在反应结束后,待混合物冷却,将5 mL乙醇注入混合物中以淬灭反应并将两相体系转化为单相,接着加入甲苯作为内标物,过滤后通过液相色谱来分析反应产物。将反应后的固体过滤,乙醇和水依次洗涤真空干燥后,将回收后的样品进行实施例4。
实施例6
使用实施例1和对比例的催化剂20 mg于反应器中,加入2 mL乙腈超声分散,随后加入20 μL苄胺,通入氧气赶走反应器中的空气,随后用气球将反应器中的O2压力调至0.2MPa,在420nm的LED灯照射下常温反应4h。加入20 μL溴苯,用气相色谱来分析反应产物。
对比例1
称取1 g钨酸,将其平铺在小方舟中并盖上盖子置于马弗炉中,加热到400℃,保温2 h后,自然冷却至室温,得到黄色粉末WO3。
对比例2
取0.15 g对比例1三氧化钨粉末平铺在小方舟中并盖上盖子,置于管式炉中,在5%的氢氩混合气氛围下400℃煅烧2小时。得到的蓝/绿色粉末WH。
对比例3
取0.1 g对比例1三氧化钨粉末平铺在安瓿瓶中,用隔膜泵抽真空并封管。将反应瓶置于马弗炉中400℃煅烧2小时。得到的蓝/绿色粉末WF。
光照时间是指光刻蚀样品产生氧空位的时间。光照0.5h所得到的样品氧空位引入的浓度较低,不能最大程度地促进氧气的吸附活化过程,光照时间太长,催化剂被光腐蚀过于严重,没有很好的催化活性,而光照1h得到的样品氧空位浓度合适,催化剂没有被很严重地腐蚀。
经高效液相色谱对反应产物的检测,实施例1-3和对比例1-3的催化剂对苯酚的选择性均达到99%以上,在选择性上几乎没有差异,在产率上实施例1的结果最佳,主要原因是光刻蚀的方式可以避免高温烧结现象,引入氧空位的同时催化剂的晶体结构保持较好,并且可以避免高温还原气氛条件下对晶型的破坏或引入氧空位浓度过高或过低,同时,光刻蚀引入氧空位可以高效结合氧气的活化过程和光生载流子的分离过程。
图7是不同方式合成的富含氧空位三氧化钨光催化剂对光催化羟基化苯的活性影响图,实施例1,2,3催化剂的苯酚产率分别为20.1%,15.8%,9.9%;对比例1的空白对照WO3产率为8.1%;对比例2,3催化剂光催化苯酚产率分别为14.5%和17.2%。从图7中可以得到,氧空位的引入可以显著提高光催化制苯酚的产率,其中以光刻蚀的样品可以避免高温烧结现象,在温和条件下可控的引入氧空位,将氧气的活化过程和光生载流子的分离过程有效结合起来,得到最佳效果。
图8是实施例5催化剂光催化苯羟基化反应循环稳定性的评价图,四次循环实验中苯酚的产率分别为20.1%,18.9%,18.7%,17.7%。从中可以得到光刻蚀合成的催化剂具有良好的循环反应稳定性。
图9为实施例6催化剂光催化苄胺偶联的评价图。这是本发明催化剂的光催化氧化反应的另外一个应用,其中对比例1~3、实施例1催化剂光催化苄胺偶联产物N-苄烯丁胺的产率分别为12.9%、15.4%、25.3%和25.5%。从图9中同样可以得到,本发明的催化剂引入氧空位后的苄胺偶联反应活性有较大提升。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例,但其并非用以限定本发明,凡依本发明申请专利范围所做的均等变化与修饰,皆应属本发明的涵盖范围。
Claims (5)
1.一种富含氧空位三氧化钨的应用,其特征在于:所述富含氧空位三氧化钨的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将钨酸或偏钨酸铵或碳酸钨平铺在小方舟中并盖上盖子置于马弗炉中,加热到400~500℃,保温2~4 h后,自然冷却至室温,得到黄色粉末三氧化钨;
(2)将三氧化钨粉末置于石英反应管中,依次加入去离子水和甲醇,冷冻抽真空后,用300 W氙灯光照反应1h,去离子水洗涤数次后,置于真空干燥箱里60℃真空干燥得到富含氧空位三氧化钨;
所述富含氧空位三氧化钨的应用:以富含氧空位三氧化钨为催化剂,苯为原料,氧气为氧化剂,在有机物-水体系中,在420 nm LED灯照射下进行苯选择性羟基化反应制备苯酚。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,有机物-水体系溶剂体积比为1:1,有机溶剂为乙腈。
3.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,催化剂与有机物-水体系的用量比为30mg/6~8 ml。
4.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,苯选择性羟基化反应的反应温度为60℃,反应时间为1 h~5 h。
5.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,氧气压力为一个大气压。
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