CN1134439A - 用于涂料的组合物与由此制成的涂料 - Google Patents

用于涂料的组合物与由此制成的涂料 Download PDF

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CN1134439A
CN1134439A CN96102521A CN96102521A CN1134439A CN 1134439 A CN1134439 A CN 1134439A CN 96102521 A CN96102521 A CN 96102521A CN 96102521 A CN96102521 A CN 96102521A CN 1134439 A CN1134439 A CN 1134439A
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G·格林
B·朗劳斯
A·鲍瑟
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Abstract

组合物,含有:至少一种呈水乳液形式的被掩蔽的或未被掩蔽的聚异氰酸酯。其平均粒径为0.1—10微米,优选低于2和大于0.2微米;至少一种呈水分散体形式的多羟聚合物,以聚醇为佳,其平均粒径为10~200纳米,其特征在于混合物中多羟基聚合物的数量的选择方式符合下列两种限制条件之一:多羟基聚合物的含量以质量百分数表示至少等于35—0.75R,有利的是至少为40—0.75R。

Description

用于涂料的组合物与由此制成的涂料
本发明涉及具有聚合物分散体的乳液混合物,更具体地,涉及与在大多数情况下被掩蔽的异氰酸酯乳液结合的多元醇分散体的稳定性。
该组合物特别适用于清漆和涂料,不过它们适用于任何利用异氰酸酯缩合特性的应用场合。它们还适用于任何在大多数情况下被封端异氰酸酯乳液需要与不同粒径不溶性醇的分散体共存的领域,尤其是农业制剂。
在本文中,分散体一词适用于含有羟基官能团的聚合物,尤其是聚醇,而乳液一词则适用于被封端或未被封端的异氰酸酯。
应用有机溶剂越来越频繁地受到负责劳动安全部门的批评,原因是这些溶剂、或者至少其中一部分被认为具有毒性或慢性毒性。这就是为什么人们试图开发越来越多的技术以替代溶剂介质中的技术和克服与这些溶剂相关的缺点。
最常用的解决方案之一是利用水中的乳液或分散体。
为了得到涂料或清漆薄膜,人们将二种分散体,一种是含有可被封端的异氰酸酯的乳液,一种是聚醇的分散体混合在一起。
同时还可以含有颜料与填料的分散体混合物随后可以膜的形式借助施用工业涂料的传统工艺而施用于载体上。当制剂含有被封端异氰酸酯时,薄膜与载体的组合体在足以将异氰酸酯官能团封闭以及使其与聚醇颗粒中羟基缩合的温度下固化。
本发明粒径用dn表示,其中n=1-99,其含义对于许多技术领域均属公知内容,但是在化学领域比较罕见,因此,有必要重述其意义。该符号表示n%(重量,或者更确切地以质量为基准计,因为重量不是物质而是力的度量)的颗粒粒径小于或等于dn粒径值。
下文采用如下定义的多分散指数:
I=(d90-d10)/d50
典型地,异氰酸酯乳液与聚醇分散体之间平均粒径(d50)的比值在2-200之间。因此,按照1993年3月31日提交的NO.9303795法国专利申请(于1994年10月7日公开号2703358)所述技术制备的异氰酸酯乳液的平均粒径为0.1-10微米,更常见地为0.3-2微米。借助准弹性光散射测定的与乳液结合使用的聚醇分散体的平均粒径为20-200纳米,更常见地为50-150纳米。
作为一种常见情况,为了使NCO与OH基团之间的摩尔比达到0.3-10、以0.8-1.5为更佳而将粒径不同的分散体混合在一起时,会发现该两种分散体的混合物呈现不稳定状况。
举例来说,这种不稳定性体现在通常在数分钟内发生的快速宏观分离,一方面形成流体相,另一方面产生一个非常粘稠相。
其结果是不仅无法保存这些混合物,而且极其难以依据通常施用涂料与清漆的工艺使用这些混合物涂覆希望覆盖的表面。如果将这些不稳定混合物施用于诸如玻璃板或金属片材之类载体上,所形成的薄膜不透明,不均匀,因而不适用。
当被封端或未被封端的异氰酸酯与分散于水中的不溶性聚醇混合物时,上述问题显得尤为尖锐。
因此,本发明的目的之一是提供一种在尤其是在不必添加附加或中和添加剂例如调节PH值的条件下提供由一种异氰酸酯乳液与自身稳定的聚醇分散体组成的稳定流体混合物的方法。
本发明的另一目的是提供含有被掩蔽的异氰酸酯乳液与至少一个月期间内其物理特性保持稳定的聚醇分散体的组合物。
本发明的另一目的是由该乳液与聚醇分散体形成的稳定流体混合物获得呈现良好的光泽、透明性和耐溶剂性的薄膜。
通过含有下列组分的组合物可实现这些目的:
——至少一种呈含水乳液状的被掩蔽的或未被掩蔽聚异氰酸酯,其平均粒径为0.1-10微米,以小于2,且大于0.2微米为佳;
——至少一种呈水分散体的多羟基化聚合物、优选为聚醇,其平均粒径为10-200纳米。
乳液基本粒子的平均粒径(d50)与聚醇分散体基本粒子平均粒径的比值R至少等于2,通常为8-40,更为常见地约为30。
人们期望乳液和/或分散体尽可能少地被分散。
因此,对于聚羟基化聚合物来说,多分散性指数(被定义为I=(d90-d10/d50)至多等于2,以等于1为佳,当数值为0.2-0.1甚至更少时,可以得到最佳结果。
对于被掩蔽或未被掩蔽的聚异氰酸酯来说,被定义为(d90-d10)/d50的多分散性指数高达2,以等于1为佳。当数值为0.9-0.8甚至更低时可以获得最佳结果。
配制区域取决于异氰酸酯乳液平均粒径(d50)与多羟基化聚合物(以聚醇为佳)分散体的平均粒径之比R。
R=乳液平均粒径/多羟基聚合物(以聚醇为佳)的平均粒径
按照本发明,混合物中多羟基化聚合物、以聚醇为佳的用量的选择方式须满足下列两个限制条件之一:
——多羟基化聚化合物、以聚醇为佳的含量以质量百分数表示至少等于35-0.75R,以至少为40-0.75R为佳,优选为45-0.75R;
——多羟基聚合物、以聚醇为佳的含量以质量百分数表示最多等于45-2R,以最多等于40-2R为佳,优选为35-2R其中R为乳液平均粒径d50与多羟基聚合物、以聚醇为佳分散体平均粒径之比。换言之,R=乳液d50/分散体d50
因此,当R=2-10时,以质量百分比表示的聚醇含量至少为35-0.75、以至少为40-0.75R为佳、优选为45-0.75R,这一限制条件导致形成了最有意义的存在区域。
对于R=10~15来说,可以在上述不等式限定的一个或另一个范围内谋求可行的解决方案。
对于R>15来说,几乎无法找出上述问题的解决方案,所能解决的问题只是按照以质量百分比表示的聚醇含量不超过45-2R,以不超出40-R为佳,优选为35-2R这一条件所限定的范围。
因此,在R=10~15的范围内,同时存在两个稳定的存在区。
羟基官能团数目与被掩蔽或未被掩蔽异氰酸酯官能团数目之比可以如上所述在非常宽的范围内变化。
低于化学计量的比值有利于提高塑性,而比值高于化学计量会产生非常硬的涂层。很少能看到超出0.5-2这一范围的比值。
然而,在大多数情况下以及最常见的应用场合,为了获得令人满意的清漆或涂料,优选的是以当量表示的反应性封端异氰酸酯用量应当基本上等于以当量表示的游离与反应性醇官能团用量,也就是说对应于化学计量。可以指出的是相对于化学计量存在20%左右的容限,不过,优选地仅采用10或20%左右的容限。
优选地按照于1994年10月7日公开的NO.2703358、于1993年3月31日提交的NO.9303795、标题为“Process for the Preparationof aqueous emulsions of advantageously masked(poly)isocyanate oilsand/or gums and/or resins and emulsions obtained”的法国专利申请所述技术制备异氰酸酯乳液。
关于本发明组合物的其它组分,该组合物可以另外含有至少一种用于释放被掩蔽的异氰酸酯的催化剂,尤其是潜在的或并非如此的锡基催化剂。可以认为这些催化剂可以存在于聚醇相之中、被掩蔽的异氰酸酯相之中、或分散于连续水相之中。最后,它们可以溶解于水相之中。
适用于本发明的聚醇分散体为涂料与清漆工业使用的传统产物,通常是依据自由基或本体聚合传统方法以乳液形式得到的聚合物。
借助实例与示范,下面提到非限制性的聚酯或丙烯酸树脂商品:·RHOPLEXRAC-1024(对照1984发表的记录表);·JONCRYLR8300(对照CJ8300e/B2记录表);·SANCURERWATERBORNE URETHANE815(对照92年2月1日修改的、1994年1月4日印刷的记录表);·SYNTHACRYLRVWS1505(对照1991年9月出版的记录表)。
这些产物呈水分散体(或乳液)状,其中固含量为20-60%。作为聚醇特征的羟基含量即可以由制造商给出也可以通过分析确定。
在涂料的情况下,可以添加已知颜料,条件是它对于组合物的组分呈惰性。
虽然按照本发明可以采用未被掩蔽的异氰酸酯,由于它们在水中不很稳定,所以优选的异氰酸酯得到掩蔽,尤其是被公知的掩蔽剂如苯酚、肟酮以及特别是甲丁酮肟和吡唑掩蔽。
优选异氰酸酯中的至少一个异氰酸酯基的氮原子连接在有利地带有一个、优选地带有二个氢原子的SP3杂化碳上。非常有价值的情况是异氰酸酯中所有官能团(可能地以其优选方式)都具有这一特征。
可以被特别地提到的被掩蔽或未被掩蔽的异氰酸酯具有一个或多个异氰酸酯环和/或至少一个缩二脲或二聚物型官能团。
异氰酸酯优选具有二个上述特征,也就是说,在至少一个异氰酸酯官能团上即具有低聚物性又具有脂族烃特性。
上述组合物中的水含量有利地至少等于组合物质量三分之一,以至少2/5为佳。
优选的聚醇呈水分散体,其平均粒径低于200纳米,这使其与异氰酸酯乳液组合形成制剂的范围加宽了。优选的是诸如可以导致异氰酸酯乳液絮凝的醇和胺之类水溶性化合物含量较低的水分散体。因此,非常希望不同醇与胺的累积含量低于引发异氰酸酯乳液絮凝的含量。
本发明同样涉及由本发明组合物得到的涂层。这些涂层可以通过交联获得,尤其是通过可能在一种或多种催化剂存在下释放被掩蔽异氰酸酯相对应的温度周围固化得到。
下面通过非限制性实例描述本发明。
实施例1
TOLONATERD2R为基本上由甲乙酮肟掩蔽的三聚体组成的低聚物的混合物,该低聚物含有异氰酸酯环。
JONCRYLR8300为通过准弹性光散射测量的平均直径为75纳米的丙烯酸分散体。异氰酸酯为借助粒径分析仪SYMPATECR测量的平均直径为1.14微米的TOLONATERD2乳液。粒径R的比值等于15.2。混合物含有36.4%(重)JONCRYLR和10.7(重)TOLONATER与其对应的摩尔比[NCO]/[OH]=1.05,该混合物为流体并且呈稳定状态。借助自动涂布机TOUZARD et MATIGNON,参考号ASTM8-23,方法D在玻璃板上涂布100微米厚的膜。在150℃下固化20分钟后,得到30微米厚的透明膜。该膜的PEKSDZ硬度为208。在20°的角度下在ERICKSEN对比卡片上测量的光泽度为61.4,在60°角度下为87.2。此外,所获得的膜对甲乙酮溶剂和丙酮呈现良好的耐受力。
与6%JONCTYLR/1.9%TOLDNATER混合物对应的NCO/OH比比为1.05,从而导致宏观相分离,所获得的薄膜不均匀并且混浊。
实施例2
SYNTHACRYLRVSW1505为借助准弹性光散射测量的平均直径为65纳米的聚醇分散体。异氰酸酯与前面使用的种类相同。粒径R的比值等于17.5。混合物含28.6%(重)SYNTHACRYLRVSW1505和19.9%(重)TOLONATER,其对应的[NCO]/[OH]摩尔比为2.62,该混合物呈流体状和稳定状态。
借助自动涂布机TOUZARD ET MATIGNON,参考号ASTM823,方法D在玻璃板上涂布100微米厚的膜。在150℃下固化20分钟后,得到对甲乙酮溶剂和丙酮呈现良好耐受力的薄膜。
与15%SYNTHACRYLRVSW1505/10%TOLONATER混合物对应的NCO/OH之比为2.52,从而导致在流体相与絮凝混合物之间发生宏观相分离。
实施例3
RHOPLEXRAC1024是一种借助准弹性光散射测定的平均直径为135纳米的聚醇分散体。异氰酸酯与上述种类相同。粒径R的比值等于8.4。混合物含有15%(重)RHOPLEXRAC1024和10%(重)TOLONATER,其相应的摩尔比[NCO]/[OH]为4.8,该混合物呈流体和稳定状态。
借助自动涂布机TOUZARD ET MATIGNON,参考号823,方法D在玻璃板上涂布100微米厚的膜。在150℃下固化20分钟后,得到对甲乙酮溶剂和丙酮呈现良好耐受力的薄膜。
与40%RhoplexRAC1024/10%TolonateR混合物对应的NCO/OH之比为1.8,从而导致在流体相与絮凝混合物之间发生宏观相分离。
实施例4
SANCURE815为一种借助准弹性光散射测定的平均直径为35纳米的聚醇分散体。异氰酸酯与上述种类相同。粒径R的比值等于32.5。混合物含20%(重)SANCURE和10%(重)TOLONATER,该混合物呈流体状和稳定状态。
相应的8%SANCURE/8%TOLDNATER混合物导致流体相与絮凝混合物之间发生宏观相分离

Claims (9)

1.一种组合物,其中含有:
—至少一种呈水乳液形式的被掩蔽的或未被掩蔽的聚异氰酸酯.其平均粒径为0.1-10微米,优选低于2和大于0.2微米;
—至少一种呈水分散体形式的多羟基聚合物,以聚醇为佳,其平均粒径为10~200纳米,其特征在于混合物中多羟基聚合物的数量的选择方式符合下列两种限制条件之一:—多羟基聚合物的含量以质量百分数表示至少等于35-0.75R,有利的是至少为40-0.75R,以45-0.75R为佳;—多羟基聚合物的含量以质量百分数表示最多为45-2R,有利的是不超过40-2R,以35-R为佳;R为乳液的平均粒径(d50)与多羟基聚合物,有利地为聚醇分散体的平均粒径之比。
2.按照权利要求1的组合物,其特征在于所述被掩蔽或未被掩蔽的聚异氰酸酯的多分散性指数(d90-d10)/d50最大为2,有利的是1。
3.按照权利要求1和2的组合物,其特征在于多羟基聚合物的多分散性指数I=(d90-d50)/d50最大为2,有利的是1。
4.按照权利要求1~3的组合物,其特征在于它还含有至少一种潜在的或非潜在的、尤其以锡为基础的用于释放被掩蔽异氰酸酯的催化剂。
5.按照权利要求1~4的组合物,其特征在于其中水含量至少为组合物质量的三分之一,有利的是至少2/5。
6.按照权利要求1~5的组合物,其特征在于聚异氰酸酯具有一个或多个异氰酸酯环和/或至少一个缩二脲或二聚体型官能团。
7.按照权利要求1~6的组合物,其特征在于聚异氰酸酯选自其中至少一个异氰酸酯官能团的氮连接在有利地带有一个、优选地带有2个氢原子的SP3杂化碳上。
8.按照权利要求1~7的组合物,其特征在于聚异氰酸酯选自尤其是被诸如苯酚、酮肟、特别是甲乙酮肟以及各类吡唑之类公知掩蔽剂所掩蔽的聚异氰酸酯。
9.由权利要求1~8的组合物通过交联得到的涂料。
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