CN113243236A - Method for preventing and treating gray mold of Chinese chives - Google Patents
Method for preventing and treating gray mold of Chinese chives Download PDFInfo
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- CN113243236A CN113243236A CN202110518367.2A CN202110518367A CN113243236A CN 113243236 A CN113243236 A CN 113243236A CN 202110518367 A CN202110518367 A CN 202110518367A CN 113243236 A CN113243236 A CN 113243236A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
- A01G13/0256—Ground coverings
- A01G13/0262—Mulches, i.e. covering material not-pre-formed in mats or sheets
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/04—Electric or magnetic or acoustic treatment of plants for promoting growth
- A01G7/045—Electric or magnetic or acoustic treatment of plants for promoting growth with electric lighting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/24—Devices or systems for heating, ventilating, regulating temperature, illuminating, or watering, in greenhouses, forcing-frames, or the like
- A01G9/246—Air-conditioning systems
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/24—Devices or systems for heating, ventilating, regulating temperature, illuminating, or watering, in greenhouses, forcing-frames, or the like
- A01G9/249—Lighting means
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
- A01N63/30—Microbial fungi; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
- A01N63/38—Trichoderma
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C9/00—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
- C05F17/20—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation using specific microorganisms or substances, e.g. enzymes, for activating or stimulating the treatment
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/25—Greenhouse technology, e.g. cooling systems therefor
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preventing and treating gray mold of Chinese chives, which comprises the following steps: (1) straw covering: covering a layer of fermented corn straws with the thickness of 2cm on the planting bed before the emergence of the seedlings of the Chinese chives; (2) heating and humidity control in facilities: the greenhouse is internally provided with a heat preservation bulb and an air blower, the continuous condensation time in the greenhouse is controlled not to exceed 3 hours, and the temperature in the greenhouse is maintained at 13-15 ℃: when the temperature is high in the daytime, the temperature is lowered in a ventilating way, and light can be supplemented through the bulb; when the temperature is low at night, the temperature is heated by the heat-preservation bulb and the blower, so that the temperature difference between day and night is reduced. The method for preventing and treating the gray mold of the Chinese chives does not adopt chemical pesticides, and avoids the adverse effects of the chemical pesticides on the ecological environment and the human health. The invention belongs to a green prevention and control technology of plant diseases and insect pests, which not only guarantees the sustainable development of agriculture and the safe production of agricultural products, but also meets the requirements of protecting biological diversity and protecting ecological safety.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for preventing and treating gray mold of Chinese chives, and belongs to the technical field of vegetable disease prevention and treatment.
Background
The gray mold of the Chinese chives is one of the important diseases in the production of the Chinese chives, the Chinese chives are produced in the provinces of China at present, and the gray mold of the Chinese chives in Yangtze river basin and the area in the north China is very serious. The disease mainly occurs in three seasons of autumn, winter and spring, and the leeks produced by facilities can occur all the year round. The incidence area in the severe greenhouse can reach 76.3 percent, the disease rate is as high as 46 percent, and the severe greenhouse can only be used for seed destroying and reseeding.
The symptoms of leek gray mold are classified into 3 types: (1) white point type: the early grey disease spots are grey white spots of 1-3 mm, and then the grey spots are fused to form necrotic spots, so that a large amount of grey mould grows on dead leaves. (2) Dry tip type: the disease starts from the leaf apex of the Chinese chives, spreads to the lower parts of the leaves and is dried up finally. (2) Wet rot type: generally, when the leeks are harvested, the environment is relatively closed and the humidity is high in the storage and transportation process, and the infected leaves quickly rot into a mass and a wet rotten shape. The grey mould symptom of the leeks produced in facilities is mainly caused by the former two types.
The pathogenic bacteria of leek gray mold are mainly Botrytis squamosa (Botrytis squamosa J.C. Walker), and belong to ascomycete Botrytis cinerea. The germs are generally spread and spread by air flow, rain water, irrigation water and farm work operation as sclerotia and conidia go over summer in soil along with disease residues. The development temperature range of pathogenic bacteria is 2-31 ℃, the optimal temperature is 18-23 ℃, when the relative humidity is more than 70%, the pathogenic bacteria are suitable for growth, when the relative humidity reaches more than 90%, particularly when water films exist on the surfaces of the leaves, diseases can rapidly spread. In production, the water is irrigated in a flood mode, the humidity in the facility is too high, the condensation duration is long, and diseases are easy to spread. The gray mold of the Chinese chives is an explosive disease, and the outbreak of the disease from an initial infection point to a spot is only needed one night and only needs 2-3 days for full shed outbreak, so that the relationship between the outbreak of the disease and an initial infection source is not large, and the disease is quick to spread as long as the conditions are proper.
With the rapid development of global integration, the requirements for the production of Chinese chives are increasingly strict and standard, and agricultural production must meet the market requirements and meet international standards. The green and healthy leeks are provided for the society by a green prevention and control technical method, and the current production actual situation is met.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the prior art, the invention provides a method for preventing and controlling the gray mold of the leeks mainly by continuously regulating and controlling the environment according to the disease cycle and the epidemic rule of the gray mold of the leeks, can effectively prevent and control the gray mold of the leeks in facilities, and is green, environment-friendly and safe.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for preventing and treating gray mold of Chinese chives comprises the following steps:
(1) straw covering: before the emergence of seedlings of the Chinese chives (including two conditions, one is that the new Chinese chives are planted before the emergence of the seedlings, and the second is that the Chinese chives are immediately covered after the previous stubble is cut), covering a layer of fermented corn straws with the thickness of 2cm on the planting bed;
(2) heating and humidity control in facilities: set up the heat preservation bulb in the canopy, set up the air-blower simultaneously, control the interior continuous dewfall time of canopy and do not exceed 3 hours, maintain the interior average temperature of canopy at 13 ~ 15 ℃: when the temperature is high in the daytime, the temperature is lowered in a ventilating way, and light can be supplemented through the bulb; when the temperature is low at night, the temperature is heated by the heat-preservation bulb and the blower, so that the temperature difference between day and night is reduced.
Further, the fermented corn straw is prepared by the following method: the method comprises the steps of crushing corn straws into small sections (3 cm), adding excrement or urea to adjust the carbon-nitrogen ratio to 25:1, adjusting the water content to 60-70%, stacking fermentation piles (2 m in width and 4 m in height), adding a leaven containing trichoderma which can effectively inhibit the occurrence of gray mold, and fermenting (after the temperature in the piles reaches 60 ℃, fermenting for 40 days) continuously (covering multiple layers of plastic cloth for sealing in winter).
Go toThe specific method for arranging the heat preservation bulb in the shed comprises the following steps: hanging the heat-insulating bulb in the facility, 5m on average21 lamp is hung, the power of the lamp bulb is 200W,
the air-blower is the diesel oil air-blower, and power 30KW sets up the platform number and is: 2 pieces/667 m2。
The method for preventing and treating the gray mold of the Chinese chives improves the temperature at night and reduces the temperature difference between day and night by heating at night, controls the humidity by covering the corn straws and shortens the condensation time.
The covering fermentation corn stalk of the invention has the following functions: firstly, preventing water in soil from evaporating; absorbing moisture in soil and air at the same time, reducing the air humidity of a microenvironment for the growth of the Chinese chives and inhibiting the occurrence of gray mold; and thirdly, the fermented corn straws are also organic fertilizers, can provide sufficient nutrients for the Chinese chives, play a role in strengthening seedlings and reduce diseases.
The invention is provided with a heating device (a suspended heat preservation bulb) which has the following functions: raising the temperature inside the greenhouse; heating to reduce the humidity in the facility; the greenhouse vegetable cultivation device has the advantages that the greenhouse vegetable cultivation device plays a role in light supplement in daytime, overcomes the defect of insufficient illumination in greenhouse vegetable cultivation, plays a role in strengthening seedlings, and reduces diseases.
The diesel blower provided by the invention has the following effects: raising the temperature in the greenhouse, especially the temperature at night; heating to reduce the humidity in the facility; and blowing can promote air circulation in the shed and also has the function of reducing humidity.
Compared with the prior art, the method for preventing and treating the gray mold of the Chinese chives adopts the principle of temperature control and humidity control, but has different specific modes: the common method for controlling the humidity of field crops is to control the planting density, and the field crops cannot be irrigated by flood when being watered; the humidity in the facility is controlled by adjusting the planting density and controlling watering, and the temperature and the humidity are reduced by ventilating the facility. The key points of the invention are as follows: (1) the air humidity is reduced by heating and paving the corn straws in the shed; (2) by heating at night, the temperature at night is improved, the temperature difference between day and night is reduced, and meanwhile, the measure of reducing the humidity in the greenhouse is matched, so that the condensation time is shortened or condensation is avoided, the gray mold is controlled, and the method is essentially different from the conventional temperature and humidity control method of ventilating and cooling.
The method for preventing and treating the gray mold of the Chinese chives does not adopt chemical pesticides, and avoids the adverse effects of the chemical pesticides on the ecological environment and the human health. The invention belongs to a green prevention and control technology of plant diseases and insect pests, which not only guarantees the sustainable development of agriculture and the safe production of agricultural products, but also meets the requirements of protecting biological diversity and protecting ecological safety.
The various terms and phrases used herein have the ordinary meaning as is well known to those skilled in the art.
Drawings
FIG. 1: and (5) heating the lamp bulb in the greenhouse.
FIG. 2: the field control effect of gray mold is shown.
FIG. 3: the control effect of gray mold is shown in the figure.
FIG. 4: the test item actually measures the production report 1 (photograph).
FIG. 5: test item field test production report 2 (photo).
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples. However, the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following examples. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made to the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
EXAMPLE 1 control of Gray mold of leeks
And (3) experimental design: the test is arranged in the Changqing district of Jinan city, 3 greenhouses are arranged for the test, the No. 1 and the No. 2 greenhouses are heating processing greenhouses, the No. 3 greenhouses are comparison greenhouses, and leeks and leek varieties are planted in the uniform greenhouses: pingdui No. 4. The facility planting environmental conditions of the 3 sheds are consistent, and the production management measures are synchronous (such as watering, fertilizing and the like are all conventional management).
1. Test method of shed No. 2:
(1) covering fermented corn straws with the thickness of about 2cm on the furrow before the emergence of the Chinese chives;
the fermented corn straw is prepared by the following method: crushing corn straws into small sections (3 cm), adding excrement and urine or urea to adjust the carbon-nitrogen ratio to 25:1 and the water content to 60-70%, stacking the fermentation piles (2 m in width and 4 m in height), adding a fermentation agent containing trichoderma, and fermenting (after the temperature in the piles reaches 60 ℃, continuously fermenting for 40 days) (covering multiple layers of plastic cloth and sealing in winter) to obtain the corn stalk fermented material.
(2) The heat preservation bulb (as shown in figure 1) is hung in the shed, and the average length is 5m2Suspending 1 lamp with lamp power of 200W; simultaneously, a diesel blower is arranged, the power is 30KW, and 2 blowers/667 m2Controlling the continuous condensation time in the greenhouse not to exceed 3 hours, maintaining the average temperature in the greenhouse at 13-15 ℃, and controlling the day and night temperature difference within 15 ℃: when the temperature is high in the daytime, the temperature is lowered in a ventilating way, and light can be supplemented through the bulb; when the temperature is low at night, the temperature is heated by the heat-preservation bulb and the blower, so that the temperature difference between day and night is reduced.
The No. 3 shed is used as a control treatment (no fermented corn straw is covered, no heat preservation bulb is arranged, and no diesel air blower is arranged).
Acquiring test data: the development of gray mold was examined when the seventh leaf of leek was grown, and the development was examined every 10 days. The survey took 5 point samples diagonally, with 10 leaves per survey, 3 replicates per shed. A continuous temperature measuring device is arranged in the shed. As shown in fig. 2 and 3.
The disease index and the prevention effect are calculated according to the standard of GS/T17980.28-2000 'pesticide field efficacy test criterion (first) bactericide control vegetable gray mold' (pesticide institute of Ministry of agriculture, 2000).
The method for classifying the damage of the blades (taking the blades as units) is as follows:
level 0: no disease spots;
level 1: 3 scabs exist on a single leaf;
and 3, level: 4-6 scabs exist on a single leaf;
and 5, stage: 7-10 scabs exist on a single leaf;
and 7, stage: the number of the disease spots on a single leaf is 11-20, and the parts are densely arranged;
and 9, stage: the single leaf has dense lesion spots occupying more than one fourth of the leaf area.
Disease index [ Σ (number of diseased leaves at each stage × relative grade value)/(total investigated plant number × 9) ] × 100.
The prevention and treatment effect is [ (blank control area disease index-treatment area disease index)/blank control area disease index ] × 100%.
Test results and analysis: as shown in table 1, table 2, fig. 4, and fig. 5.
TABLE 1 field control of greenhouse leek gray mold by warming
TABLE 2
As can be seen from tables 1 and 2, the later-period effect of controlling the gray mold of the Chinese chives by the heating method (controlling the continuous condensation time in the greenhouse not to exceed 3 hours and controlling the average temperature in the greenhouse to be 13-15 ℃) can reach 97.73 percent, and the yield is increased by 10 percent. On the basis of not increasing chemical fertilizers and pesticides in production, the safe and green prevention and control of the gray mold of the Chinese chives can be realized, the effect is obvious, and the yield is obviously improved.
The above examples are provided to those of ordinary skill in the art to fully disclose and describe how to make and use the claimed embodiments, and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure herein. Modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (7)
1. A method for preventing and treating gray mold of Chinese chives is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) straw covering: covering a layer of fermented corn straws with the thickness of 2cm on the planting bed before the emergence of the seedlings of the Chinese chives;
(2) heating and humidity control in facilities: set up the heat preservation bulb in the canopy, set up the air-blower simultaneously, control the interior continuous dewfall time of canopy and do not exceed 3 hours, maintain the interior average temperature of canopy at 13 ~ 15 ℃: when the temperature is high in the daytime, the temperature is lowered in a ventilating way, and light can be supplemented through the bulb; when the temperature is low at night, the temperature is heated by the heat-preservation bulb and the blower, so that the temperature difference between day and night is reduced.
2. The method for preventing and treating gray mold of leeks according to claim 1, which comprises the following steps: the method for covering and fermenting the corn stalks before the emergence of the Chinese chives comprises two conditions: one is to cover the new Chinese chives before emergence of seedlings and the second is to cover the Chinese chives after cutting the previous Chinese chives.
3. The method for preventing and treating gray mold of leeks according to claim 1, which comprises the following steps: the thickness of the covered fermented corn straw is 2 cm.
4. The method for preventing and treating gray mold of leeks according to claim 1, which comprises the following steps: the fermented corn straw is prepared by the following method: crushing corn straws into small sections, adding excrement or urea to adjust the carbon-nitrogen ratio to be 25:1 and the moisture content to be 60-70%, piling up a fermentation pile, adding a leaven containing trichoderma, and fermenting to obtain the trichoderma-containing fermented corn straw.
5. The method for preventing and treating gray mold of leeks according to claim 4, wherein: the fermentation time is as follows: fermenting for 40 days after the temperature in the stack reaches 60 ℃.
6. The method for preventing and treating gray mold of leeks according to claim 1, which comprises the following steps: the specific method for arranging the heat preservation bulb in the shed comprises the following steps: hanging the heat-insulating bulb in the facility, 5m on average2Hanging 1 lamp and the power of the bulb is 200W.
7. The method for preventing and treating gray mold of leeks according to claim 1, which comprises the following steps: the air-blower is the diesel oil air-blower, and power 30KW sets up the platform number and is: 2 pieces/667 m2。
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