CN113317157A - 防治烟草黑胫病制剂和具有预防烟草黑胫病的连茬烟草种植方法 - Google Patents
防治烟草黑胫病制剂和具有预防烟草黑胫病的连茬烟草种植方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种防治烟草黑胫病制剂和具有预防烟草黑胫病的连茬烟草种植方法,属于植物病害防治技术领域,其中防治烟草黑胫病制剂,由如下组分组成:缓释复合肥70~100份、生物炭30~40份、复合菌剂8~12份、蛭石14~18份;通过具有预防烟草黑胫病的连茬烟草种植方法和施入防治烟草黑胫病制剂能够明显降低连茬的烟草种植区域中黑胫病病害的发生,提升烟株的农艺性状。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及植物病害防治技术领域,尤其涉及一种防治烟草黑胫病制剂和具有预防烟草黑胫病的连茬烟草种植方法。
背景技术
烟草黑胫病又称为“黑杆疯”、“腰烂”、“猪屎斑”,“黑膏药”等,是烟草上的重要病害,平均发病率为5.0%~12%,重者发病株率在50%以上,甚至绝产。黄淮及其以南各烟区发生较重。烟草黑胫病如果在苗期发病,先在茎基部形成黑斑或从底叶发病蔓延至幼茎,如苗床湿度大,病斑很快向上部扩展,并形成许多白色霉层,并可迅速传染相邻叶片和烟草,最终导致烟苗成片死亡。成株期发病,从根颈部位开始,茎秆变黑,叶片从下向上变黄,严重时下垂或全部凋萎,整株死亡;向下扩展可导致主根变黑,皮层腐烂,细根死亡。
并且近年来,随着烟草连作种植年限的延长,特别是对于无法轮作的烟草种植区,烟草黑胫病病情日趋严重;加上生产上栽培烟草品种对黑胫病抗性较差或综合抗性不足和药物防治耐药性增加,单纯的使用甲霜灵锰锌和霜霉威,药剂种类较为单一,且均已有十几年甚至几十年的使用历史,病菌对化学农药产生抗药性,导致防治效果下降,防治成本增加,环境污染加剧。
申请号为CN201410477219.0,发明名称为一种防治烟草黑胫病母土及其制备与使用方法,防治烟草黑胫病母土包括1质量份的复合生防菌微生物有机肥料、1~2质量份的秸秆颗粒和1~2质量份的土壤颗粒;防治烟草黑胫病母土应用效果明显,当施用田间时,复合生防菌利用母土中的营养成分可以在比较长的时间生存与繁殖、并维持优势微生物种群,能在比较感病的根系、根胫部形成有效的防护层,杀灭病菌、减少病菌的数量,阻止病菌的侵染。但是随着连作3年及以上的时间,其种防治烟草黑胫病母土的防治黑胫病的效果并不理想。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明提供一种防治烟草黑胫病制剂和具有预防烟草黑胫病的连茬烟草种植方法,以解决现有对于连茬时间超过3年烟草种植区,防治烟草黑胫病制剂效果不理想额的技术问题。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明提供一种防治烟草黑胫病制剂,包括如下重量份的原料:缓释复合肥70~100份、生物炭30~40份、复合菌剂8~12份、蛭石14~18份。
进一步的,由如下组分组成:缓释复合肥87份、生物炭36份、复合菌剂9份、蛭石15份。
进一步的,所述缓释复合肥包括如下重量份的组分:尿素60份、氯化铵12份、硫酸铵5份、包膜缓释剂10份。
进一步的,所述复合菌剂由以下重量份的原料混合制备而成,有效活菌数至少达到1×107cfu/g地衣芽孢杆菌0.5份、有效活菌数至少达到1×108cfu/g枯草芽孢杆菌菌液1份、改性凹凸棒土5份、熔融尿素2.5份。
进一步的,所述生物炭采用玉米芯为原料制备而成。
进一步的,所述防治烟草黑胫病制剂的制备方法包括如下步骤:先将生物炭与复合菌剂混合均匀后,再加入缓释复合肥、蛭石混匀即可。
一种具有预防烟草黑胫病的连茬烟草种植方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)土壤改良:在烟苗移栽前15~45天,将上述的防治烟草黑胫病制剂撒于土层表面后进行土壤深翻;
(2)药剂处理:烟苗移栽前5~7天,用8mg/mL壳聚糖喷雾处理,在移栽时采用恶霉灵蘸根处理,然后在移栽后10~25天,用上述防治烟草黑胫病制剂稀释500~1000倍后灌根处理,灌根深度20~30cm;
(3)中后期叶面喷施叶面肥和一次杀菌剂。
进一步的,在步骤(3)中,在步骤(3)中,所述杀菌剂为将72%霜眼脐锰锌200倍稀释液或72.2%霖霉威盐酸盐水剂的200倍稀释液或14%洛氨铜水剂的200倍稀释液。
进一步的,在步骤(3)中,所述叶面肥为碳基螯合有机肥。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益技术效果在于:
本发明的防治烟草黑胫病制剂是一种复合菌剂为优势微生物种群,此种菌剂具有保存时间长,一旦施于适用于其生长的土壤后,迅速的存活、繁殖,并维持稳定种群数量。本发明的防治烟草黑胫病制剂能够明显降低4年连茬的烟草种植区域中黑胫病病害的发生,可以将发病率最多可以降至2.9%。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例来说明本发明的具体实施方式,但以下实施例只是用来详细说明本发明,并不以任何方式限制本发明的范围。在以下实施例中所涉及的仪器设备如无特别说明,均为常规仪器设备;所涉及的工业原料(试剂、原料视情况选择)如无特别说明,均为市售常规工业原料;所涉及的加工制作方法(检测、测试、制备方法等视情况而选择),如无特别说明,均为常规方法。
实施例1:一种具有预防烟草黑胫病的连茬烟草种植方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)土壤改良:在烟苗移栽前30天将防治烟草黑胫病制剂按照50kg/亩施撒于土层表面后进行土壤深翻;
(2)药剂处理:云烟85的烟苗移栽前5天,用8mg/mL壳聚糖喷雾处理,在移栽时采用恶霉灵蘸根处理,移栽深度6~8cm,行距应120cm 左右,间距50cm左右;然后在移栽后第15天,用防治烟草黑胫病制剂稀释500倍后灌根处理,灌根深度20~30cm,防治烟草黑胫病制剂施加量25kg/亩;
(3)中后期叶面喷施一次赛固特生物科技公司生产碳基螯合有机肥叶面肥和一次杀菌剂。所述杀菌剂为72%霜眼脐锰锌,稀释200倍。
该防治烟草黑胫病制剂,由如下组分组成:缓释复合肥87份、生物炭36份、复合菌剂9份、蛭石15份。本发明中添加了缓释复合肥,可以为烟草的生长提供的肥力时间更长。
本发明中,所述缓释复合肥包括如下重量份的组分:尿素60份、氯化铵12份、硫酸铵5份、包膜缓释剂10份。
本发明中,所述复合菌剂由以下重量份的原料混合制备而成,有效活菌数达到1×107cfu/g地衣芽孢杆菌0.5份、有效活菌数达到1×108cfu/g枯草芽孢杆菌菌液1份。
本发明中,所述生物炭采用玉米芯为原料制备而成。所述防治烟草黑胫病制剂的制备方法包括如下步骤:先将玉米芯与复合菌剂混合均匀后,再加入缓释复合肥、蛭石混匀即可。因为生物炭可以将复合菌剂吸附在生物炭的内部和表面,该制剂施入土壤后,生物炭的表面的迅速的存活、繁殖,并维持稳定种群数量,并随着施入时间的延长,吸附在生物炭内部的芽孢菌会逐渐的释放,为芽孢菌数量的稳定提供了持续的保证。
实施例2:与实施例1的不同之处在于:
一种防治烟草黑胫病制剂,由如下组分组成:缓释复合肥87份、生物炭30份、复合菌剂12份、蛭石15份。
实施例3:与实施例1的不同之处在于:
一种防治烟草黑胫病制剂,由如下组分组成:缓释复合肥87份、生物炭40份、复合菌剂8份、蛭石15份。
实施例4:与实施例1的不同之处在于:有效活菌数至少达到1×107cfu/g地衣芽孢杆菌10份、有效活菌数至少达到1×108cfu/g枯草芽孢杆菌菌液1份。
实施例5:与实施例1的不同之处在于:所述防治烟草黑胫病制剂的制备方法包括如下步骤:将生物炭、复合菌剂、缓释复合肥、蛭石一起混匀。
对比例1:与实施例1的不同之处在于:
该制剂由如下组分组成:缓释复合肥87份、复合菌剂9份、蛭石15份。
对比例2:与实施例1的不同之处在于:
该制剂由如下组分组成:缓释复合肥87份、生物炭36份、蛭石15份。
对比例3:与实施例1的不同之处在于:
(1)土壤改良:在烟苗移栽前30天0.5kg的母土(申请号CN201410477219.0,推荐量)施撒于土层表面后进行土壤深翻;
(2)药剂处理:云烟85的烟苗移栽前5天,用8mg/mL壳聚糖喷雾处理,在移栽时采用恶霉灵蘸根处理,移栽深度6~8cm,行距应120cm 左右,间距50cm左右;然后在移栽后第15天,用实施例1中防治烟草黑胫病制剂稀释500倍后灌根处理25kg/亩,灌根深度20~30cm;
(3)中后期叶面喷施一次赛固特生物科技公司生产碳基螯合有机肥叶面肥和一次杀菌剂;所述杀菌剂为72%霜眼脐锰锌,稀释200倍。
对比例4:与实施例1的不同之处在于:在步骤(1)中,烟苗移栽前施撒尿素,进行土壤深翻;在步骤(2)中霜眼脐锰锌替代防治烟草黑胫病制剂根施。
效果例:
试验于2019年分别在驻马店市泌阳县杨家集乡董庄区域为试验点进行;各试验地地势平坦,灌排方便,代表性较强;试验前已经烟草连茬3年,第三年黑胫病发病率达72%以上。将此地块划分为30个5*5min地块,对应9个试验处理组,每个处理组3个平行。按优质烟栽培进行水肥和其他病虫害防治管理,按GB/T23222—2008方法调查发病情况,统计发病率、病情指数,按GB/T23222—2008方法计算相对防治效果。
病害调查时,同时调查各处理的最大叶长宽、茎围、株高等农艺性状。另外,取各处理根际土样按常规土壤微生物分离方法,分别涂布于牛肉膏蛋白胨、高氏一号和马丁氏培养基上培养,测定土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量。
1. 不同处理对与防治黑胫病效果的影响
表1不同处理对与防治黑胫病效果的影响
试验结果如表1所示,结果表明,本发明的防治烟草黑胫病制剂能够明显降低连茬的烟草种植区域中黑胫病病害的发生,可以将发病率最多可以降至2.9%,实施例1和实施例4相比可知,增添地衣芽孢杆菌施入量,仅是在一定程度上降低了发病率,但对于发病率和病情指数的控制效果不明显。
通过实施例1和实施例5相比可知,先将生物炭与复合菌剂预先混合,对黑胫病的控制有积极的作用。
通过实施例1与对比例1和2可知,生物炭的表面的迅速的存活、繁殖,并维持稳定种群数量,并随着施入时间的延长,吸附在生物炭内部的芽孢菌会逐渐的释放,为芽孢菌数量的稳定提供了持续的保证,两者的联合使用,可以大大降低黑胫病的发病率。
实施例1与对比例4相比,化学药剂对于连茬4年的烟草种植区域,对黑胫病的预防效果有限。而本发明的防治烟草黑胫病制剂在烟草种植前施入一次,其中的复合菌剂很快的生长繁殖,抑制了有害菌群的生长。
2.不同处理对于烟株的农艺性状
每个地块选择有代表性的烟株5株挂牌作标记,分别在移栽后60d记录株高、茎围、叶片数、最大叶长及宽等农艺性状。
表2烟株的农艺性状
试验结果如表2所示,结果表明,本发明的防治烟草黑胫病制剂能够明显降低提升烟株株高、茎围、叶片数、最大叶长及宽,说明本种植方法可以提升烟草的生长速度。
以上所述是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,上面结合实施例对本发明作了详细的说明,但是,所属技术领域的技术人员能够理解,在不脱离本发明宗旨的前提下,还可以对上述实施例中的各个具体参数进行变更,形成多个具体的实施例,均为本发明的常见变化范围,在此不再一一详述。
Claims (9)
1.一种防治烟草黑胫病制剂,其特征在于,由如下组分组成:缓释复合肥70~100份、生物炭30~40份、复合菌剂8~12份、蛭石14~18份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的防治烟草黑胫病制剂,其特征在于,由如下组分组成:缓释复合肥87份、生物炭36份、复合菌剂9份、蛭石15份。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的防治烟草黑胫病制剂,其特征在于,所述缓释复合肥包括如下重量份的组分:尿素60份、氯化铵12份、硫酸铵5份、包膜缓释剂10份。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的防治烟草黑胫病制剂,其特征在于,所述复合菌剂由以下重量份的原料混合制备而成,有效活菌数至少达到1×107cfu/g地衣芽孢杆菌0.5份、有效活菌数至少达到1×108cfu/g枯草芽孢杆菌菌液1份。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的防治烟草黑胫病制剂,其特征在于,所述生物炭采用玉米芯为原料制备而成。
6.根据权利要求5所述的防治烟草黑胫病制剂,其特征在于,所述防治烟草黑胫病制剂的制备方法包括如下步骤:先将生物炭与复合菌剂混合均匀后,再加入缓释复合肥、蛭石混匀即可。
7.一种具有预防烟草黑胫病的连茬烟草种植方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:(1)土壤改良:在烟苗移栽前15~45天,将权利要求1-6任意一项所述的防治烟草黑胫病制剂施撒于土层表面后进行土壤深翻;
(2)药剂处理:烟苗移栽前5~7天,用8mg/mL壳聚糖喷雾处理,在移栽时采用恶霉灵蘸根处理,然后在移栽后10~25天,用上述防治烟草黑胫病制剂稀释500~1000倍后灌根处理,灌根深度20~30cm;
(3)中后期叶面喷施一次叶面肥和一次杀菌剂。
8.根据权利要求7所述的具有预防烟草黑胫病的连茬烟草种植方法,其特征在于,在步骤(3)中,所述杀菌剂为将72%霜眼脐锰锌200倍稀释液或72.2%霖霉威盐酸盐水剂的200倍稀释液或14%洛氨铜水剂的200倍稀释液。
9.根据权利要求7所述的具有预防烟草黑胫病的连茬烟草种植方法,其特征在于,在步骤(3)中,所述叶面肥为的碳基螯合有机肥。
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