CN113402576B - 一种胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子及其制备方法,该凝胶因子是以天然产物胆固醇以及胱氨酸为原料,通过化学反应得到的。发明还公开了一种超分子凝胶,由上述的凝胶因子在苯类溶剂、正丙醇或环己烷等溶剂中自组装得到,微观形貌为规整的纳米带或纳米纤维网络结构。本发明的凝胶因子和超分子凝胶制备过程所采用原料属于天然小分子化合物,具有来源广泛、生物相容性好、结构独特等优点,并表现出较好的离子选择性识别和还原响应特性。这样的凝胶体系具有良好的生物相容性和环境友好性,为智能响应凝胶材料的构建提供了新的思路,也为拓展胱氨酸和胆固醇天然小分子化合物在超分子领域的应用提供了新的参考。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及超分子凝胶技术领域,具体涉及一种具有“蝶形”分子结构的胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子的合成及超分子凝胶的制备方法。
背景技术
凝胶因其独特的流变力学性能在许多领域表现出独一无二的优势,目前已经被广泛应用于食品、化妆品、农业、医药、污水处理等多个领域。其中,低分子量凝胶由于分子结构易设计、性能易调控、制备方法简单、对外界刺激响应灵敏等诸多优势受到研究者的广泛关注。目前,已有较多构筑基元被用于低分子量凝胶的构建,但是关于凝胶因子结构的合理设计以及对形貌和性能的精准调控仍然是比较大的难题。同时,人们发现在凝胶材料的应用过程中,除了需要考虑力学性能,凝胶材料的环境友好性、生物相容性、可降解性等性能也需要重点关注。因此,若能设计合成出以天然小分子化合物为原料,并具有独特分子结构的凝胶体系,充分利用天然产物来源广泛、含量丰富、结构多样、生物相容性好等优势,可以很好的解决当下凝胶材料发展的局限。
胆固醇是动物体内一种非常重要的成分,具有良好的生物相容性,与生理活动密切相关。胆固醇结构中含有4个环组成的刚性结构及一个柔性尾链,在溶剂中有较强的聚集趋势。胱氨酸是动物体内唯一含二硫键的天然氨基酸,对动物体内蛋白质的结构与功能起着重要作用。若能将具有氧化还原响应的胱氨酸与具有良好生物相容性的胆固醇相结合,获得具有独特分子结构的凝胶因子,研究其组装过程,不仅可以丰富超分子凝胶构筑基元的种类,拓展天然小分子化合物在超分子领域的应用,而且可以帮助我们更好地理解生命活动。因此,在本发明中,选择生物体内广泛存在的胆固醇和胱氨酸为原料,通过简单的化学修饰,得到具有独特“蝶形”分子结构的胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子,并探究其超分子凝胶性质。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种具有“蝶形”分子结构的胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子的合成及超分子凝胶的制备方法,以解决上述背景技术中提到的缺陷,拓展天然产物小分子在超分子领域的应用。
为达到以上目的,本发明采取的技术方案是:
一种胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子,其结构式如下:
该胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子的结构中同时包含可以提供π-π堆积作用的萘基团、胱氨酸上可以提供氢键作用的酰胺键、以及容易形成范德华作用力的胆固醇骨架,使分子在溶剂中容易在π-π堆积、氢键、范德华作用力的协同驱动下,有序排列组装成规整的微纳米结构。
本发明提供了一种胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
第一步,N-1-萘基乙二胺的合成:将N-1-萘基乙二胺盐酸盐溶于水中,加入氢氧化钠固体,室温下搅拌2h。用乙酸乙酯将水相萃取三次,有机相合并,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,旋干溶剂得到N-1-萘基乙二胺黄色油状液体;
第二步,叔丁氧羰基(Boc)保护的胱氨酸的合成:将胱氨酸溶于水中,冰浴下加入三乙胺(Et3N)和二碳酸二叔丁酯(Boc2O)搅拌,温度自然升至室温下反应4h,薄层色谱(TLC)监测反应完全。将反应液旋干,残渣溶于乙酸乙酯中,分别用稀盐酸和饱和食盐水洗涤,分有机相,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,旋干得到白色固体。所得白色固体进行柱层析分离,旋蒸得到Boc保护的胱氨酸白色固体。
第三步,Boc保护的胱氨酸-萘乙二胺二聚体的合成:将第一步反应得到的N-1-萘基乙二胺和第二步反应得到的Boc保护的胱氨酸溶于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,加入苯并三氮唑-四甲基脲六氟磷酸酯(HBTU),室温下搅拌反应24h。TLC监测反应完全,旋蒸除去溶剂,将残渣溶于二氯甲烷(CH2Cl2)中,分别用水和饱和食盐水洗涤,分有机相,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,旋干得到浅灰色固体。所得浅灰色固体进行柱层析分离,旋蒸得到Boc保护的胱氨酸-萘乙二胺二聚体白色固体。
第四步,脱去Boc保护的胱氨酸-萘乙二胺二聚体的合成:将第三步得到的白色固体溶于无水二氯甲烷中,冰浴下缓慢滴加三氟乙酸(TFA)搅拌,温度自然升至室温反应12h。TLC监测反应完全,将反应液旋干,残渣重新溶于二氯甲烷中,分别用饱和碳酸氢钠溶液和饱和食盐水洗涤,分有机相,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,旋干得黄色固体粗品。所得黄色固体进行柱层析分离,旋蒸得到脱去Boc保护的胱氨酸-萘乙二胺二聚体淡黄色固体。
第五步,胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子的合成:将第四步得到的淡黄色固体溶于无水二氯甲烷中,加入三乙胺搅拌,冰浴下加入胆固醇氯甲酸酯的二氯甲烷溶液,室温下搅拌反应24h。TLC监测反应完全,反应液分别用水和饱和食盐水洗涤,分有机相,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,旋干得淡黄色固体粗品。所得淡黄色固体进行柱层析分离,旋蒸得到胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子白色固体。
在上述技术方案的基础上,第一步中,N-1-萘基乙二胺盐酸盐与氢氧化钠的摩尔比为1:2。
在上述技术方案的基础上,第二步中,胱氨酸、三乙胺及二碳酸二叔丁酯的摩尔比为1:2:2。
在上述技术方案的基础上,第三步中,N-1-萘基乙二胺、Boc保护的胱氨酸、HBTU的摩尔比为2:1:2。
在上述技术方案的基础上,第四步中,Boc保护的胱氨酸-萘乙二胺二聚体与三氟乙酸的摩尔比为1:3。
在上述技术方案的基础上,第五步中,脱去Boc保护的胱氨酸-萘乙二胺二聚体与胆固醇氯甲酸酯的摩尔比为1:2。
本发明还提供了一种超分子凝胶,所述超分子凝胶由上述的谷氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子在苯类溶剂、正丙醇或环己烷等溶剂中通过超声、加热、冷却后自组装得到。微观形貌为规整的纳米纤维或纳米带等结构,相互交错缠绕限制溶剂流动。
本发明另一方面还提供了一种超分子凝胶的制备方法,向上述的胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子中加入溶剂(苯类溶剂、正丙醇或环己烷等),先进行超声,随后进行加热,最后冷却至室温下静置,倒置测试瓶,观察溶液是否流动,以此判断凝胶是否形成。
上述超分子凝胶制备方法的优选条件为:胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子的浓度为10~25mg/mL,超声时间为10~20s,加热时间为2min,静置时间为10h。在该条件下,分子形成的凝胶都很稳定。
本发明还提供了超分子凝胶在选择性识别Cu2+中的应用。
本发明还提供了一种具有还原响应性的凝胶,该凝胶是由胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子制得。
与现有技术相比,本发明能够达到如下的有益效果:
(1)凝胶因子制备过程所采用的胱氨酸与胆固醇都属于天然小分子化合物,具有来源广泛、价格低廉、生物相容性好、结构独特等优点;
(2)凝胶因子整体呈对称结构,具有类似“蝶形”的分子结构,组装过程表现出独特的排列方式;
(3)该合成方法制备的凝胶因子,既引入了可以提供π-π堆积作用的萘基团,又保留了胆固醇骨架间强的范德华作用以及胱氨酸分子上的多处氢键位点,增强了分子间的非共价键作用力,在多种溶剂中表现出很好的凝胶性能;
(4)凝胶因子独特的分子结构(二硫键、酰胺键、萘基团、胆固醇等)赋予了凝胶体系离子选择性识别特性和还原响应特性,该体系凝胶有作为可视化传感材料或还原响应性材料的潜力;
(5)超分子凝胶的制备方法简单直接,易于操作,且不同溶剂中形成凝胶的微观形貌不同,为超分子纳米结构的构建提供了新的思路,为天然小分子化合物在超分子领域的应用提供了新的参考。
附图说明
本发明有如下附图:
图1为胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子在苯类溶剂中形成凝胶的外观照片,其中,a为在邻二甲苯中形成凝胶,b为在间二甲苯中形成凝胶,c为在邻二氯苯中形成凝胶,d为在溴苯中形成凝胶,e为在对二甲苯中形成凝胶,f为在均三甲苯中形成凝胶,g为在硝基苯中形成凝胶。
图2为胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子在邻二甲苯中形成的凝胶的扫描电镜图。
图3为胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子在间二甲苯中形成的凝胶的扫描电镜图。
图4为胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子在正丙醇中形成的凝胶的扫描电镜图。
图5为胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子在氘代苯溶剂中形成凝胶的核磁共振氢谱随温度变化图。
图6为胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子中加入不同金属离子的紫外吸收光谱图。
图7为胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子中加入不同金属离子的荧光光谱图。
具体实施方式
以下结合实施例对和附图1-7本发明作进一步的说明,但实施例并不限制本发明的范围。
实施例1:一种具有“蝶形”分子结构的胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子的合成,胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子的合成路线如下:
(1)N-1-萘基乙二胺(式1)的合成:将N-1-萘基乙二胺盐酸盐(600mg,2.31mmol)溶于水中,加入NaOH固体(185mg,4.62mmol),室温下搅拌2h。用乙酸乙酯将水相萃取三次,有机相合并,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,旋蒸得到N-1-萘基乙二胺黄色油状液体。
(2)叔丁氧羰基(Boc)保护胱氨酸(式2)的合成:将胱氨酸(500mg,2.08mmol)溶于水中,冰浴下加入Et3N和Boc2O搅拌,温度自然升至室温下反应4h,TLC监测反应完全。将反应液旋干,残渣溶于乙酸乙酯中,分别用稀盐酸和饱和食盐水洗,分有机相,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,旋干得到白色固体。所得固体进行柱层析分离(洗脱剂:V(CH2Cl2):V(CH3OH)=15:1),旋蒸得到Boc保护胱氨酸白色固体。
(3)Boc保护的胱氨酸-萘乙二胺二聚体(式3)的合成将式1所示的化合物(444mg,2.5mmol)和式2所示的化合物(550mg,1.25mmol)溶于DMF中,加入HBTU(948mg,2.5mmol),室温下搅拌反应24h。TLC监测反应完全,旋蒸除去溶剂,将残渣溶于CH2Cl2中,分别用水(30mL×2)和饱和食盐水(30mL)洗涤,分有机相,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,旋干得浅灰色固体。所得固体进行柱层析分离(洗脱剂:V(CH2Cl2):V(CH3OH)=120:1),旋蒸得到Boc保护的胱氨酸-萘乙二胺二聚体白色固体。
(4)脱去Boc保护的胱氨酸-萘乙二胺二聚体(式4)的合成:将式3所示的化合物(296mg,0.38mmol)溶于无水CH2Cl2中,冰浴下缓慢滴加TFA(85μL)搅拌,温度自然升至室温反应12h。TLC监测原料反应完全,将反应液旋干,残渣重新溶于CH2Cl2中,分别用饱和碳酸氢钠溶液(30mL×2)和饱和食盐水洗涤,分有机相,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,旋干得黄色固体粗品。所得固体进行柱层析分离(洗脱剂:V(CH2Cl2):V(CH3OH)=30:1),旋蒸得到除去Boc保护的胱氨酸-萘乙二胺二聚体淡黄色固体。
(5)胱氨酸胆固醇二聚体(式5)的合成
将式4所示的化合物(185mg,0.32mmol)溶于无水CH2Cl2中,加入Et3N(0.2mL,过量)搅拌,冰浴下加入胆固醇氯甲酸酯的CH2Cl2溶液(287mg,0.64mmol),室温下搅拌反应24h。TLC监测反应完全,反应液分别用水(30mL×2)和饱和食盐水洗涤,分有机相,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,旋干得淡黄色固体粗品。所得固体进行柱层析分离(洗脱剂:V(CH2Cl2):V(CH3OH)=150:1),旋蒸得到胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子白色固体。
对合成的胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子结构进行表征,称取适量胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子于核磁管中,用氘代试剂溶解,采用JEOL ECA300 M核磁共振波谱仪在25℃下进行测试。通过分析谱图,各氢的化学位移、积分、耦合裂分以及各碳的化学位移均与目标分子相符,说明得到了目标产物。1H-NMR(300MHz,CDCl3):8.09(broad,2H,2×-NH-C=O),7.76,7.42,7.30,7.27,7.22,6.57(14H,2×Ar-H),5.87,5.79(2s,2H,2×NH-CH-CH2-S),5.29(s,2H,2×CH=C-),4.95(broad,2H,2×Nap-NH-CH2),4.34(m,2H,2×NH-O=C-O-CH-),3.63(m,4H,2×Nap-NH-CH 2-CH2),3.44(m,4H,2×Nap-NH-CH2-CH 2),2.97(t,4H,2×S-CH 2);13C-NMR(75MHz,CDCl3):171.25(O-O=C-NH),156.53(CH2-NH-C=O),143.21,139.69,134.45,128.70,126.66,125.90,124.89,122.80,120.19,103.82(ArC-),123.45(CH=C-),117.57(CH=C-),76.00(NH-O=C-O-CH),56.51,56.10,55.37,49.76,46.61,44.53,42.29,39.65,39.14,38.63,36.91,36.55,36.31,35.87,31.81,31.72,28.30,28.15,28.07,24.28,23.94,22.97,22.71,21.04,19.36,18.84,11.90。
实施例2:胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子在不同溶剂中的凝胶性能
为了研究胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子的凝胶能力,分别称取一定量的胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子,分别加入不同的溶剂(苯类溶剂、正丙醇、环己烷等),超声加热,冷却至室温静置一段时间后,观察其凝胶性能。结果如表1所示:
表1胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子在不同溶剂中的凝胶能力
其中,TG为透明凝胶;OG为不透明凝胶;I为加热过程不溶解;P为先溶解后逐渐析出沉淀;S为冷却至室温仍为溶液态。分别测定了19种溶剂,发现凝胶因子在苯、甲苯、氯苯等几乎所有苯类溶剂中都可形成凝胶,且凝胶透明度和稳定性较好(图1)。此外,胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子还可在正丙醇、正丁醇、环己烷中形成不透明凝胶。
实施例3:胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子在不同溶剂中形成凝胶的微观形貌
采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对各体系中形成的凝胶的形貌进行观察,发现胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子在不同溶剂中形成凝胶的微观形貌差异很大。胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子在邻二甲苯和间二甲苯中形成的凝胶,可以看到直径2-3μm的粗纤维相互缠绕堆积排列(图2、图3);在正丙醇中形成的凝胶,分子聚集形成纤维网络状结构,直径30nm左右的纤维相互交错形成50-100nm大小的空腔(图4)。这些纤维彼此交错缠结,将溶剂包裹在其中限制了流动,从而形成凝胶。
实施例4:胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子在氘代苯溶剂中形成的凝胶的变温核磁氢谱:
通过比较胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子在氘代苯溶剂中形成的凝胶在不同温度下的核磁共振氢谱信号(图5),来探究凝胶形成过程中的分子间作用力。发现随着温度从25℃升高到55℃,核磁氢谱的信号整体由钝变尖。此外,化学位移在8.0ppm和5.2ppm处两个N-H键对应的峰位置发生明显移动。随着温度的升高,这两处N-H键的化学位移逐渐向高场移动,说明分子中N-H键参与了凝胶形成,温度升高导致凝胶向溶液转变,分子间的氢键同时被破坏。
实施例5:胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子对铜离子的特异性识别
分别测试了胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子溶液对不同一价金属离子(Li+、Na+、K+、Ni+)及二价金属阳离子(Ca2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Hg2+、Mg2+、Pb2+、Zn2+)的识别效果。发现在所有金属离子中,凝胶因子只对Cu2+表现出选择性识别,紫外光谱中加入Cu2+的吸收峰强度明显增加(图6),而荧光光谱中加入Cu2+的体系荧光强度有了显著的降低(图7)。推测是由于分子中酰胺键及二硫键与铜离子发生配位络合,影响了萘基团上的电子分布,从而表现出特异性识别。
此外,当在胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子形成的凝胶体系中加入Cu2+时,凝胶会发生缓慢坍塌,最终变为溶胶态,而加入其他离子并无明显变化,实现了对Cu2+的可视化选择性识别。相比之下,由胆固醇和N-1-萘乙二胺盐酸盐直接反应得到的不含胱氨酸结构的分子,对金属离子没有特异性识别,进一步证明了胱氨酸结构对离子识别的重要性。
实施例6:胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶的还原响应性
胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子结构中含有的二硫键,在还原条件下会变为巯基,然后在氧化条件下再次变为二硫键,具有动态可逆性。为了探究胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子形成的凝胶是否具有上述氧化还原特性,在正丙醇溶剂中形成的凝胶表面加入一定量的还原剂二硫苏糖醇(DTT),观察其变化。发现随着时间延长,还原剂逐渐渗透进入凝胶层,与凝胶结构中的二硫键接触并将其还原,部分凝胶因子结构的改变,使得凝胶变得脆弱,有一定流动性,表现出凝胶的还原响应性。相比之下,不含胱氨酸结构的对照分子,因其不含二硫键,故而没有表现出还原响应性质,再次证明了胱氨酸结构对还原响应特性的决定性作用。
以上实施方式仅用于说明本发明,而并非对本发明的限制,有关技术领域的普通技术人员,在不脱离本发明的实质和范围的情况下,还可以做出各种变化和变型,因此所有等同的技术方案也属于本发明的保护范围。
本说明书中未作详细描述的内容属于本领域专业技术人员公知的现有技术。
Claims (4)
2.如权利要求1所述的胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
第一步,将N-1-萘基乙二胺盐酸盐溶于水中,加入氢氧化钠搅拌,后处理得到N-1-萘基乙二胺;
第二步,将胱氨酸溶于水中,冰浴下入三乙胺和二碳酸二叔丁酯搅拌,经后处理纯化得到叔丁氧羰基保护的胱氨酸;
第三步,将第一步得到的N-1-萘基乙二胺和第二步得到的叔丁氧羰基保护的胱氨酸溶于N,N’-二甲基甲酰胺,加入苯并三氮唑-四甲基脲六氟磷酸酯搅拌,后处理得到叔丁氧羰基保护的胱氨酸-萘乙二胺二聚体;
第四步,将第三步得到的胱氨酸-萘乙二胺二聚体溶于无水二氯甲烷中,冰浴下缓慢滴加三氟乙酸并搅拌,后处理得到脱去叔丁氧羰基保护的胱氨酸-萘乙二胺二聚体;
第五步,将第四步得到的脱去叔丁氧羰基保护的胱氨酸-萘乙二胺二聚体溶于无水二氯甲烷中,加入三乙胺搅拌,冰浴下加入胆固醇氯甲酸酯的二氯甲烷溶液,后处理得到胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子;
第一步所述的后处理包括:室温下搅拌2h,用乙酸乙酯将水相萃取三次,有机相合并,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,旋干溶剂;N-1-萘基乙二胺盐酸盐与氢氧化钠的摩尔比为1:2;
第二步所述的后处理包括:温度自然升至室温下反应4h,薄层色谱监测反应完全;将反应液旋干,残渣溶于乙酸乙酯中,分别用稀盐酸和饱和食盐水洗涤,分有机相,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,旋干得到白色固体,将白色固体进行柱层析分离,旋蒸;胱氨酸、三乙胺及二碳酸二叔丁酯的摩尔比为1:2:2;
第三步所述的后处理包括:室温下搅拌反应24h,薄层色谱监测反应完全,旋蒸除去溶剂,将残渣溶于二氯甲烷中,分别用水和饱和食盐水洗涤,分有机相,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,旋干得到浅灰色固体,将浅灰色固体进行柱层析分离,旋蒸;N-1-萘基乙二胺、叔丁氧羰基保护的胱氨酸、苯并三氮唑-四甲基脲六氟磷酸酯的摩尔比为2:1:2;
第四步所述的后处理包括:温度自然升至室温反应12h,薄层色谱监测反应完全,将反应液旋干,残渣重新溶于二氯甲烷中,分别用饱和碳酸氢钠溶液和饱和食盐水洗涤,分有机相,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,旋干得黄色固体,将黄色固体进行柱层析分离,旋蒸;叔丁氧羰基保护的胱氨酸-萘乙二胺二聚体与三氟乙酸的摩尔比为1:3;
第五步所述的后处理包括:室温下搅拌反应24h,薄层色谱监测反应完全,反应液分别用水和饱和食盐水洗涤,分有机相,无水硫酸钠干燥,过滤,旋干得淡黄色固体,将淡黄色固体进行柱层析分离,旋蒸;脱去叔丁氧羰基保护的胱氨酸-萘乙二胺二聚体与胆固醇氯甲酸酯的摩尔比为1:2。
3.一种超分子凝胶,其特征在于,所述超分子凝胶由权利要求1所述的胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子在溶剂中通过超声、加热、冷却后得到;超分子凝胶的制备方法具体如下:向胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子中加入苯类溶剂、正丙醇或环己烷,先进行超声,随后进行加热,最后冷却至室温下静置,倒置测试瓶,观察溶液是否流动,以此判断凝胶是否形成;胱氨酸胆固醇凝胶因子的浓度为10~25mg/mL,超声时间为10~20s,加热时间为2min,静置时间为10h;所述苯类溶剂为苯、甲苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯、均三甲苯、氯苯、溴苯、硝基苯、邻二氯苯中的一种。
4.权利要求3所述的超分子凝胶在选择性识别Cu2+中的应用。
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