CN113278957B - 制备用于冷成型的金属成型体的方法 - Google Patents
制备用于冷成型的金属成型体的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113278957B CN113278957B CN202110475493.4A CN202110475493A CN113278957B CN 113278957 B CN113278957 B CN 113278957B CN 202110475493 A CN202110475493 A CN 202110475493A CN 113278957 B CN113278957 B CN 113278957B
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- oxalic acid
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- composition
- oxalate
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 34
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title description 34
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 5
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 266
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 106
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Guanidine Chemical compound NC(N)=N ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methyl-guanidine Natural products CNC(N)=N CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- SWSQBOPZIKWTGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylaminoamidine Natural products CN(C)C(N)=N SWSQBOPZIKWTGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 65
- MVWDJLOUEUAWIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N O=C=O.O=C=O Chemical compound O=C=O.O=C=O MVWDJLOUEUAWIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- IDCPFAYURAQKDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-nitroguanidine Chemical compound NC(=N)N[N+]([O-])=O IDCPFAYURAQKDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 12
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- -1 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005491 wire drawing Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000002366 halogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical class [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000009969 flowable effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
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- 150000003018 phosphorus compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000083 poly(allylamine) Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
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- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002357 guanidines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010409 ironing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001297 Zn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001023 inorganic pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005580 one pot reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012860 organic pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 36
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 20
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 15
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- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 13
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- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 11
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 8
- LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H zinc phosphate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 8
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910000165 zinc phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 6
- VEPSWGHMGZQCIN-UHFFFAOYSA-H ferric oxalate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[Fe+3].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O VEPSWGHMGZQCIN-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 6
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 5
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000000641 cold extrusion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000003891 oxalate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000004764 thiosulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Phosphate ion(2-) Chemical class OP([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000001639 boron compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000004571 lime Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L thiosulfate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]S([S-])(=O)=O DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 2
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- HAMNKKUPIHEESI-UHFFFAOYSA-N aminoguanidine Chemical compound NNC(N)=N HAMNKKUPIHEESI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- NPLZZSLZTJVZSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+);oxalate;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[Fe+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O NPLZZSLZTJVZSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
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- 150000002826 nitrites Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- KJFMBFZCATUALV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenolphthalein Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1(C=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)O1 KJFMBFZCATUALV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- DDYDBBBQYLFRJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N (diaminomethylideneamino)urea Chemical compound NC(=N)NNC(N)=O DDYDBBBQYLFRJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OWRCNXZUPFZXOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-diphenylguanidine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1NC(=N)NC1=CC=CC=C1 OWRCNXZUPFZXOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FZJMSTZGWFCPCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-iminoguanidine Chemical compound NC(=N)N=N FZJMSTZGWFCPCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MIMUSZHMZBJBPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-methoxy-8-nitroquinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC(OC)=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C21 MIMUSZHMZBJBPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229960000686 benzalkonium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[NH+](C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- STIAPHVBRDNOAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbamimidoylazanium;carbonate Chemical compound NC(N)=N.NC(N)=N.OC(O)=O STIAPHVBRDNOAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- JRBPAEWTRLWTQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecylamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCN JRBPAEWTRLWTQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- DXTIKTAIYCJTII-UHFFFAOYSA-N guanidine acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O.NC([NH3+])=N DXTIKTAIYCJTII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NDEMNVPZDAFUKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N guanidine;nitric acid Chemical compound NC(N)=N.O[N+]([O-])=O.O[N+]([O-])=O NDEMNVPZDAFUKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- FBAFATDZDUQKNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M iron chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Fe] FBAFATDZDUQKNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000014413 iron hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FRVCGRDGKAINSV-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+);octadecanoate Chemical compound [Fe+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O FRVCGRDGKAINSV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- OWZIYWAUNZMLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+);oxalate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O OWZIYWAUNZMLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Fe+2] NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002372 labelling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- GVALZJMUIHGIMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H magnesium phosphate Chemical class [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GVALZJMUIHGIMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 239000004137 magnesium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010994 magnesium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- BECVLEVEVXAFSH-UHFFFAOYSA-K manganese(3+);phosphate Chemical class [Mn+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O BECVLEVEVXAFSH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052982 molybdenum disulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MXHTZQSKTCCMFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dibenzyl-1-phenylmethanamine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1CN(CC=1C=CC=CC=1)CC1=CC=CC=C1 MXHTZQSKTCCMFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004005 nitrosamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrous oxide Inorganic materials [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- GEVPUGOOGXGPIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxalic acid;dihydrate Chemical group O.O.OC(=O)C(O)=O GEVPUGOOGXGPIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920000151 polyglycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010695 polyglycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005488 sandblasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007790 scraping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000019345 sodium thiosulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001502 supplementing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003585 thioureas Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical class [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- ITRNXVSDJBHYNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten disulfide Chemical compound S=[W]=S ITRNXVSDJBHYNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001285 xanthan gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000230 xanthan gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940082509 xanthan gum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010493 xanthan gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003752 zinc compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZPEJZWGMHAKWNL-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;oxalate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O ZPEJZWGMHAKWNL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- WCKIDCVWRJUPFY-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;oxalate;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[Zn+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O WCKIDCVWRJUPFY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/46—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing oxalates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M173/00—Lubricating compositions containing more than 10% water
- C10M173/02—Lubricating compositions containing more than 10% water not containing mineral or fatty oils
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
- C23C2/04—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the coating material
- C23C2/06—Zinc or cadmium or alloys based thereon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/78—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/82—After-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/82—After-treatment
- C23C22/83—Chemical after-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/20—Metal working
- C10N2040/24—Metal working without essential removal of material, e.g. forming, gorging, drawing, pressing, stamping, rolling or extruding; Punching metal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2080/00—Special pretreatment of the material to be lubricated, e.g. phosphatising or chromatising of a metal
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
- Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110475493.4A CN113278957B (zh) | 2013-10-17 | 2014-10-16 | 制备用于冷成型的金属成型体的方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102013221107.4 | 2013-10-17 | ||
| DE102013221107 | 2013-10-17 | ||
| CN202110475493.4A CN113278957B (zh) | 2013-10-17 | 2014-10-16 | 制备用于冷成型的金属成型体的方法 |
| PCT/EP2014/072191 WO2015055756A1 (de) | 2013-10-17 | 2014-10-16 | Verfahren zur vorbereitung von metallischen formkörpern für die kaltumformung |
| CN201480069242.4A CN105940144A (zh) | 2013-10-17 | 2014-10-16 | 制备用于冷成型的金属成型体的方法 |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201480069242.4A Division CN105940144A (zh) | 2013-10-17 | 2014-10-16 | 制备用于冷成型的金属成型体的方法 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN113278957A CN113278957A (zh) | 2021-08-20 |
| CN113278957B true CN113278957B (zh) | 2024-04-16 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN202110475493.4A Active CN113278957B (zh) | 2013-10-17 | 2014-10-16 | 制备用于冷成型的金属成型体的方法 |
| CN201480069242.4A Pending CN105940144A (zh) | 2013-10-17 | 2014-10-16 | 制备用于冷成型的金属成型体的方法 |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201480069242.4A Pending CN105940144A (zh) | 2013-10-17 | 2014-10-16 | 制备用于冷成型的金属成型体的方法 |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US10392705B2 (https=) |
| EP (1) | EP3058116B1 (https=) |
| CN (2) | CN113278957B (https=) |
| AR (1) | AR098079A1 (https=) |
| BR (1) | BR112016008260B1 (https=) |
| CA (1) | CA2926737C (https=) |
| DE (1) | DE102014220976A1 (https=) |
| ES (1) | ES2884814T3 (https=) |
| MX (1) | MX386406B (https=) |
| RU (1) | RU2696628C2 (https=) |
| TW (1) | TW201525194A (https=) |
| WO (1) | WO2015055756A1 (https=) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102015211626A1 (de) * | 2015-06-23 | 2017-01-19 | Richard Bergner Verbindungstechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Verbindungselements sowie Verbindungselement |
| US10266934B1 (en) * | 2016-06-03 | 2019-04-23 | Sabre Communications Corporation | Selective coating to inhibit cracking from galvanizing |
| DE102017121629A1 (de) | 2017-09-19 | 2019-03-21 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Lagerbauteils sowie Lagerbauteil |
| WO2020165035A1 (de) | 2019-02-14 | 2020-08-20 | Chemetall Gmbh | Vereinfachtes verfahren zur vorbehandlung von metallischen substraten für die kaltumformung und reaktiver schmierstoff hierzu |
| CN110863199A (zh) * | 2019-10-30 | 2020-03-06 | 湖南金裕环保科技有限公司 | 不锈钢表面活化剂、制备方法及应用 |
| EP4110889B1 (en) * | 2020-02-25 | 2025-01-08 | Chemetall GmbH | One-step pretreatment method of metallic substrates for metal cold forming |
| CN112683634B (zh) * | 2020-12-04 | 2022-11-25 | 成都先进金属材料产业技术研究院股份有限公司 | 清晰显示冷轧态α+β型钛合金管材金相组织的腐蚀方法 |
| CA3179587A1 (en) * | 2021-10-27 | 2023-04-27 | Dimachem Inc. | Dry film lubricant composition |
| CN114045481B (zh) * | 2021-11-24 | 2023-07-25 | 永胜机械工业（昆山）有限公司 | 一种钛复合钢板设备热处理前去除钛表面铁离子的方法 |
| TWI880385B (zh) * | 2022-11-11 | 2025-04-11 | 日商帕卡熱處理工業股份有限公司 | 鹽浴熱處理裝置 |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3481762A (en) * | 1966-03-10 | 1969-12-02 | Du Pont | Metal lubrication process |
| CN1754009A (zh) * | 2002-12-24 | 2006-03-29 | 坎梅陶尔股份有限公司 | 在金属表面上提供薄腐蚀抑制涂层的方法 |
| CN101983232A (zh) * | 2008-01-30 | 2011-03-02 | 凯密特尔有限责任公司 | 用磷酸盐层和然后用聚合物润滑剂层涂覆金属表面的方法 |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2086712A (en) | 1932-01-21 | 1937-07-13 | Parker Rust Proof Co | Coating zinc and the coated article |
| DE734859C (de) * | 1940-04-11 | 1943-04-29 | Dr Herbert Luckmann | Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Schichten auf Eisen und Eisenlegierungen |
| US2550660A (en) | 1948-09-04 | 1951-05-01 | Parker Rust Proof Co | Process for producing adherent coatings on stainless steel to facilitate drawing operations |
| DE976692C (de) | 1951-06-26 | 1964-02-27 | Metallgesellschaft Ag | Verfahren zum Aufbringen von Oxalatueberzuegen auf Metallen |
| GB823373A (en) | 1955-05-24 | 1959-11-11 | Pyrene Co Ltd | Improvements relating to the formation of coatings on metal surfaces |
| DE2125503A1 (de) | 1971-05-22 | 1972-12-14 | Metallgesellschaft Ag | Oxalierungsverfahren für Eisen- und Stahloberflächen |
| US4298404A (en) * | 1979-09-06 | 1981-11-03 | Richardson Chemical Company | Chromium-free or low-chromium metal surface passivation |
| IL157290A0 (en) * | 2001-02-08 | 2004-02-19 | Rem Technologies | Chemical mechanical machining and surface finishing |
| DE10305449A1 (de) * | 2003-02-11 | 2004-08-26 | Walter Hillebrand Gmbh & Co. | Pigmenthaltiges Stoffgemisch zur Erzeugung farbiger Passivierungsschichten |
| DE10339165A1 (de) * | 2003-08-26 | 2005-03-24 | Henkel Kgaa | Farbige Konversionsschichten auf Metalloberflächen |
| CN103687979A (zh) * | 2011-07-15 | 2014-03-26 | 油研工业股份有限公司 | 用于在铁系部件上形成含铬的化学合成被膜的水系酸性组合物以及包含通过该组合物形成的化学合成被膜的铁系部件 |
-
2014
- 2014-10-16 BR BR112016008260-5A patent/BR112016008260B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2014-10-16 ES ES14784475T patent/ES2884814T3/es active Active
- 2014-10-16 US US15/029,450 patent/US10392705B2/en active Active
- 2014-10-16 TW TW103135765A patent/TW201525194A/zh unknown
- 2014-10-16 DE DE201410220976 patent/DE102014220976A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2014-10-16 WO PCT/EP2014/072191 patent/WO2015055756A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2014-10-16 CA CA2926737A patent/CA2926737C/en active Active
- 2014-10-16 MX MX2016004805A patent/MX386406B/es unknown
- 2014-10-16 CN CN202110475493.4A patent/CN113278957B/zh active Active
- 2014-10-16 CN CN201480069242.4A patent/CN105940144A/zh active Pending
- 2014-10-16 EP EP14784475.7A patent/EP3058116B1/de active Active
- 2014-10-16 RU RU2016118792A patent/RU2696628C2/ru active
- 2014-10-17 AR ARP140103884A patent/AR098079A1/es unknown
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3481762A (en) * | 1966-03-10 | 1969-12-02 | Du Pont | Metal lubrication process |
| CN1754009A (zh) * | 2002-12-24 | 2006-03-29 | 坎梅陶尔股份有限公司 | 在金属表面上提供薄腐蚀抑制涂层的方法 |
| CN101983232A (zh) * | 2008-01-30 | 2011-03-02 | 凯密特尔有限责任公司 | 用磷酸盐层和然后用聚合物润滑剂层涂覆金属表面的方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| MX2016004805A (es) | 2016-06-24 |
| US10392705B2 (en) | 2019-08-27 |
| CA2926737A1 (en) | 2015-04-23 |
| BR112016008260A2 (https=) | 2017-08-01 |
| TW201525194A (zh) | 2015-07-01 |
| EP3058116A1 (de) | 2016-08-24 |
| RU2016118792A (ru) | 2017-11-21 |
| CA2926737C (en) | 2022-10-04 |
| RU2696628C2 (ru) | 2019-08-05 |
| CN105940144A (zh) | 2016-09-14 |
| AR098079A1 (es) | 2016-04-27 |
| BR112016008260B1 (pt) | 2022-01-11 |
| EP3058116B1 (de) | 2021-06-09 |
| WO2015055756A1 (de) | 2015-04-23 |
| CN113278957A (zh) | 2021-08-20 |
| ES2884814T3 (es) | 2021-12-13 |
| US20160265116A1 (en) | 2016-09-15 |
| RU2016118792A3 (https=) | 2018-07-31 |
| DE102014220976A1 (de) | 2015-04-23 |
| MX386406B (es) | 2025-03-18 |
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