CN113413909A - 一种富氧环境下选择性催化还原NOx的催化剂制备方法 - Google Patents
一种富氧环境下选择性催化还原NOx的催化剂制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种富氧条件下选择性催化还原氮氧化物(NOx)的催化剂Os/SBA‑15‑M制备方法和用途。该催化剂以改性后的纯硅分子筛SBA‑15‑M为载体;活性组分为金属Os及其氧化物OsO4,其中活性组分负载量为0.1~5.0%。该催化剂制备方法为:首先在酸性条件下加入扩孔剂得到改性后的纯硅分子筛SBA‑15‑M载体,然后浸渍活性组分得到所需催化剂。该催化剂以CO、H2、CH4和C2H6为还原剂,在富O2条件下选择性催化还原NOx均具有很高的活性,在较低温度和高空速条件下,可得高于99%的NO转化率。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种富氧环境下SCR用催化剂及其制备方法,尤其以CO、H2、CH4和C2H6为还原剂选择性催化还原NOx的催化剂及其应用。
背景技术
氮氧化物(NOx)是大气主要污染物,是产生酸雨、光化学烟雾、破坏臭氧层的主要原因。NOx也是今年来高频发生雾霾天气的有毒成分之一,可以使人产生肺气肿、视力减退、支气管炎等疾病,且对各种农作物和生态环境也有极大的危害作用,因此消除大气污染物中的NOx,就变得尤为重要。
消除氮氧化物污染的方式有两种途径:①提高油品品质,改进燃烧方式,以抑制NOx的产生;②废气脱硝,对废气中的NOx进行后处理。废气中NOx排放控制技术可以根据污染物来源分为天然气锅炉排放控制技术、机动车NOx排放控制技术以及含氮化合物工业排放控制技术等。天然气锅炉排放控制技术可以根据燃烧过程分为燃烧前处理、燃烧方式的改进和燃烧后处理三种。机动车排放控制技术包括机内净化技术、机外净化技术和采用低污染燃料和发动机。工业生产中排放控制技术主要通过改进生产工艺和对含的尾气进行治理。
目前已公开的脱硝工艺包括催化分解法、选择性催化还原法、非选择性催化还原法、电子束照射法、脉冲电晕等离子体法、微生物法等;催化分解法虽然无毒无害,但是分解过程所需活化能较高,活性组分贵金属及过度金属氧化物收O2影响较大;非选择性催化还原法对温度要求较高,低于900℃脱出效率低,温度过高会造成氨分解,导致二次污染。NH3选择性催化还原法虽然已经工业化,选择性好,转化率高,但是投资高、运行成本高,反应温度需高于350℃,NH3存在储存、防腐以及二次污染等问题。因此寻找的低成本、低能耗、低污染率的脱硝催化剂显得尤为重要。
电厂烟气、化学工业锅炉尾气、汽车尾气中含有大量CO,因此利用烟气中的CO选择性催化还原NO,不仅可以同时消除这两种污染物,而且该工艺过程简单,无废液废渣,具有活性高、选择性和稳定性是该催化剂的核心所在,同时可以极大节省运行成本,降低二次污染风险。
CN1242259A公开了一种在氧化性气氛和还原性气氛中还原氮氧化物的催化剂,考察了Ir分别负载在SiO2以及高硅铝比的ZSM-5,结果发现在340℃可以达到最高转化率65-70%。但是此专利限于汽车尾气处理,废气中除CO外还有大量CH气体可作为还原剂,并未考察单独CO还原剂效果。
目前国内外关于CO、H2、低碳烷烃选择性催化还原NO的相关专利较少,已有公开的专利都存在氧气浓度低,转化率低,反应温度高,空速低等缺点。
发明内容
根据现有技术的不足,本发明提供了一种富氧条件下选择性催化还原NO的催化剂,该催化剂在低温下具有很高的还原NO活性,在较低反应温度和高空速条件下可以得到99%以上的NO转化率。
本发明提供了一种富氧条件下选择性催化还原NO的催化剂,所述催化剂包括:
载体:纯硅分子筛SBA-15及改性纯硅分子筛SBA-15-M为载体,其中SBA-15-M采用1,3,5-均三甲苯(TMB)扩孔改性,且TMB与正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)质量比在0~1.0倍,优选为0~0.02;
活性组分:催化剂的活性组分为Os及其氧化物,Os含量以氧化物计为0.1%~5.0%。
根据本发明的第二个方面,参考Zhao,D.Y等(Science,1998,279(5350):548-552)还提供了上述还原催化剂的制备方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
1)首先称取一定量P123加入0.5~4.0mol/L的盐酸溶液中,在15~60℃水浴条件下搅拌1~24h或者更长时间,待模板剂完全溶解后,加入一定量扩孔剂并搅拌0.2~2h,再加入一定量TEOS,继续搅拌5~48h。
2)将所得乳状溶液转入配有聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜内,并于50~200℃晶化12~120h,冷却至室温后过滤并用大量去离子水洗涤至中性,15~80℃干燥过夜,将所得白色固体样品置于350~700℃焙烧2~24h,得到均匀白色粉末即为纯硅分子筛SBA-15及改性纯硅分子筛SBA-15-M。
3)采用等体积浸渍法将一定量贵金属Os溶液浸渍到纯硅分子筛SBA-15或SBA-15-M载体上,室温浸渍10~24h,80~150℃干燥5~12h;样品在350~700℃焙烧2~24h焙烧得到催化剂Os/SBA-15或者Os/SBA-15-M。
根据本发明提供的方法,步骤1)所述的扩孔剂为1,3,5-均三甲苯。
根据本发明提供的方法,步骤3)中所述的Os前驱体溶液可以包含任何常规的含Os化合物,例如,可以包括取自氯锇酸水合物、氯锇酸铵、氯化锇、氯化锇水合物、六氯锇酸钾、锇酸钾水合物组成的一种或多种物质。
根据本发明的第三个方面,本发明还提供了一种所述催化剂在富氧环境下选择性催化还原NO的应用:将上述催化剂置于固定床反应器中,通入O2、NO、CO(H2、CH4、C2H6)和载气组成的反应气进行反应,其中反应温度为100~600℃,反应空速1000h-1~30000h-1。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下特点:
(1)本发明催化剂以扩孔后纳米级SBA-15-M为载体。活性组分Os负载到该载体后,分散更均匀,因而催化剂活性比单Os催化剂活性更高。而且本发明催化剂的制备方法简单,流程简单。
(2)本发明在富氧条件下,以CO、H2、或CH4、C2H6等低碳烷烃作为还原剂,选择性催化还原NO具有较高活性,可以同时协同脱除多种污染物。
(3)本发明在低温、高空速、氧气浓度过量条件下仍然可得到高于99%的NO转化率。
附图说明
图1为实施例1-3得到的产品Os/SBA-15-M的小角XRD谱图。
图2为实施例1-3的广角XRD谱图。
具体实施方式
本发明的具体实施方式将通过以下实施案例对本发明的技术方案作更为详细的说明,而且所述实施例不应理解为本发明范围的限制。
实施例1
首先称取2.0g P123于75mL盐酸溶液(2mol/L),在40℃水浴条件下搅拌4h,待模板剂完全溶解,称取0.2g 1,3,5-均三甲苯并逐滴加入反应溶液,再逐滴加入4.30g TEOS,继续搅拌24h。将所得乳状溶液转入配有聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜内,并置于100℃烘箱晶化24h,取出冷却至室温,过滤并用大量去离子水洗涤至中性,室温干燥过夜,将所得白色固体样品置于550℃焙烧5h,将所得白色块状物适当研磨,即可得到改性后纯硅分子筛SBA-15-0.2TMB。
根据上述纯硅分子筛SBA-15-0.2TMB饱和吸水率(2.4mL/g),将0.0037g氯锇酸水合物溶于适当去离子水;将上述Os溶液等体积浸渍到0.6g纳米SBA-15-0.2TMB载体上,室温浸渍24h,110℃干燥12h;样品研磨至无颗粒感后置于550℃焙烧5h焙烧得到催化剂0.5Os/SBA-15-0.2TMB。催化剂中活性组分含量按质量比计算,OsO4为0.5%。
催化反应评价,在固定床流动反应器中进行(反应管内径5mm),称取上述Os/SBA-15-0.2TMB催化剂0.3g压片过筛(35~50目),装入反应管内,反应气体组成为CO/NO/O2=400/100/300(单位ppm,N2为载气),进气总体积流量为80mL/min,在反应温度为250℃,催化反应结果见表1。催化剂的XRD图见图1和图2。
实施例2
首先称取2.0g P123于75mL盐酸溶液(2mol/L),在40℃水浴条件下搅拌4h,待模板剂完全溶解,称取0.3g 1,3,5-均三甲苯并逐滴加入反应溶液,再逐滴加入4.30g TEOS,继续搅拌24h。将所得乳状溶液转入配有聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜内,并置于100℃烘箱晶化24h,取出冷却至室温,过滤并用大量去离子水洗涤至中性,室温干燥过夜,将所得白色固体样品置于550℃焙烧5h,将所得白色块状物适当研磨,即可得到改性后纯硅分子筛SBA-15-0.3TMB。活性组分浸渍条件如实施例1,即可得到催化剂0.5Os/SBA-15-0.3TMB,其他反应条件同实施例1。NO转化率见表1。催化剂的XRD图见图1和图2。
实施例3
首先称取2.0g P123于75mL盐酸溶液(2mol/L),在40℃水浴条件下搅拌4h,待模板剂完全溶解,称取0.4g 1,3,5-均三甲苯并逐滴加入反应溶液,再逐滴加入4.30g TEOS,继续搅拌24h。将所得乳状溶液转入配有聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜内,并置于100℃烘箱晶化24h,取出冷却至室温,过滤并用大量去离子水洗涤至中性,室温干燥过夜,将所得白色固体样品置于550℃焙烧5h,将所得白色块状物适当研磨,即可得到改性后纯硅分子筛SBA-15-0.4TMB。活性组分浸渍条件如实施例1,即可得到催化剂0.5Os/SBA-15-0.5TMB,其他反应条件同实施例1。NO转化率见表1。催化剂的XRD图见图1和图2。
实施例4
载体制备条件同条件1。根据改性后纯硅分子筛SBA-15-0.2TMB饱和吸水率(2.4mL/g),将0.0019g氯锇酸水合物溶于适当去离子水;将上述Os溶液等体积浸渍到0.6gSBA-15-0.2TMB载体上,室温浸渍24h,110℃干燥12h;样品研磨至无颗粒感后置于550℃焙烧5h焙烧得到催化剂0.25Os/SBA-15-0.2TMB。催化剂中活性组分OsO4质量比为0.25%,其他反应条件同实施例1。NO转化率见表1。催化剂的XRD图与图1和图2中的Os/SBA-15-0.2TMB的线型一致。
实施例5
载体制备条件同条件1。根据改性后纯硅分子筛SBA-15-0.2TMB饱和吸水率(2.4mL/g),将0.0074g氯锇酸水合物溶于适当去离子水;将上述Os溶液等体积浸渍到0.6g纳米SBA-15-0.2TMB载体上,室温浸渍24h,110℃干燥12h;样品研磨至无颗粒感后置于550℃焙烧5h焙烧得到催化剂1.0Os/SBA-15-0.2TMB。催化剂中活性组分OsO4质量比为1.0%,其他反应条件同实施例1。NO转化率见表1。催化剂的XRD图与图1和图2中的Os/SBA-15-0.2TMB的线型一致。
实施例6
载体制备条件同条件1。根据改性后纯硅分子筛SBA-15-0.2TMB饱和吸水率(2.4mL/g),将0.0148g氯锇酸水合物溶于适当去离子水;将上述Os溶液等体积浸渍到0.6g纳米SBA-15-0.2TMB载体上,室温浸渍24h,110℃干燥12h;样品研磨至无颗粒感后置于550℃焙烧5h焙烧得到催化剂2.0Os/SBA-15-0.2TMB。催化剂中活性组分OsO4质量比为2.0%,其他反应条件同实施例1。NO转化率见表1。催化剂的XRD图与图1和图2中的Os/SBA-15-0.2TMB的线型一致。
对比例
首先称取2.0g P123于75mL盐酸溶液(2mol/L),在40℃水浴条件下搅拌4h,待模板剂完全溶解,逐滴加入4.30g TEOS,继续搅拌24h。将所得乳状溶液转入配有聚四氟乙烯内衬的高压反应釜内,并置于100℃烘箱晶化24h,取出冷却至室温,过滤并用大量去离子水洗涤至中性,室温干燥过夜,将所得白色固体样品置于550℃焙烧5h,将所得白色块状物适当研磨,即可得到纯硅分子筛SBA-15。
根据上述纯硅分子筛SBA-15-0.2TMB饱和吸水率(2.4mL/g),将0.0037g氯锇酸水合物溶于适当去离子水;将上述Os溶液等体积浸渍到0.6g纳米SBA-15载体上,室温浸渍24h,110℃干燥12h;样品研磨至无颗粒感后置于550℃焙烧5h焙烧得到催化剂0.5Os/SBA-15。催化剂中活性组分OsO4质量比为0.5%,其他反应条件同实施例1。NO转化率见表1。
实施例和对比例的NO反应结果见表1。
表1
实施例 | NO转化率 | CO转化率 |
实施例1 | 95.0% | 100% |
实施例2 | 96.6% | 100% |
实施例3 | 99.0% | 100% |
实施例4 | 85.3% | 100% |
实施例5 | 90.6% | 100% |
实施例6 | 89.5% | 100% |
对比例 | 94.3% | 100% |
图1为实施例1-3得到的产品Os/SBA-15-M的小角XRD谱图;
图2为实施例1-3的广角XRD谱图。
图1中小角XRD分别出现了SBA-15特有的(100)、(110)和(200)晶面衍射峰,说明经过扩孔改性后的分子筛均保持了SBA-15原有的孔道结构。
图2中未出现其他金属氧化物的衍射峰。X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD,PANalyticalAxios Petro diffractometer)使用Cu-Kα为射线源,测试条件为电压45kV,电流40mA,小角扫描范围为0.7~5°,广角扫描范围为10~90°,扫描速率为0.164°/s。
以上所述的实施例仅为本发明的几种实施方式,描述较为具体和详细,但并不能理解为对本发明专利范围的限制,其中所用的化学品均为市售化学纯以上的化学品,气体纯度不低于99.9%。应当指明,对本领域的普通技术人员来说,在以本发明构思为基础上,可做出若干改进,这些都是属于本发明的保护范围。因此,本发明专利的保护范围以所附的权利要求为准。
Claims (10)
1.一种富氧条件下高活性选择性催化还原NOx催化剂,其特征在于,1)在酸性条件下加入扩孔剂,得到改性后的纯硅分子筛SBA-15-M载体;2)浸渍活性组分Os得到所需催化剂Os/SBA-15-M;催化剂中各组分的质量百分含量为,载体SBA-15-M为80.0%~99.9%,OsOx(包括Os、OsO4)为0.1%~5.0%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的富氧条件下高活性选择性催化还原NOx催化剂,其特征在于,载体SBA-15-M经过扩孔,提高了活性组分分散。
3.根据权利要求1所述的富氧条件下高活性选择性催化还原NOx催化剂,其特征在于,选择性催化还原NOx压力为0.1~0.5MPa,温度为150~600℃。
4.根据权利要求1所述的富氧条件下高活性选择性催化还原NOx催化剂,其特征在于,反应过程中NOx既包括NO也包括NO2。
5.根据权利要求1所述的富氧条件下高活性选择性催化还原NOx催化剂,其特征在于,反应涉及还原剂为CO、H2、CH4、C2H6的一种或多种。
6.根据权利要求1所述的富氧条件下高活性选择性催化还原NOx催化剂,其特征在于,在无O2条件下NOx可以完全转化,在O2过量条件下依然可以完全转化。
7.根据权利要求1所述的富氧条件下高活性选择性催化还原NOx催化剂,其特征在于,反应体系含有少量SO2情况下依然具有很高的活性。
8.根据权利要求1所述的富氧条件下高活性选择性催化还原NOx催化剂,其特征在于,反应体系含有少量水蒸气,催化剂依然有很高的活性。
9.根据权利要求1所述的高活性选择性催化还原NOx催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于步骤1)中使用的扩孔剂为1,3,5-均三甲苯。
10.根据权利要求1所述的高活性选择性催化还原NOx催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于步骤2)中使用的Os前驱体包括氯锇酸水合物、氯锇酸铵、氯化锇、氯化锇水合物、六氯锇酸钾、锇酸钾水合物中的一种或多种。
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