CN1132607A - 强化果汁 - Google Patents

强化果汁 Download PDF

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CN1132607A
CN1132607A CN95121861A CN95121861A CN1132607A CN 1132607 A CN1132607 A CN 1132607A CN 95121861 A CN95121861 A CN 95121861A CN 95121861 A CN95121861 A CN 95121861A CN 1132607 A CN1132607 A CN 1132607A
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D·F·霍罗宾
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Abstract

一种富含或加入GLA和/或DGLA的果汁，果汁中含1mg-30g/100ml，优选10mg-15g/100ml且最优选100mg-2g/100ml的GLA和/或DGLA，还可含有或不含有其它脂肪酸如AA、或SA、或EPA或DHA，含量为1mg-30g/100ml，优选10mg-15g/100ml，最优选100mg-2g/100ml。

Description

强化果汁
必须脂肪酸(EFAs)对人体健康是特别重要的。在图1中列出了十二种必须脂肪酸。大多数食物含有一定量的原脂肪酸、亚油酸(LA)和α-亚油酸(ALA)。然而，为了在体内起到它们的作用，LA和ALA必须先进行6-去饱和反应，首先在限速下与δ-6-去饱和酶反应，然后进一步转化成图中表示的脂肪酸。在它们中间，ω-6型的二聚-γ-亚油酸(DGLA)和花生四烯酸(AA)和ω-3型的二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)。γ-亚油酸(GLA)和硬脂酸(SA)的摄入对人体也很重要，因为在限速步骤它们可以较容易地转化成其它相关的脂肪酸。
GLA和DGLA有多种益处，尤其是在促进人体健康方面非常有价值。在人体中，6-去饱和酶的作用特别缓慢。饮食中只有10-20％的ALA和1-3％的LA转化为它们的代谢产物。这就是为什么人乳(不同于牛乳)富含DGLA、GLA、AA、EPA和DHA。需要为婴儿提供这些脂肪酸，因为他们不能即时地为自已进行足够的转化。直到最近，婴儿配方只含亚油酸或LA+AIA，而不含进一步的代谢物。现在，婴儿配方已经含有GLA、AA和DHA，并且在这一领域有了一些专利，例如EP-0140805B和US-4670285。但没有一种配方所含最终的GLA浓度超过100mg/100ml。
然而，并不只是婴儿需要原脂肪酸的代谢物。对于较大的儿童和成人在许多情况下n-6EFAs、GLA、DGLA和AA都是有帮助的，包括皮肤病，如湿疹和痤疮；糖尿病及其并发症；高血压和其它心血管疾病，包括冠状和周围血管疾病；炎症性疾病，如风湿病和骨关节炎，全身性红斑狼疮、节段性回肠炎、溃疡性结肠炎和其它许多炎症；呼吸系统疾病，如哮喘；精神疾病，如精神分裂症和醇中毒；胃肠疾病，如消化道溃疡；一些癌症；骨质疏松症；前列腺疾病；肾功能衰退。ω-3脂肪酸如EPA和DHA也有帮助，联合服用ω-6和ω-3型EFAs对上述许多疾病有益。
人们对ω-3型十分关注但忽视了ω-6型。本发明人认为GLA和DGLA对人体健康特别重要。
能产生在某种程度上吸引用户并使消费者愉快的EFAs是重要的。天然的、合成的或半合成的果汁对各年龄的大多数服用者都能很好地接受。所以它们是服用脂肪酸如GLA、DGLA和任选的其它种类如AA、SA、EPA和DHA的很好的赋型剂。脂肪酸可以甘油酯、酯、盐、游离酸、磷脂或其它适宜的形式供给，尽管甘油酯、乙基酯和磷酯形式更好，因为通常这几种是无味的。可以使用本技术领域公知的任何可接受的乳化剂或系统。但我们发现常用的磷酯和合成的乳化剂虽可使用，而来自植物源的半乳糖脂和乳鞘酯类在生产稳定的乳液方面效果特别好。由于脂肪酸易氧化，所以应加入适宜的抗氧剂。我们发现，许多常用的抗氧剂效果不错，而在以前的专利文献(如EP-0577305A)中描述的抗坏血酸/磷酯化的单-或二-酰基甘油酯体系效果特别好。
可以从包括晚报春油、紫草油、茶藨子油和毛霉、根霉、螺施藻等各种真菌和藻类中获得GLA甘油酯或各种完全或部分纯化的衍生物。DGLA可以从GLA合成，或从各种动物组织如肝、肾、肾上腺或性腺中分离得到。AA可从所述的动物组织中分离或从蛋黄中分离，或从各种真菌和藻类油中获得。发现SA在许多植物油包括茶藨子油、鹤虱油(Lappula Squarrosa)及真菌和藻类油中存在。发现EPA和DHA存在于海洋动物油及各种藻类和真菌油中。所有这些脂肪酸可以用化学方法合成，但现在的方法很复杂昂贵。
本发明特别指出在任一种果汁中加入治疗剂量的GLA和/或DGLA(天然的或合成的)。
每种脂肪酸以任一适宜形式与果汁乳液混合，用量为1mg-30g/100ml，优选10mg-15g，最优选100mg-2g/100ml。用于治疗的量为100mg/天和以上，但对健康人来说低速率的补充可能更好。甘油酯、磷酯和酯是优选的形式，因为它们相对无味。但其它任何能被制成可口口味和以可吸收形式供给GLA或DGLA的衍生物也可以使用。制成总脂肪酸浓度约大于30g/100ml的乳液是困难的。任何形式的天然或合成果汁，例如橙汁、苹果汁、葡萄汁、桃汁、菠萝汁、柠檬汁、茶藨子汁、猕猴桃汁、草莓汁、覆盆子汁、番石榴汁、梨汁或由其它任何水果制成的果汁都可使用。果汁乳液可以用任何适宜的矫味剂或甜味剂采取任何适宜的方法进行矫味和/或增甜。乳液内还可加入其它营养物质，如钙、维生素C或任何其它水溶性或脂溶性营养成份。乳液也可用作具有治疗作用的天然或合成治疗产品的赋形剂。乳液根据要求可以是不灭菌、巴氏消毒或灭菌形式。外包装可以是任何适宜的果外包装。
本发明的主要方面在于：
1.任意类的果汁中加入1mg-20g/100ml，优选10mg-15g/100ml，最优选100mg-2g/100ml的GLA和/或DGLA。其它脂肪酸如AA或SA或EPA或DHA可以lmg-30g/100ml，优选10mg-15g/100ml，最优选100mg-2g/100ml的剂量加入其中或不加入。
2.在(1)中所述的加入GLA和/或DGLA的任意类型的果汁中，可加入或不加入钙，可加或不加入其它脂肪酸，特别是EPA，用以提高钙的吸收量、保持钙的平衡和治疗及预防骨质疏松症。钙可以任意适宜形式以使50mg-2000mg的钙加入到100ml果汁中。适宜的钙源包括但不局限于必须脂肪酸的钙盐、氯化钙、葡萄糖酸钙、乳酸钙、碳酸钙、磷酸钙、乙酰丙酸钙和谷氨酸钙(Calcium glubionate)。
3.在(1)中所述的加入GLA和/或DGLA的任意类型的果汁可用于上述任意疾病的预防和治疗。
4.在(1)中所述的加入GLA和/或DGLA的任意类型的果汁可用于冶疗和预防特异性湿疹。
5.在(1)中所述的加入GLA和/或DGLA的任意类型的果汁，可加或不加入EPA或DHA，用来预防和治疗风湿病或骨关节炎。
6.在(1)中所述的加入GLA和/或DGLA的任意类型的果汁，可加入或不加入EPA、DHA或AA，用来治疗精神分裂症或醇中毒。
7.在(1)中所述的加入GLA和/或DGLA的任意类型的果汁，可加入或不加入AA、EPA或DHA，用来治疗高血压，冠状动脉疾病或周围血管疾病。
8.在(1)中所述的加入GLA和/或DGLA的任意类型的果汁，可加入或不加剂量为10mg-2000mg/100ml的其它脂肪酸或营养成份，如抗坏血酸或抗坏血酸盐，用于治疗或预防哮喘及其并发症。
9.在(1)中所述的加入GLA和/或DGLA的任意类型的果汁，或加入或不加入剂量为1mg-800mg/100ml的其它脂肪酸和其它营养成份，如锌，用来治疗和预防前列腺疾病，包括前列腺肥大。
10.10.在(1)中所述的加入GLA和/或DGLA的任意类型的果汁，可加入或不加入剂量为10mg-2000mg/100ml的其它脂肪酸和其它营养成份，如抗坏血酸或抗坏血酸盐，用来为癌症患者提供营养。
强化果汁可以用任何本领域技术人员已知的方法制备。然而，一种易于实施的常用方法是在含油的GLA或DGLA中加入0.1-5.0％适宜的乳化剂，再将其加到在能强烈混合的设备中的果汁中，乳化剂可以是磷酯(这种磷酯是由蛋类或由植物如大豆衍生的)或合成乳化剂，但优选植物半乳糖脂或牛乳鞘类磷脂。
配方实施例
所有的配方中除果汁本身的天然乳化剂以外，都可使用0.1-5％加到脂肪酸源中的半乳糖酯、牛乳鞘类磷酯或磷酯作为乳化剂。
1.天然或合成的橙汁，含从上文所述的任意原料中分离的脂肪酸甘油酯或磷酯，所提供的水平在每100ml 100-2000mg的GLA。
2.如(1)所述，但含DGA。
3.如(1)或(2)所述，但另含选自AA、SA、EPA或DHA中的两种、三种或四种脂肪酸。
4-6，如(1-3)所述，但制备时加入从任意适宜原料获得的钙，但优选上文所述的，其提供的剂量优选50-1000mg/100ml。
7-9如(1-3)所述，但制备时加入抗坏血酸或抗坏血酸盐，其提供的剂量优选10-2000mg/100ml。
10-12如(1-3)所述，但制备时使用葡萄汁或苹果汁，可按实施例4-6和7-9加入钙或抗坏血酸也可不加入。
上述实施例可以用任意适宜的果汁、矫味剂、色素、稳定剂、乳化剂，半乳糖酯或牛乳鞘类磷酯，以优选的脂肪酸水平0.1-5％(重量比)来配制。从任意原料如大豆、乳汁、蛋类或其它原料获得的磷酯或鞘类磷酯也可以使用。
半乳糖脂乳化剂的实例
关于半乳糖酯，基于半乳糖通常分为两种类型的类脂，即单-半乳糖基二酰基甘油和双-半乳糖基二酰基甘油。通常使用的术语和缩略语是单半乳糖基二甘油酯，MGDG和双半乳糖基二甘油酯DGDG。所述化合物的一般结构如下：
Figure A9512186100091
其中R1，R2＝脂肪酸残基
             MGDG                 DGDG
某种程度上，两个脂肪酸残基中的一个在两种类脂中可缺少，这样导致了相关的单酰基化合物的生成，即双半乳糖基单甘油酯，DGMG和单半乳糖基单甘油酯，MGMG。也可以少量产生与另外的半乳糖单体聚合的高聚同系物。提取半乳糖脂的实例
糖基甘油脂原料可从选自几乎任何含糖脂的植物原料中提得。优选的植物原料是谷物的种子和果仁，例如小麦、黑麦、燕麦、玉米、大米、小米和芝麻。
下文涉及从燕麦谷粒中制备半乳糖脂的步骤。
200kg燕麦谷粒子(kungsrnen，Sweden)磨碎后在提取罐中搅拌下用1000L 95％的乙醇在70℃提取3小时。在温热的同时对稀浆进行离心，并将固体部分分离。液体部分在最高60℃温度下蒸发，得大约10kg浅棕色油状提取物。
糖类可用下列方法除去：
将10kg提取物小心地与10L己烷(己烷聚合级，沸程65-70℃，Shell)和50L 70％的含水醇混合。过夜后，混合物分为两相。弃去下层含糖类的极性相。类脂存在于上层相。
将上层相(约有20L)引入不锈钢柱，该柱为30cm×20cm(ID×h)，体积为14L，并含6.25kg硅胶(Matrex Silica Si，颗粒大小20-45μm，孔直径60A，Amicon Corporation，Danvers出品)。将该柱加热至50℃，然后用30L己烷∶异丙醇为90∶10的混合物洗涤，以除去所有甘油三酯。
然后用20L己烷∶异丙醇为60∶40的混合物从柱中洗脱糖酯材料，得糖脂部分。蒸发糖脂部分得约700g糖脂产品。
用HPLC分析糖脂产品显示其中糖脂含＞70面积％的DGDG。DGDG1和DGDG2两个峰分别代表两种具有不同酰基结构的双半乳糖基二甘油酯。一些其它峰表示磷脂，即PE(磷脂酰乙醇胺)，PA(磷脂酸)，PI(磷脂酰肌醇)和PC(磷脂酰胆碱)。磷脂的总量在10面积％以下。

Claims (14)

1.一种富含或加入GLA和/或DGLA的果汁，果汁中含有1mg-30g/100ml，优选10mg-15g/100ml且最优选100mg-2g/100ml的GLA和/或DGLA，并还可含有或不含有其它脂肪酸如AA、或SA、或EPA、或DHA，其含量为1mg-30g/100ml，优选10mg-15g/100ml且最优选100mg-2g/100ml。
2.权利要求1所述的果汁，其中还含有以任意适宜的可吸收形式的添加的钙，提供50mg-2000mg/100ml添加钙，并还可含有或不含有其它脂肪酸，尤其是EPA。
3.权利要求1或2所述的果汁，用于提高钙吸收量、保持钙平衡和治疗及预防骨质疏松症。
4.权利要求1所述的果汁，用于预防和/或治疗任何文中所列的疾病。
5.权利要求1所述的果汁，用于治疗和预防特异性湿
6.权利要求1所述的果汁，可加入或不加入EPA或DHA，用于预防和治疗风湿病或骨关节炎。
7.权利要求1所述的果汁，可加入或不加入EPA、DHA或AA，用于治疗精神分裂症或醇中毒。
8.权利要求1所述的果汁，可加入或不加入AA、EPA或DHA，用于预防或治疗高血压、冠状动脉疾病或周围血管疾病。
9.权利要求1所述的果汁，可加入或不加入其它脂肪酸或营养成份如抗坏血酸或抗坏血酸盐，含量为10mg-2000mg/100ml，用于治疗或预防哮喘及其并发症。
10.权利要求1所述的果汁，可加入或不加入其它脂肪酸和其它营养成份如锌，含量为1mg-800mg/100ml，用于治疗和预防前列腺疾病，包括前列腺肥大。
11.权利要求1所述的果汁，可加入或不加入其它脂肪酸和其它营养成份如抗坏血酸或抗坏血酸盐，含量为10mg-2000mg/100ml，用于为癌症患者提供营养。
12.上述权利要求中的任一果汁，其中的果汁可用天然或合成果汁制备。
13.上述权利要求中的任一果汁，其中的果汁用橙汁、葡萄汁、苹果汁、桃汁、菠萝汁、柠檬汁、茶藨子汁、猕猴桃汁、草莓汁、覆盆子汁、番石榴汁或梨汁制备。
14.上述权利要求中的任一果汁，还含有一种适宜的乳化剂如磷脂或一种合成乳化剂，优选植物半乳糖脂或一种牛乳鞘类磷酯。
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