CN113345672B - 一种烧结钕铁硼磁体及其制备工艺 - Google Patents
一种烧结钕铁硼磁体及其制备工艺 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本申请涉及钕铁硼材料领域,它涉及一种烧结钕铁硼磁体及其制备工艺。一种烧结钕铁硼磁体,包括以下重量份数的原料:镨钕合金:162‑213份;铁:368‑415份;硼:22‑36份;钆铁合金:2‑9份;钴:1.0‑3.5份;锆:0.8‑2.0份;二氧化锆:0.6‑1.8份;铝:0.5‑1.6份;铜:0.03‑0.15份;其制备方法为:对原料进行熔炼铸锭、铸锭后的基料进行氢爆制粉、对原料粉末进行成型取向和对压胚进行烧结、淬火和回火。本申请的产品具有提高磁体的矫顽力,同时减少重稀土元素的使用的优点。
Description
技术领域
本申请涉及钕铁硼材料领域,更具体地说,它涉及一种烧结钕铁硼磁体及其制备工艺。
背景技术
钕铁硼材料是目前磁性能较好的永磁材料,其广泛应用于电子信息、机电、仪表及医 疗器械等领域,是磁性材料中发展最快的一种。钕铁硼材料按照生产工艺不同主要分为:烧 结钕铁硼、粘结钕铁硼和注塑钕铁硼。
随着科技的加速发展,烧结钕铁硼磁体在新能源汽车、变频压缩机和风力发电等高端 领域的推广速度和应用范围迅速扩大。这些领域均要求烧结钕铁硼磁体具有较高的综合磁性 能,尤其是要求具有高的矫顽力。
现有的烧结钕铁硼磁体为了提高矫顽力,通常采用两种方式:
(1)熔炼时加入重稀土元素,即添加大量的镝、铽等,这种方式提高了成本,浪费稀缺的重 稀土资源,而且由于镝、铽与铁原子之间的反铁磁耦合作用,降低了磁体的剩磁和磁能积;
(2)晶界扩散,即将重稀土元素通过溅射、表面涂覆等方式渗透到磁体表面,这种方式能大 幅度提高矫顽力且剩磁损失较小,但该方法工艺操作复杂,且仅适用于小块磁体,不适合工 业大批量生产。
发明内容
为了提高磁体的矫顽力,同时减少重稀土元素的使用,本申请提供一种烧结钕铁硼磁 体及其制备工艺。
第一方面,本申请提供一种烧结钕铁硼磁体,采用如下的技术方案:一种烧结钕铁硼 磁体,包括以下重量份数的原料:
镨钕合金:162-213份;
铁:368-415份;
硼:22-36份;
钆铁合金:2-9份;
钴:1.0-3.5份;
锆:0.8-2.0份;
二氧化锆:0.6-1.8份;
铝:0.5-1.6份;
铜:0.03-0.15份。
铁的重量份为386-403份;
二氧化锆的重量份为1.3-1.7份。
通过采用上述技术方案,二氧化锆具有较大的硬度和较稳定的物理、化学性质,通过 二氧化锆与铁的配合,铁的各方面性能发生改变,从而使得磁体整体的硬度和矫顽力都有不 同程度的提高。另外,在钆铁合金与其它原料共同配合下,也有利于提高磁体的矫顽力,且 钆铁合金制备方便、价格便宜,有效降低了生产成本。
优选的,所述烧结钕铁硼磁体还包括以下重量份的原料:
辅助料:25-42份;
所述辅助料包括碳化硅、硼化锆中的一种或两种。
通过采用上述技术方案,辅助料用于减弱原料在制备过程中的氧化程度,减小氧气对 原料的影响,从而提高磁体的矫顽力,同时有利于提高磁体的强度。
优选的,所述碳化硅与硼化锆的重量比为1:(0.5-1.5)。
通过采用上述技术方案,在碳化硅与硼化锆的配合下,两者相辅相成,同时其与其它 原料共同配合,从而更好的减弱原料发生氧化的程度,进一步提高磁体的矫顽力。
优选的,所述烧结钕铁硼磁体还包括以下重量份的原料:
镨钕氧化物:20-65份。
通过采用上述技术方案,镨钕氧化物与其他原料相互配合后,有利于增强原料的抗氧 化性,减弱了氧气对原料的影响,从而提高磁体的矫顽力。
第二方面,本申请提供一种烧结钕铁硼磁体的制备工艺,采用如下的技术方案:烧结钕铁硼磁体的制备工艺,包括以下步骤:
步骤1):熔炼铸锭,将原料投入到熔炼温度1465-1490摄氏度的条件下进行熔炼,得到熔炼 液后,将其浇铸至滚轴转速为2.3-2.8m/s的冷却滚轮进行铸片,得到基料;
步骤2):对基料进行氢爆制粉,得到原料粉末;
步骤3):成型取向,将原料粉末压制成一定形状与尺寸的压胚;
步骤4):烧结,在烧结温度为1100-1250摄氏度、烧结时间为4.0-6.0h的条件下对压胚进行 烧结;
步骤5):淬火,充入惰性气体对压胚进行气淬冷却,当压胚冷却至80-100摄氏度时停止淬火;
步骤6):回火,停止冷却后,迅速回温,回火温度为180-220摄氏度。
通过采用上述技术方案,每一道步骤都会对磁体的制备发生影响,原料在滚轴转速为2.3-2.8m/s的条件下铸片时,其冷凝速度较快,使基料的柱状晶生长良好、富钕相分布较均匀, 所以有利于提高磁体的矫顽力。另外,在烧结温度为1100-1250摄氏度的条件下对压胚烧结, 其温度适中,使得压胚的材料致密程度提高、晶粒细小均匀,有利于提高磁体的矫顽力。
优选的,在步骤1)中,还投入有重量份为25-42份的辅助料,辅助料与其它原料共同 熔炼;辅助料包括碳化硅、硼化锆中的一种或两种。
通过采用上述技术方案,辅助料与其它原料共同配合,可能在熔炼时减弱了原料发生 氧化的程度,从而提高矫顽力和强度。
优选的,在步骤1)中,还投入有重量份为20-65份的镨钕氧化物,镨钕氧化物与其它 原料共同熔炼。
通过采用上述技术方案,在与其它组分的共同配合下,其有利于增加原料在熔炼时的 抗氧化程度,从而提高磁体的矫顽力。
优选的,控制步骤2)中得到的原料粉末粒度小于或等于5.0μm,且所得重量占比为68%-83%的原料粉末粒度范围为3.75-4.10μm。
通过采用上述技术方案,细的颗粒具有钉扎作用,所以控制原料粉末的粒度在3.75-4.10 μm之间,可能增加了磁体晶界相的富钕相比例,从而提高磁体的矫顽力。
综上所述,本申请具有以下有益效果:
1、二氧化锆具有较大的硬度和较稳定的物理、化学性质,通过二氧化锆与铁的配合,铁的各 方面性能发生改变,从而使得磁体整体的硬度和矫顽力都有不同程度的提高。
2、在钆铁合金与其它原料共同配合下,有利于提高磁体的矫顽力,且钆铁合金制备方 便、价格便宜,有效降低了生产成本。
3、每一道步骤都会对磁体的制备发生影响,原料在滚轴转速为2.3-2.8m/s的条件下铸 片时,其冷凝速度较快,使基料的柱状晶生长良好、富钕相分布较均匀,所以有利于提高磁 体的矫顽力。
附图说明
图1是本申请一种烧结钕铁硼磁体及其制备工艺的流程图。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图和实施例对本申请作进一步详细说明。
实施例
实施例1-7
一种烧结钕铁硼磁体,参照图1,烧结钕铁硼磁体的制备工艺,包括以下步骤:
步骤1):熔炼铸锭,将原料按照表1的用量投入到真空熔炼炉中熔炼,熔炼温度参照表1。 得到熔炼液后,将其浇铸至冷却滚轮进行铸片,得到基料,滚轴转速参照表1。
步骤2):将具有洁净表面的基料装入已抽真空的不锈钢容器,然后充入纯度为99.9% 的高纯氢气对基料进行氢爆制粉,得到原料粉末。另外,控制原料粉末的粒度小于或等于5.0 μm,且所得重量占比为68%-83%的原料粉末粒度范围为3.75-4.10μm。
步骤3):成型取向,将原料粉末压制成一定形状与尺寸的压胚。
步骤4):烧结,在真空烧结炉内对压胚进行烧结,烧结温度及时间参照表1。
步骤5):淬火,充入氮气对压胚进行气淬冷却,当压胚冷却至80-100摄氏度时停止淬 火,冷却温度参照表1;
步骤6):回火,停止冷却后,迅速回温,回火温度为180-220摄氏度,回火温度参照表1。
表1-实施例1-7中的组分、含量及条件参数
实施例8
一种烧结钕铁硼磁体,与实施例3的区别在于,在步骤1)中,烧结钕铁硼磁体的原料还包括 25kg的辅助料,辅助料为碳化硅。
实施例9
一种烧结钕铁硼磁体,与实施例3的区别在于,在步骤1)中,烧结钕铁硼磁体的原料还包括42kg的辅助料,辅助料为硼化锆。
实施例10
一种烧结钕铁硼磁体,与实施例3的区别在于,在步骤1)中,烧结钕铁硼磁体的原料还包括 36kg的辅助料,辅助料包括碳化硅和硼化锆,碳化硅与硼化锆的重量比为1:1。
实施例11
一种烧结钕铁硼磁体,与实施例10的区别在于,碳化硅与硼化锆的重量比为1:0.5。
实施例12
一种烧结钕铁硼磁体,与实施例10的区别在于,碳化硅与硼化锆的重量比为1:1.5。
实施例13
一种烧结钕铁硼磁体,与实施例3的区别在于,在步骤1)中,烧结钕铁硼磁体的原料还包括 20kg的镨钕氧化物。
实施例14
一种烧结钕铁硼磁体,与实施例3的区别在于,在步骤1)中,烧结钕铁硼磁体的原料还包括 65kg的镨钕氧化物。
实施例15
一种烧结钕铁硼磁体,与实施例3的区别在于,在步骤1)中,烧结钕铁硼磁体的原料还包括 48kg的镨钕氧化物。
实施例16
一种烧结钕铁硼磁体,与实施例3的区别在于,步骤2)中得到的原料粉末粒度小于或等于5.0 μm,且所得重量占比为90%的原料粉末粒度范围为3.10-3.55μm。
实施例17
一种烧结钕铁硼磁体,与实施例3的区别在于,步骤2)中得到的原料粉末粒度小于或等于5.0 μm,且所得重量占比为50%的原料粉末粒度范围为4.20-4.65μm。
实施例18
一种烧结钕铁硼磁体,与实施例10的区别在于,在步骤1)中,烧结钕铁硼磁体的原料还包括 65kg的镨钕氧化物。
对比例
对比例1
一种烧结钕铁硼磁体,与实施例3的区别在于,把原料中的二氧化锆替换为铁。
对比例2
一种烧结钕铁硼磁体,与实施例3的区别在于,把原料中的钆铁合金替换为铁。
性能检测试验
磁性能检测:将所得的磁体表面磨光后切成D10*10样柱,按照GB/T3217永磁(硬磁)材料 磁性试验方法对实施例1-18和对比例1-2所得到的产品进行磁性能测试,测试温度为20摄 氏度。
硬度检测:将所得的磁体切成D10*10样柱,利用洛氏硬度计对实施例1-18和对比例 1-2所得到的产品进行检测。
氧化程度检测:测试对象为实施例3、实施例8-15和实施例18所得到的产品。具体通过,将所得的磁体切成D10*10样柱,放入到300摄氏度的烘箱内进行热氧化增重实验, 烘烤时间为5小时,利用电光分析天平对处理前和处理后的样品进行称量,计算其氧化增重率。
表2-实施例1-7和对比例1-2的试验检测数据汇总
根据表中实施例1-5和对比例1的检测数据对比可知,二氧化锆替换为铁后,磁体的磁性能 有大幅度的下降,硬度值也有所降低,可能是二氧化锆与铁的配合,使得铁的性能发生改变, 从而提高磁体的硬度和矫顽力。
另外,根据实施例3-5与实施例6-7的检测数据对比可知,当铁的重量份为386-403份、二氧化锆的重量份为1.3-1.7份时,相对来说,磁体的磁性能和硬度的提高较为明显。
根据表中实施例1-7与对比例2的检测数据对比可知,在钆铁合金与其它原料共同配 合下,提高了磁体的磁性能,也稍稍提高了磁体的硬度。
表3-实施例3和实施例8-12的试验检测数据汇总
根据表中实施例3与实施例8-10的检测数据对比可知,辅助料的使用能提高磁体的磁性能, 其对硬度的改变不是特别明显。辅助料与其它原料相互配合,从而提高抗氧化的能力,进而 使得磁体的磁性能得到提高。
另外,根据表中实施例8-9与实施例10-12的检测数据对比可知,当碳化硅与硼化锆 相互配合时,其抗氧化效果又优于碳化硅或硼化锆单独使用所产生的抗氧化效果。可能是碳 化硅与硼化锆配合使用时,其能增强磁体整体的性能,同时也能提高了硬度。
表4-实施例3、实施例13-15和实施例18的试验检测数据汇总
根据表中实施例3与实施例13-15的检测数据可知,镨钕氧化物的使用提高了磁材的磁性能, 对硬度的影响较小。可能是因为镨钕氧化物有利于提高原料抗氧化的效果,使得在制备磁材 的过程中,各个原料之间可以更好地配合,从而提高磁材的矫顽力。
表5-实施例3和实施例16-17的试验检测数据汇总
根据表中实施例3与实施例16-17的检测数据可知,控制68%-83%原料粉末的粒度在3.75-4.10 μm之间,可能增加了磁体晶界相的富钕相比例,从而提高了磁材整体的性能,尤其是磁性 能。
本具体实施例仅仅是对本申请的解释,其并不是对本申请的限制,本领域技术人员在 阅读完本说明书后可以根据需要对本实施例做出没有创造性贡献的修改,但只要在本申请的 权利要求范围内都受到专利法的保护。
Claims (3)
1.一种烧结钕铁硼磁体的制备工艺,其特征在于,烧结钕铁硼磁体包括以下重量份数的原料:
镨钕合金:162-213份;
铁:386-403份;
硼:22-36份;
钆铁合金:2-9份;
钴:1.0-3.5份;
锆:0.8-2.0份;
二氧化锆:1.3-1.7份;
铝:0.5-1.6份;
铜:0.03-0.15份;
辅助料:25-42份;
所述辅助料包括碳化硅、硼化锆,碳化硅与硼化锆的重量比为1:(0.5-1.5);
制备工艺包括以下步骤:
步骤1):熔炼铸锭,将原料投入到熔炼温度1465-1490摄氏度的条件下进行熔炼,得到熔炼液后,将其浇铸至滚轴转速为2.3-2.8m/s的冷却滚轮进行铸片,得到基料;
步骤2):对基料进行氢爆制粉,得到原料粉末;
步骤3):成型取向,将原料粉末压制成一定形状与尺寸的压胚;
步骤4):烧结,在烧结温度为1100-1250摄氏度、烧结时间为4.0-6.0h的条件下对压胚进行烧结;
步骤5):淬火,充入惰性气体对压胚进行气淬冷却,当压胚冷却至80-100摄氏度时停止淬火;
步骤6):回火,停止冷却后,迅速回温,回火温度为180-220摄氏度。
2.根据权利要求1所述的烧结钕铁硼磁体的制备工艺,其特征在于:在步骤1)中,还投入有重量份为20-65份的镨钕氧化物,镨钕氧化物与其它原料共同熔炼。
3.根据权利要求1所述的烧结钕铁硼磁体的制备工艺,其特征在于:控制步骤2)中得到的原料粉末粒度小于或等于5.0μm,且所得重量占比为68%-83%的原料粉末粒度范围为3.75-4.10μm。
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