CN113329623A - 包装贝类的方法 - Google Patents
包装贝类的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113329623A CN113329623A CN201980089646.2A CN201980089646A CN113329623A CN 113329623 A CN113329623 A CN 113329623A CN 201980089646 A CN201980089646 A CN 201980089646A CN 113329623 A CN113329623 A CN 113329623A
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- oxygen
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Abstract
一种包装活的贝类的方法，该方法包括：将活的贝类放入可密封的容器中；在容器中引入一定量的富氧的水基液体介质，所述一定量允许在容器中存在气相顶部空间；将气体引入容器中，气体包括氧气，其中气体以一定量引入以用气体填充容器的顶部空间；并且密封容器从而将容器的内容物保持在密封环境中。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种包装贝类的方法，贝类包括但不限于：牡蛎、贻贝、蛤蜊、澳大利亚蛤蜊(pipis)、鸟蛤(cockles)、鲍鱼、龙虾或任何其它贝类物种中的一种或者多种，其被运输和储存，直到可以食用或用于在活的状态下运输贝苗/幼仔。
背景技术
贝类是软体动物，并且包括但不限于牡蛎、贻贝、蛤蜊、澳大利亚蛤蜊和扇贝。
活的(未打开的)贝类传统上在干燥、凉爽的环境中运输和储存。例如，悉尼岩牡蛎(Sydney Rock oyster)通常储存在10至21℃之间，而太平洋牡蛎(Pacific oyster)储存在5至10℃之间。其它贝类物种，如贻贝和澳大利亚蛤蜊，也在5至10℃之间储存和运输。
活的贝类(例如牡蛎)在收获后具有有限的保质期(即，太平洋牡蛎约为7天，对于一些本地物种则更短)。在这个保质期内，产品质量和新鲜度不断下降，并且有限的保质期导致了许多问题，包括：与产品损失相关的持有成本的增加(在某些市场估计高达50％)，以及，由于保质期有限，低质量的产品最终呈现给了消费者。在这一方面，从水产养殖场到消费者的运输时间很长。例如，在澳大利亚，国内市场主要由公路货运服务，有时是海运，这意味着从收获到消费者交付的这段时间占据了贝类保质期的重要组成部分。虽然空运减少了运输时间，但它显著地增加了成本，并增加了包装、食品和安全合规要求方面的复杂性。考虑到需要扩展且更复杂的供应链，产品保质期也是进入出口市场时的重大限制。
冷冻是延长保质期的主要方法，但消费者通常认为冷冻产品不如活的产品，因此往往会吸引较低的价格。因此，贝类通常仅在销售高峰期之前的期间作为冷冻产品进行运输、销售和购买。
鉴于公众普遍认为活的贝类与冷冻产品相比更具吸引力，因此大多数商业贝类企业在干燥、凉爽的环境中且不使用水运输和销售在活的状态下的贝类。这需要在短时间内运输和销售活的贝类，以确保在销售/食用时的可行产品，这会带来财务和物流问题。
为了解决在短时间内与活的贝类的运输和销售相关的问题，一些商业贝类企业在水箱中运输活的贝类。然而，使用水箱来运输软体动物通常被认为是昂贵且复杂的过程，这需要采取额外的预防措施以确保软体动物安全食用。
贝类有时也可以在加工(即，半架打开)状态运输，位于模制托盘(杯子朝下)上，处于包含二氧化碳和氮气的混合气体气氛中。虽然混合气体气氛降低了导致海鲜腐败的微生物生长速度，但在这种条件下储存和运输时，打开的贝类的保质期会缩短到通常约7天。
本发明旨在解决与包装、运输和储存贝类的常规方法相关的上述缺点中的至少一些。
本说明书中对任何现有技术的引用不是也不应被视为承认或任何暗示现有技术在本文的权利要求书的优先权日形成公知常识的一部分。
发明内容
一方面，本发明提供了一种包装活的贝类的方法，该方法包括将活的贝类放入可密封的容器中；将富氧的水基液体介质以允许在容器内有气相顶部空间的量引入容器中，将气体引入容器中，该气体包括氧气，其中引入的气体量用于用气体填充容器的顶部空间，并密封容器，从而将容器的内容物保持在密封环境中。
在一个实施例中，水基液体介质用一定量的氧气饱和，该量确保液体介质中保持高水平的氧气，直到在食用牡蛎之前打开容器。在一个实施例中，利用氧气将水基液体介质过饱和。
在一个实施例中，该方法可以进一步包括向液体介质中添加试剂以基本上避免由贝类排泄的氨在液体介质中的积聚。可添加到液体介质中的此类合适试剂的示例包括但不限于：包含甲醛亚硫酸氢钠(sodium formaldehyde bisulphite)的制剂。在这一方面，制剂包括但不限于：Aquapure(净水/雅尔普)、Macroalgae(Ulva)sp(巨藻石莼)和Zeolite(沸石)，其可用于避免或至少减少氨的积聚。在这一方面，应理解，氨是贝类代谢的不良副产品，其可降低牡蛎产品的寿命、质量和适口性。
在一个实施例中，气体可以是氧气和一种或多种其它气态成分(包括但不限于氮气、氩气和氦气)的混合物。在一个实施例中，气体可以是至少约80％的氧气和20％的一种或多种其它气态成分的混合物。
在一个实施例中，可以在密封之前将一种或多种化合物添加到液基介质和/或容器中，其可以用于延长产品保质期。此类化合物可包括但不限于：盐，例如氯化镁、氯化钙和/或氯化钠。
在一个实施例中，将液体的温度维持在有助于将贝类维持在活的状态且降低代谢率的温度下。应当理解，不同的贝类物种需要不同的温度以保持活的状态并处于最佳的质量和新鲜度。容器一旦密封就可以在装箱和运输前在冷藏室中存放在大约2℃至8℃下。在一个实施例中，液体温度可以在被引入到容器中之前降低到期望的设定点。
在一个实施例中，液体可以是经过过滤和灭菌的海水。在该实施例中，可以收集和过滤海水，例如通过5微米过滤器以去除微生物、碎片和其它固体颗粒。还可以对海水进行进一步处理，包括使用紫外线处理和/或臭氧处理的灭菌，以减少微生物/有机负荷。
在另一方面，本发明提供了一种用于在活的状态下运输贝类的包装产品，该产品包括密封容器，其中装有活的贝类；水基液体；以及容器的顶部空间，其填充有包括氧气的气体，并且利用该气体过饱和水基液体。
在一个实施例中，可以选择容器，以获得机械耐用性、降低泄漏的风险并且最小化气体通过容器壁的扩散。在一个实施例中，容器是由多层膜/阻隔膜制成的袋或托盘。
在一个实施例中，贝类，例如牡蛎，可以在放入容器之前进行预处理。预处理旨在减少微生物负荷和废物产品，以进一步延长贝类在运输和储存过程中的保质期并保持产品质量。
典型的预处理可包括但不限于，通过将贝类原料保持在水产养殖场的高能量区域从而通过风/海水的波浪效应来清洁贝类的机械清洁。其它机械处理包括但不限于清理(rumbling)、凿理(bushes)和/或其它刷洗方法，例如高压水射流。
在实施例中，在将贝类放入容器中之前，也可以将贝类保留在处理过的(过滤和灭菌的)海水中，以清空肠道，从而减少残渣以及包装产品的生物污垢。
在实施例中，贝类在被引入到容器中之前也可以经受化学预处理。在一个实施例中，化学预处理包括将活的贝类浸泡在过氧化氢溶液中。其它化学预处理包括臭氧气体和/或紫外线，其有助于进一步减少微生物负荷，并从而减少包装产品的生物污垢。
在一些实施例中，还可以在密封之前将天然镁盐溶液添加到被包装的产品中以试图在食用和/或食物烹饪时帮助活产品的开壳(去壳)过程。
现在将参考附图更详细地描述本发明的实施例。
附图说明
图1A、1B和1C提供了在根据本发明的一个实施例制备(处理)和包装牡蛎所涉及的步骤的概览。
图2是典型的商业牡蛎租赁处的图示，包括用于牡蛎养殖的公共水域。
图3图示了在收获成熟牡蛎之前处理成熟牡蛎所涉及的步骤。
图4图示了在收集海水以用于根据本发明的一个实施例的包装方法和产品中所涉及的步骤。
图5图示了在收获成熟牡蛎中所涉及的步骤。
图6图示了在收获后清洁和分类牡蛎中所涉及的步骤。
图7图示了在收获后消毒和净化牡蛎所涉及的步骤。
图8图示了在调节根据本发明的一个实施例的包装方法和产品中使用的水中所涉及的步骤。
图9图示了将活的牡蛎放置在多层膜袋中，所述膜袋用作根据本发明的一个实施例的容器。
图10示出了用灭菌的且氧饱和的水填充图9中所示的多层膜袋的步骤。
图11示出了根据本发明的一个实施例用纯的氧气填充图9和10所示的多层膜袋的顶部空间。
图12图示了根据本发明的一个实施例通过热封来密封图9至11所示的多层膜袋的步骤。
图13图示了根据本发明的一个实施例的包装好的活的牡蛎的储存和运输。
图14图示了在牡蛎被打开后和食用之前将盐制剂(氯化镁)添加到包装中的步骤。
图15示出了为确定适用于牡蛎包装的合适的氨控制剂而进行的测试的结果。
图16示出了为确定Aquapure氨控制剂的最佳剂量水平而进行的测试结果。
具体实施方式
为方便起见，将针对涉及牡蛎包装的特定实施例来描述本发明，然而本领域技术人员将理解本发明不限于该特定实施例。
牡蛎养殖操作可大致分为四个阶段，即：(i)贝苗收集、(ii)养殖、(iii)收获和(iv)包装/运输和销售。
贝苗或幼牡蛎最初被收集用于随后的养殖和收获，主要是为了避免被捕食者(例如鱼)捕食的风险。贝苗收集涉及使用贝苗收集器(塑料板条或涂有焦油的棒)，其提供最大的表面积，可以在上面附着贝苗。贝苗收集器还配置为能够在不损坏情况下随时取出牡蛎。一旦贝苗以足够数量附着在贝苗收集器上，并且已经长到足够的尺寸使得捕食不再是风险，则幼牡蛎就会从贝苗收集器中移出并移至牡蛎租赁处内的区域(即，租给牡蛎养殖者以养殖牡蛎用于出售的公共水道)，其提供更高的营养负荷，从而促进牡蛎生长(养殖)。
图1A至1C中提供了根据本发明的一个实施例的在牡蛎的养殖、处理、收获和包装中所涉及的步骤的概述。这些步骤中的每一个步骤(在方框200-1400中图示)在图2至14中进一步详细地单独显示和描述。
牡蛎养殖通常使用“机架和轨道”系统或“长线”系统进行。“机架和轨道”系统涉及使用容器，容器被支撑在牡蛎租赁处内建造的机架上，用于存放牡蛎。相比之下，“长线”系统由一条单线组成，在线上可以夹持或悬挂装有牡蛎的篮子。养殖的“长线”系统如图2所示，其中牡蛎(10)被放置在篮子(20)中，篮子(20)被悬挂在线上，线由杆(30)支撑，杆被驱动进入牡蛎租赁处(210)的底部。
在收获之前，成熟牡蛎(10)被移动到牡蛎租赁处的“高能量”区域以进行清洁、硬化和调节。可以理解，牡蛎租赁处的“高能量”区域受到如图3所示的盛行风(310)和波浪(320)的影响。在这种风/波浪的影响下，牡蛎原料会通过机械作用被清理和清洁，从而减少原料的生物污染，为包装、运输和销售做准备。使牡蛎经受这种风/波浪和/或潮汐效应也有助于使牡蛎变硬(通过加强闭壳肌)，这进一步有助于延长牡蛎的保质期。
图4示出了如何从租赁处收集海水(40)以用作放置牡蛎的容器(袋)中的水基液体介质。从收获牡蛎的租赁处收集海水(40)有助于确保满足各种监管和出口要求，因为这种做法避免了从外部海水中引入任何外来污染物、残留物和/或污染物。在将海水(40)引入袋中之前，使用泵(410)，海水(40)通过5微米的过滤系统(420)并收集在1000升的中型散装容器(50)中，为牡蛎包装过程做准备。
参考图5，一旦牡蛎已经成熟到它们准备收获的程度，那么成熟的牡蛎(10)就从篮子(20)中取出并放置在堆放在船只(510)上的箱中。成熟的牡蛎(10)随后被倒入散装箱容器(520)中以运输到加工设备，在那里它们在包装之前经受进一步的清洁、分类和分尺寸/分级。
图6示出了成熟牡蛎(10)的清洁和分类的步骤。这是通过沿着传送带(610)传输牡蛎(10)通过清洗单元来实现的，在清洗单元中牡蛎被喷射加压水(620)的射流和/或通过使用旋转洗涤器(630)进行机械洗涤。高压水清洗和/或机械洗涤有助于在包装前去除牡蛎的壳上的表面有机物质和潜在的副渔获物。
牡蛎还经过分类步骤，其中任何死的或不规则形状的牡蛎被人工丢弃。在分类步骤之后，牡蛎然后通过使用贝类设备设计视觉分级机(Shellfish Equipment DesignVision Grader，SED)进行分级(分尺寸)步骤，其中牡蛎被分为包括“小酒馆”、“自助餐”、“标准”和“大”的类别。
参照图7，牡蛎(10)在被清洗、分类和分级后，进一步进行消毒和净化步骤，以减少微生物和有机负荷，并从而有助于延长保质期。净化步骤涉及在水产养殖箱(710)中浸泡牡蛎，该水产养殖箱包含从储存在中型散装容器(50)中的预处理海水供应的海水(40)。海水(40)通过过滤单元(720)连续被过滤，并加入从储存箱(730)泵出的过氧化氢(20-50毫克/升)。过氧化氢有助于杀死牡蛎身上或体内存在的任何外部的以及可能的内部的细菌和寄生虫。将牡蛎留放在水产养殖箱(710)中大约24小时，以确保去除基本上所有的固体材料，例如牡蛎内脏内容物和死生物，并且还允许过氧化氢消散。在这段时间之后，作为包装过程的一部分，牡蛎准备好放入包含多层膜的屏障袋中，并因此对液体和气体是不可渗透的。
参考图8，在被引入多层膜袋之前，储存在中型散装容器(50)中的处理过的海水(40)经受进一步处理(调节)，包括：使得处理过的海水(40)通过1微米过滤袋(810)过滤并将其暴露于紫外线(820)以产生无菌海水(60)。无菌海水(60)使用陶瓷石扩散器(ceramicstone diffuser)用储存在氧气瓶(80)中的氧气灌注，直到水用氧气过饱和，处于约200-500％的饱和水平。
仍然参考图8，试剂(840)也被添加到无菌海水(60)中以控制氨在包装中的积聚。在这方面，应理解，氨是贝类排泄的天然副产品，当大量存在时会产生令人讨厌的气味。
为了确定用于控制应用在液体介质中的氨的积聚的合适试剂，发明人进行了一系列初步试验，其中测试了三种试剂(Aquapure,Ulva sp.,和Zeolite)的避免或减少包装的牡蛎排泄的氨的积聚的能力。
作为对照，使用置于用氧气过饱和的无菌海水中的预处理牡蛎的包装，不向包装的顶部空间添加氧气或向海水中添加氨控试剂。氨水平(以ppm为单位)是在大约4天后使用API氨测试套件测量的(在一些试验中，在包装密封后测试持续了7天和10天)。每种氨控试剂的原液是通过将1g的试剂溶解在10mL的蒸馏水中制备，并以1至2mL/L的浓度应用于每个测试组(根据需要)。氧气过饱和的海水被用于每个测试组。这些初步试验的结果如图15所示。
初步试验的结果证实，在大约4天后，对照包装(将牡蛎置于过饱和(O2)且无菌的海水中，包装的顶部空间不添加任何氨控试剂或氧气)中的氨水平超过8ppm(注意，8ppm是由API测试设备能够检测到的氨的最大量)。
初步试验的结果也证实了，Ulva sp制剂(石莼制剂)优于其它两种测试的制剂，其中甚至在测试的7天(0.5ppm)和10天(2ppm)后检测到较低水平的氨。然而，虽然石莼制剂显示出有希望避免氨积聚，但由于添加这种制剂而将相关的无脊椎动物群落引入包装随后会带来进一步的问题。因此，石莼制剂被排除不再考虑。
Zeolite制剂(沸石制剂)在避免氨从包装中积聚的能力方面也表现得相对较好，然而，这些海绵体被设计用于连续流过滤，因此它们防止或减少氨积聚的能力在测试的第10天变得忽略不计。因此，沸石制剂的使用被排除不再考虑。
由于Aquapure制剂(净水制剂)没有引入任何额外的生物材料并且不需要连续流过滤，因此进行了进一步的试验以确定需要添加到水基液体介质中的净水原液(1g/10mL蒸馏水)的最佳浓度(mL/L)，以避免由于长时间内牡蛎代谢导致大量氨的积聚。这项进一步的试验进行了25天，将12只牡蛎放入一升过滤水中(使用2微米过滤器)，该过滤水用氧气过饱和。测试了四个净水处理组(5.5mL/L、8mL/L、10mL/L和13mL/L)。该进一步试验的结果如图16所示。
从图16中可以看出，以高于至少8mL/L的浓度应用的净水制剂的处理组表现良好并且避免了氨的积聚至少22天。
因此，以8mL/L-10mL/L的浓度施用的净水原液(1g/10mL)被用作牡蛎的包装的基线。
作为上述测试的结果并再次参考图8，使用每10mL的蒸馏水1g的干粉制备的净水原液也可以介于大约8-10mL/L之间的浓度被添加到无菌海水(60)中，以避免或至少减少在密封后氨在包装产品中的积聚。
一旦牡蛎被清洗、分类和分级，并且海水被调节(即，一旦过滤、灭菌并且已经添加氨控试剂)，则牡蛎就准备好被包装。
参考图9，在卫生条件下将一定量的牡蛎(通常12只牡蛎)放置在多层膜袋(70)中。如图10所示，袋(70)充满预定量的经调节的富氧海水(60)。在这一方面，将理解，添加到袋(70)中的海水(60)的量基于添加到袋中的牡蛎的量来确定。通常，将足够的海水(60)添加到袋中以允许在袋(70)中存在气体顶部空间。
如图11所示，一旦将牡蛎(10)和富氧海水(60)(具有氨控试剂)加入袋(70)中，储存在瓶(80)中的纯的氧气(1110)就被引入袋(70)的顶部空间内。袋的顶部空间构成袋容积的约60％，从而使海水(60)中的氧气水平随着时间的推移而得到补充(通过氧气从气相(顶部空间)扩散到液相(海水)中，从而从牡蛎的包装位置到牡蛎食用前打开包装的位置保持海水中的高浓度的氧。
参考图12，袋(70)通过热棒密封以形成热封(1210)，并从而将活的牡蛎(10)、富氧海水(60)和充满氧气的顶部空间(80)保持在密封的并且不可渗透且不透水气的袋(70)内。
图13示出了活的牡蛎(10)的储存和运输。密封的袋(70)被装箱(1310)以准备运输，在那里它们在储存仓库(1320)中被储存和保持在大约2-8℃之间。由于它们延长的保质期(由于根据本发明的一个实施例的包装方法大约为20天)，牡蛎能够在国内和国际在活的状态下被运输(1330)，而在提供给消费者(例如海鲜零售商、餐馆和公众)之前不影响产品的质量。
在一个实施例中，天然盐制剂(1410)随包装一起提供，消费者可以在打开包装之后和在取出和食用新鲜牡蛎之前任选地将其添加到海水(60)中，如上菜盘(1420)上所示。应当理解，天然盐制剂(1410)对牡蛎具有麻醉作用，使牡蛎肌肉松弛，从而促进去壳过程。
贯穿本说明书和随后的权利要求书，除非上下文另有要求，否则词语“包括”和例如“包含”和“含有”的变体将被理解为意指包括所陈述的特征或步骤，或一组特征或步骤，但不排除任何其它特征或步骤，或一组特征或步骤。
相关技术领域的人员将理解，在不脱离广泛描述的本发明的精神或范围的情况下，可以对如实施例中详述的本发明进行多种变化和/或修改。因此，本实施例在所有方面都被认为是说明性的而非限制性的。
Claims (16)
1.一种包装活的贝类的方法，所述方法包括：
将活的贝类放入可密封的容器中；
将富氧的水基液体介质以一定量引入所述容器中，所述一定量允许在所述容器内部具有气相顶部空间，
将气体引入所述容器中，所述气体包括氧气，其中所述气体以一定量被引入以用所述气体填充所述容器的顶部空间；和
密封所述容器从而将所述容器的内容物保持在密封环境中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述水基液体介质还包括基本上避免氨在所述水基液体介质中积聚的试剂。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其中，所述试剂是甲醛亚硫酸氢钠。
4.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其中，所述气体是氧气和一种或多种其它气态成分的混合物。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其中，所述气体是至少约80％的氧气和20％的一种或多种其它气态成分的混合物。
6.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其中，用氧气过饱和所述水基液体介质。
7.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其中，所述水基液体介质的温度被维持在有助于使所述贝类维持在活的状态的温度下。
8.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法，其中，所述水基液体介质是经过过滤和/或灭菌的海水。
9.一种用于在活的状态下运输贝类的包装产品，该产品包括：
其中容纳有活的贝类的密封容器；
富氧的水基液体；和
充满包括氧气的气体的容器的顶部空间。
10.根据权利要求9所述的包装产品，其中，所述包装产品还包括基本上避免氨在所述水基液体中积聚的试剂。
11.根据权利要求9或权利要求10所述的包装产品，其中，所述试剂是甲醛亚硫酸氢钠。
12.根据权利要求9至11中的任一项所述的包装产品，其中，所述气体是氧气和一种或多种其它气态成分的混合物。
13.根据权利要求12所述的包装产品，其中，所述气体是至少约80％的氧气和20％的一种或多种其它气态成分的混合物。
14.根据权利要求9至13中的任一项所述的包装产品，其中，用氧气过饱和所述水基液体。
15.根据权利要求9至14中的任一项所述的包装产品，其中，所述水基液体的温度被保持在有助于使所述贝类保持在活的状态的温度下。
16.根据权利要求9至15中的任一项所述的包装产品，其中，所述水基液体是过滤和/或灭菌的海水。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2018904478 | 2018-11-23 | ||
| AU2018904478A AU2018904478A0 (en) | 2018-11-23 | Method of packaging shellfish | |
| PCT/AU2019/051282 WO2020102856A1 (en) | 2018-11-23 | 2019-11-21 | Method of packaging shellfish |
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| CN113329623A true CN113329623A (zh) | 2021-08-31 |
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| CN201980089646.2A Pending CN113329623A (zh) | 2018-11-23 | 2019-11-21 | 包装贝类的方法 |
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| Country | Link |
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| US (1) | US20220017247A1 (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP3883373A4 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JP2022510164A (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN113329623A (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU2019384191A1 (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO2020102856A1 (zh) |
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| CN115214999B (zh) * | 2022-09-21 | 2022-12-16 | 山东鑫义食品科技股份有限公司 | 一种多项调节型海产品储存罐 |
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- 2019-11-21 WO PCT/AU2019/051282 patent/WO2020102856A1/en unknown
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| US20220017247A1 (en) | 2022-01-20 |
| AU2019384191A1 (en) | 2021-06-10 |
| WO2020102856A1 (en) | 2020-05-28 |
| EP3883373A4 (en) | 2022-08-24 |
| JP2022510164A (ja) | 2022-01-26 |
| EP3883373A1 (en) | 2021-09-29 |
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