CN113382903A - 用于运行车辆的方法 - Google Patents

用于运行车辆的方法 Download PDF

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CN113382903A
CN113382903A CN201980090855.9A CN201980090855A CN113382903A CN 113382903 A CN113382903 A CN 113382903A CN 201980090855 A CN201980090855 A CN 201980090855A CN 113382903 A CN113382903 A CN 113382903A
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vehicle
consumer
battery
emissions
internal combustion
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CN113382903B (zh
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C·格吕克
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Audi AG
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Audi AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/24—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of energy storage means
    • B60W10/26—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of energy storage means for electrical energy, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/342—The other DC source being a battery actively interacting with the first one, i.e. battery to battery charging
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • B60L1/02—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles to electric heating circuits
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/15—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with additional electric power supply
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/20—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having different nominal voltages
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R16/00—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for
    • B60R16/02—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements
    • B60R16/03—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for supply of electrical power to vehicle subsystems or for
    • B60R16/033—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for supply of electrical power to vehicle subsystems or for characterised by the use of electrical cells or batteries
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    • B60W20/15—Control strategies specially adapted for achieving a particular effect
    • B60W20/16—Control strategies specially adapted for achieving a particular effect for reducing engine exhaust emissions
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    • B60W30/18009—Propelling the vehicle related to particular drive situations
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    • B60W50/00—Details of control systems for road vehicle drive control not related to the control of a particular sub-unit, e.g. process diagnostic or vehicle driver interfaces
    • B60W50/0097—Predicting future conditions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
    • F01N3/2013—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N11/0862—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines characterised by the electrical power supply means, e.g. battery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0063—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with circuits adapted for supplying loads from the battery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/28—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the electric energy storing means, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Hybrid Electric Vehicles (AREA)
  • Control Of Vehicle Engines Or Engines For Specific Uses (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于运行车辆的方法，该车辆具有用于驱动车辆(2)的内燃机(12)、至少一个对于排放重要的用电器、至少一个车载电网蓄电池(8)和至少一个动力电池(10)，其中，在车辆(2)启动之前，电能从至少一个车载电网蓄电池(8)被充入至少一个动力电池，其中在内燃机(12)启动前和/或启动时该电能从至少一个动力电池(10)被充入至少一个对于排放重要的用电器。

Description

用于运行车辆的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于运行车辆的方法和一种用于运行车辆的系统。
背景技术
设计为混合动力车辆的车辆可选择由内燃机或电动机驱动。在这种情况下，废气净化设备连接在内燃机的下游，可以在混合动力车辆启动时调节该设备用于即将到来的行程。
专利文献DE 10 2016 110 525 A1描述了一种用于运行混合动力车辆的车载电网的方法、一种用于混合动力车辆的车载电网以及一种混合动力车辆。
在专利文献DE 10 2014 201 358 A1中描述了一种车载电网和一种用于运行车载电网的方法。
从专利文献DE 10 2014 218 775 A1中已知一种多电压存储器。
发明内容
在这种背景下，本发明的目的是，为车辆准备行程。
该目的由具有独立权利要求的特征的方法和系统解决。方法和系统的实施方式是从属权利要求的主题。
根据本发明的方法被设置用于运行车辆，该车辆具有用于驱动或移动车辆的内燃机、至少一个对于排放重要的用电器、至少一个车载电网蓄电池，例如启动器电池和至少一个动力电池。在该方法中，在车辆启动之前将电能从车载电网蓄电池充入至少一个动力电池，其中在车辆启动或开动时以及内燃机启动前或启动时将该电能从至少一个动力电池充入至少一个对于排放重要的用电器。
该至少一个对于排放重要的用电器可以由该电能热身/激活/加速，例如启动。
在一个设计方案中，至少一个对于排放重要的用电器由至少一个动力电池的电能加热或加温，直到实现或已经实现为此设置的运行温度。当车辆启动或开动或发动时，在内燃机启动之前从至少一个动力电池向至少一个用电器供应电能，该电能在启动或开动前，通常在上个进行的第n次行驶结束时已经从至少一个车载电网蓄电池充入至少一个动力电池车辆。例如，当至少一个对于排放重要的用电器的温度低于设置的运行温度时，这是可能的。
此外，在前面的第n次行驶后停止车辆和/或内燃机之后，电能从至少一个车载电网蓄电池充入至少一个动力电池，以用于将来的第n+1次行驶和/或车辆的将来开动。
在该方法中，还可以在设计为车辆的预启动的启动之前将电能从车载电网蓄电池充入至少一个动力电池中，其中当车辆预启动时，电能从至少一个动力电池，并且在设计为内燃机的预启动的启动之前充入至少一个对于排放重要的用电器中。在车辆之前的第n次行驶之后和将来的n+1次行驶之前的静止时间之后进行相应的预启动。
至少一个车载电网蓄电池具有12V的电压，并且至少一个动力电池具有48V的电压。通常，至少一个动力电池具有比至少一个车载电网蓄电池更高的电压，例如四倍的电压。
在一个设计方案中，在车辆的第n次行驶期间，确定需要多少量的电能来预热/加速至少一个对于排放重要的用电器以进行第n次行驶，以及从至少一个动力电池向至少一个对于排放重要的用电器充入用于第n次行驶或上次用于此的电能，其中在第n次行驶后停止内燃机和/或车辆时，至少有这个量的电能从至少一个车载电网蓄电池充入至少一个动力电池来为接下来随后的第n+1次行驶做准备。这样就确定了之前第n次行驶所需的能量。
该方法被实施用过至少一个对于排放重要的用电器，即用于预热/加速至少一个对于排放重要的用电器，该用电器设计为废气净化设备或废气设施，例如用于对内燃机的废气进行废气后处理，和/或设计为空调模块。
车辆，例如机动车辆或汽车，除了内燃机之外，还具有至少一个用于驱动或移动车辆的电机，其中该电机在车辆行驶期间由车载电网蓄电池提供电能。这种车辆被设计为混合动力车辆。
在该方法的一个设计方案中，将电能充入至少一个对于排放重要的用电器中，以启动至少一个对于排放重要的用电器，即在启动或开动之前，尤其是预启动，例如直接在启动至少一个对于排放重要的用电器之前，例如在启动之前的定义的或可定义的第一时间间隔内，在至少一个对于排放重要的用电器的启动期间和/或还在启动或开动之后，特别是预启动至少一个对于排放重要的用电器，例如启动之后在定义的或可定义的第二时间段内。相应的时间间隔持续例如几秒，例如60秒。
此外，将电能充入至少一个对于排放重要的用电器中，用于启动至少一个对于排放重要的用电器，即在启动或开动之前，尤其是预启动，例如直接在内燃机启动之前，例如在启动之前定义的或可定义的第一时间间隔内，但是补充地也在内燃机启动期间和/或也在内燃机的启动或开动之后，尤其是内燃机预启动，例如在启动后的定义的或可定义的第二时间段内。
根据本发明的系统被设计用于运行车辆，其中车辆具有用于驱动或移动车辆的内燃机、至少一个对于排放重要的用电器、至少一个车载电网蓄电池和至少一个动力电池。该系统具有至少一个控制装置，该控制装置被设计成在车辆启动或开动之前，例如预启动之前使电能从车载电网蓄电池被充入至少一个动力电池中，并且例如在车辆启动以及内燃机启动或开动，例如预启动时，将电能从至少一个动力电池充入至少一个对于排放重要的用电器中。
例如，使用该方法主要可以实现对以48V电压运行的作为废气净化设备的电催化转化器和/或作为空调模块的高性能二次空气系统的能量管理，无须将所需的电能，即用于启动作为废气净化设备的电催化转换器和/或作为空调模块的高性能二次空气系统的电能静态保存在48V电池或动力电池中，因为所需的能量动态地保存在车载电网中，并且当车辆在行程后或行驶周期后停止时，以及在启动内燃机用于将来的行程或用于将来的行驶周期之前为了预热/加速至少一个与废气相关的用电器用于将来的行程，首先从至少一个车载电网蓄电池充入至少一个动力电池。因此有可能符合废气标准，例如EU7。
在一个设计方案中，仅仅和/或只直接在车辆启动之后，并且在内燃机启动之前提供用于预热/加速废气净化设备和/或空调模块的能量或大量能量。在该方法的一个设计方案中，在内燃机启动之前将该能量充分地提供给至少一个动力电池，并且在内燃机启动之前从至少一个动力电池充入至少一个对于排放重要的用电器用于加速。在车辆运行期间的主动行程或主动行驶周期期间不需要该能量，因为至少一个对于排放重要的用电器已经预热，并且例如处于其预设运行温度。
在至少一个对于排放重要的用电器预热后，将必要的能量存放或储存在至少一个车载电网蓄电池中，并且直到行程或行驶周期结束时保存或储存在至少一个车载电网蓄电池中。在车辆行驶后或行驶周期后停止车辆和/或内燃机时，电能从至少一个车载电网蓄电池传输到至少一个动力电池，其中电能从车辆车载电网的具有至少一个车载电网蓄电池的12V侧传输且存储到车辆车载电网的具有至少一个动力电池的48V侧，直到车辆新的或将来或随后的启动以及至少一个对于排放重要的用电器要预热为止。在上一次行驶结束时，至少一个对于排放重要的用电器准备相应地预热。
在功能可靠性方面没有限制，当车辆停止时，不行驶或没有主动的行驶周期，因此不会因缺乏冗余而产生风险。
可以在行程中充分使用动力电池，不需要在那里或其中形成更多的电能储备，尽管这样，在行程开始时，至少一个对于排放重要的用电器的电力需求可以由动力电池或48V电池满足。
使用该方法，可以实现显著的成本节约和CO2节约，例如关于CO2节约的明显潜力。在此考虑基于48V，最大值限制为1000Wh的动力电池的容量大小和/或存储容量。
在该方法中，至少一个对于排放重要的用电器所需的能量在之前行程结束后从车载电网蓄电池传输到电压为48V的动力电池。在这种情况下，至少一个对于排放重要的用电器或相应的高功率用电器可以在不限制CO2潜力用于或当重新启动内燃机或相应的发动机启动时的情况下操作。
车辆具有内燃机和至少一个用于驱动和/或移动的电机。根据车辆的一种设计方案，至少一个具有48V电压的电机可以布置在车辆驱动传动总成的不同位置。例如，设置位置PO、P1、P2、P3或P4作为输出拓扑。车辆可以设计和/或称为中度混合动力车辆。车辆可以具有设计和/或可称为电压为48V的皮带启动发电机(RSG)的电机、至少一个电压为48V的动力电池、一个双向DCDC-转换器，其设计用于将12V的电压转换为48V的电压或反之，至少一个电压为12V的车载电网蓄电池和必要时在位置PO、P1、P2、P3和/或P4牵引的至少一个另外的电机或电动机。为了实现符合EU7的排放限值，内燃机启动后立即需要高电功率来为车辆的至少一个对于排放重要的电压为48V的用电器供电。至少一个具有48V电压的对于排放重要的用电器被设计为例如废气净化设备的电催化转换器和/或例如作为空调模块的高性能二次空调系统。在此考虑，由于至少一个对于排放重要的用电器的功率，该至少一个与排放相关用电器不能再以12V电压预热。为了实现符合EU7的排放限值，内燃机启动后立即需要高电功率来为车辆的至少一个对于排放重要的电压为48V的用电器供电。至少一个具有48V电压的对于排放重要的用电器被设计为例如作为废气净化设备的电催化转换器和/或例如作为空调模块的高性能二次空气系统。在此考虑，由于至少一个对于排放重要的用电器的功率，该至少一个对于排放重要的用电器不能再以12V的电压加速。
在该方法的一种设计方案中，紧接着在内燃机启动之后由至少一个动力电池提供至少一个对于排放重要的用电器所需的功率，因为该能量不能由发电机串联产生。迄今为止，由于噪音和排放等原因，内燃机产生的最大再生功率只能在4kW到8kW的范围内。然而，在该方法的上下文中，最高可以提供15kW的电功率。
因此，在之前行程就已经保存由至少一个车载电网蓄电池为至少一个对于排放重要的用电器供电的能量，并且在之前行程结束时才提供给至少一个动力电池用于下一行程。在行程中，至少一个动力电池可以为分别设置的行驶策略提供相应足够的能量，从而实现所需的CO2减排潜力。
因此，也不需要在主动行驶期间经由DCDC转换器执行升压运行，因为从功能可靠性的角度来看，必须避免这种情况。通过取消升压运行，车载电网的12V侧可以连接到控制装置，例如用于转向和制动，以冗余供电，从而即使在车载电网蓄电池发生危险的情况下也能避免危险。
因此，不必总是在作为48V存储器的至少一个动力电池中保存能量储备，其中例如可以存储800Wh至1000Wh的能量。然而，当执行该方法时，可以在下一次行驶开始时运行和/或操作至少一个对于排放重要的48V的用电器。此外，现在用于通过至少一个对于排放重要的用电器减少CO2的全部能量可用。
在该方法中，增加用于至少一个对于排放重要的用电器的电能。例如，在关闭车辆和/或内燃机后，从车载电网蓄电池向动力电池提供所需的能量。
在该方法中，在实际行程或主动驾驶周期之前，当实施该方法时，在车辆停止后，将规定量的电能从至少一个车载电网蓄电池直接充入至少一个动力电池中。因此，不需要定期检查在电存储器或电池中，即在至少一个车载电网蓄电池和至少一个动力电池中有多少电能，因为否则在这种持久监测或监控下另外有至少一个电池会被至少一个现存的和对此需要的总线负载消耗空。
通常，动力电池设计为锂离子电池，而车载电网蓄电池可以设计为铅电池。例如，动力电池的容量为800Wh。例如，要预热至少一个对于排放重要的用电设备器需要15KW的电力，因此在动力电池中必须永久保存例如200Wh。然而，在行程中保留这些能量(例如800Wh)的四分之一或三分之一不使用会是低效的。根据本发明，所需的能量现在保存在车载电网蓄电池中，并且仅在快被传输或传递至对于排放重要的用电器之前不久才被传输至动力电池，并最终从动力电池充入对于排放重要的用电器。此外，例如当以钥匙启动的形式启动内燃机时，电能可以从至少一个动力电池充入至少一个对于排放重要的用电器中。用于执行能量管理的系统的控制装置或控制单元可以根据环境条件，例如外部温度来计算下一次启动，例如预启动需要多少能量。此外，当内燃机处于冷态时，当废气净化设备或废气设施尚未具备其设定的运行温度时，在设计方案中执行该方法。
应当理解，上述特征和下面将要解释的特征不仅可以以分别给出的组合使用，而且可以以其他组合或单独使用，而不背离本发明的范围。
附图说明
根据附图中的实施方式示意性地示出本发明，并参照附图示意性地，详细地描述。
图1以示意图示出了车辆的示例，为该车辆实施根据本发明的方法的实施方式。
具体实施方式
图1以示意图示出了在根据本发明的方法的实施方式中处于不同运行状态A、B和C的车辆2的示例。该车辆2作为部件包括电机4、控制装置6、作为电压为12伏的第一电池的车载电网蓄电池8，作为电压为48伏的第二电池的动力电池10，内燃机12和作为车辆2的对于排放重要的用电器示例的废气净化设备14。
在此还固定，电机4和内燃机12都被设置为车辆2的驱动总成，在此可以使用电机4或内燃机12驱动或移动车辆2。因此，在此所示的车辆2也被设计和/或称为混合动力车辆。
在此设置的第一运行状态A是车辆2的第n次行驶，其中n是整数，在此规定，车辆2在行驶期间的功能由控制装置6控制，与在此提出的方法的实施方式无关。
在此处设计为混合动力车辆的车辆2的第n次行驶期间，在第一运行状态A中，一方面，车辆2可以由内燃机12驱动。在此，燃料，例如碳氢化合物，在内燃机12内燃烧。内燃机12将来自燃料的化学能转化为机械能，并将其传递到车辆2的车轮。在碳氢化合物燃烧时产生废气，但废气被废气设备14净化。
另一方面，也可以替代地由电机4驱动车辆2，为此，将存储在动力电池10中的电能提供给电机4(箭头16)。当电机4作为电动机运行时，该电能由电机转换为机械能并被传递到车辆2的车轮。
然而，如果在行驶期间由内燃机12驱动车辆2，则废气设备14必须具有为此目的而设置的至少一个工作温度以清洁废气。
为此，在该方法的提出的实施方式中设置废气设备14被调节和/或准备用于将来的随后的第n+1次行驶。如果电机4、内燃机14和车辆2关闭，则这种准备和/或调节在第n次行驶之后进行。在该方法的范围中，在车辆2停放之后，设定另一运行状态B。在这种情况下，电能从车载电网蓄电池8传输到动力电池10，其中，动力电池10中的电能在车辆静止期间保持存储在动力电池10中。
在该方法的实施方式中，在第三运行状态C中规定，在运行状态B中车辆2停止之后的静止之后重新启动车辆2。在此，在车辆2启动时，以及在内燃机12启动前，例如在预启动之前，将之前从车载电网蓄电池8传输到动力电池10的电能继续从动力电池10传输到废气净化设备14(箭头20)。利用该电能加热或加温废气净化设备14，其中废气净化设备14被加速，并且在内燃机12启动之前至少达到废气净化设备14设置的运行温度。因此，车辆2和废气净化设备14准备好用于在车辆2启动、废气净化设备20的加速和内燃机10(运行状态A)的启动之后的另一第n+1次行驶(更新的运行状态A)。在此规定，作为根据本发明的系统的实施方式的一部分的控制装置6或相应的控制单元被设计用于控制该方法。
附图标记列表：
A、B、C 运行状态
2 车辆
4 电机
6 控制装置
8 车载电网蓄电池
10 动力电池
12 内燃机
14 废气净化设备
16、18、20 箭头

Claims (8)

1.一种用于运行车辆的方法，该车辆具有用于驱动车辆(2)的内燃机(12)、至少一个对于排放重要的用电器、至少一个车载电网蓄电池(8)和至少一个动力电池(10)，其中，在车辆(2)启动之前，将电能从至少一个车载电网蓄电池(8)充入至少一个动力电池，其中，在所述内燃机(12)启动前和/或启动时，将所述电能从至少一个动力电池(10)充入到至少一个对于排放重要的用电器。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，至少一个对于排放重要的用电器(14)由来自所述至少一个动力电池(10)的电能加热。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，在所述车辆(2)停止之后，将电能从至少一个车载电网蓄电池(8)充入到所述至少一个动力电池(10)中。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，所述至少一个车载电网蓄电池(8)的电压为12V，所述至少一个动力电池(10)的电压为48V。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，在所述车辆(2)的第n次行驶期间，确定需要多少量的电能来启动或预热所述至少一个对于排放重要的用电器，以及为此最后从所述至少一个动力电池(10)充入所述至少一个对于排放重要的用电器，其中，当所述车辆(2)在第n次行驶之后停止时，至少所述量的电能从所述至少一个车载电网蓄电池(8)充入所述至少一个动力电池(10)，以便为接下来第n+1次行驶做准备。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，该方法被实施用于至少一个设计为废气净化设备(14)的、对于排放重要的用电器。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其中，将用于启动至少一个对于排放重要的用电器的电能充入到该用电器。
8.一种用于运行车辆(2)的系统，其中，所述车辆(2)具有用于驱动的内燃机(12)、至少一个对于排放重要的用电器、至少一个车载电网蓄电池(8)和至少一个动力电池(10)，其中，该系统具有至少一个控制装置(6)，该控制装置被设计成在所述车辆(2)启动之前使电能从车载电网蓄电池(8)被充入到至少一个动力电池(8)中，并且在所述内燃机(12)启动之前和/或启动时，将电能从所述至少一个动力电池(10)充入到至少一个对于排放重要的用电器中。
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