CN113133394A

CN113133394A - Novel millet crop rotation planting method

Info

Publication number: CN113133394A
Application number: CN202110475299.6A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 王锦亮; 王锦明
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2020-07-16
Filing date: 2021-04-29
Publication date: 2021-07-20
Anticipated expiration: 2041-04-29
Also published as: CN113133394B

Abstract

The invention relates to a novel millet crop rotation planting method, which comprises the following steps: firstly, crop rotation is performed, wherein corn and millet are selected for crop rotation; step two, preparing an organic fertilizer, collecting an organic substrate, crushing the organic substrate after collection, wherein the length of the crushed organic substrate is 0.5-5cm, adding a fermentation inoculum and water into the crushed organic substrate to form a mixture, fermenting the mixture, controlling the content of dry substances in the mixture to be 40-60%, obtaining solid biogas residues and liquid biogas slurry after fermentation is finished, airing part of the biogas residues to serve as a seed fertilizer, and using the rest of the biogas residues as a base fertilizer; step three, fine land preparation, deep autumn cultivation of more than 20 cm, and application of 0.5-3 tons of base fertilizer per mu in the step two; selecting seeds, namely selecting seeds and sowing in the last ten days of 4 months to the last 5 months; step five, sowing, namely furrow sowing is selected; step six, field management; and seventhly, harvesting and storing. The invention reduces the rate of seedling shortage and promotes the growth of embryo by arranging the cushion layer and the surface layer.

Description

Novel millet crop rotation planting method

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of agriculture, in particular to a novel millet rotation planting method.

Background

Millet is a dehulled product of millet (scientific name: Setaria italica): a plant belonging to the family Gramineae, known as millet and millet, also known as sorghum, an annual herb; the history of millet planted in China is long, and the cultural site of the Xinshi times of the unearthed millet grains, such as the Xian Hebei magnetic mountain and the Henan Pei Li gang, has been in six to seven thousand years today at the same distance. Millet is also found in resident traces of lakeside of switzerland before 7000 years, but millet is not recorded in ancient world documents, China has abundant millet variety resources, millet is rich in protein and vitamin B2, the millet is one of main grains of northern people of China, the millet has high nutritional value and is rich in protein, fat and vitamins, according to analysis of a central health research institute, the millet contains 9.7% of protein, 1.7% of fat and 77% of carbohydrate, each 100 g of the millet contains 0.12 mg of carotene, 10.66 mg of vitamin B and 20.09 mg of vitamin B, nicotinic acid, calcium, iron and the like, and although the millet is resistant to cold and lean soil, the problems existing in millet planting are many, wherein the problems of seedling shortage and low continuous cropping yield are more prominent.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to solve the technical problem, the invention discloses a novel millet rotation planting method, which comprises the following steps:

firstly, crop rotation is performed, wherein corn and millet are selected for crop rotation;

step two, preparing an organic fertilizer, collecting an organic substrate, crushing the collected organic substrate, wherein the crushed length is 0.5-5cm, adding a fermentation inoculum and water into the crushed organic substrate to form a mixture, fermenting the mixture, controlling the dry matter content in the mixture to be 40-60%, controlling the weight ratio of the fermentation inoculum to the organic substrate to be greater than or equal to 1/3 and less than or equal to 1, obtaining solid biogas residues and liquid biogas slurry after the fermentation is finished, airing the biogas residues, using part of the biogas residues as seed fertilizer, and using the rest of the biogas residues as base fertilizer;

step three, fine land preparation, deep autumn cultivation of more than 20 cm, and application of 0.5-3 tons of base fertilizer per mu in the step two;

selecting seeds, namely selecting seeds and sowing in the last ten days of 4 months to the last 5 months;

step five, sowing, namely, furrow sowing is selected, the depth of the furrow is 5-13cm, a seed fertilizer cushion layer of 1-3cm is arranged in the furrow, millet seeds are scattered on the cushion layer, a surface layer formed by a mixed substance of seed fertilizer and soil is covered after the sowing, and the sowing quantity is 0.7-1.0 kg/mu;

step six, field management, namely seedling searching and supplementing, final singling, seedling kicking treatment and intertillage weeding are carried out according to a conventional planting method;

and seventhly, harvesting and storing, harvesting after the millet is mature, threshing the millet, drying in the air in time, packaging and warehousing.

Further, the concentration of dry matter at the end of fermentation in the second step is 35-45%.

Further, the organic substrate in the second step comprises corn straws and millet straws, and the weight ratio of the corn straws to the millet straws is 1: 1-3: 1.

furthermore, the corn straws are straws with the water content of less than or equal to 15 percent after being dried.

Further, after seed selection in the fourth step, soaking treatment is carried out, and the soaking solution adopts the biogas slurry in the second step.

Further, the weight ratio of the seed fertilizer to the soil in the fifth step is 1: 2-1: 5.

further, the seed manure in the fifth step is aired for 5-12 days.

Furthermore, the crop rotation period in the step one is three years, and the crop rotation sequence is corn-millet.

Further, the fermentation inoculum in the second step is fresh cow dung.

Further, the step one also comprises a step of soil preparation: the land preparation step comprises:

step A, digging out a soil for planting millet after harvesting or three months before cultivation, wherein the digging-out depth is 25-40cm, the soil is used as repair soil, and 3-5 kg/mu of water-retaining agent is paved on the surface of the dug-out soil; sprinkling water to make the water-retaining agent absorb water and saturate to form an isolation layer, and paving 20-40 kg/mu of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer on the water-retaining agent layer after water absorption saturation;

and B: b, mixing a fermentation substrate in the restored soil dug out in the step A, spraying water to control the water content to be 50-60% after the ground surface sundries and the millet straws are crushed, obtaining treated fermented soil, backfilling the fermented soil, covering a film on the backfilled soil, and keeping the water content of the soil to be 50-60% in the fermentation process;

and C: after fermenting for 40-50 days in the step B, ploughing the fermented soil, airing until the water content is less than 10%, and keeping for 10-15 days;

step D: c, sprinkling water to the soil deeply ploughed in the step C until the soil is more than proper moisture, deeply ploughing to a depth of 40-45cm, then airing until the soil is proper moisture, adjusting the pH of the soil to 6-7, and finishing soil preparation.

Further, the pH value of the fermentation process in the step B is controlled within the range of 5-6.

Further, the water retention agent in the step A is a degradable water retention agent, such as a grafted starch type water retention agent.

Advantageous effects

The invention discloses a novel millet rotation planting method, which is characterized in that grass seeds are eliminated through anaerobic and aerobic fermentation, fermented biogas residues are used as base fertilizers to improve the soil structure and improve the yield of millet continuous cropping, a cushion layer and a surface layer are arranged to promote the growth and the soil breaking of germs and improve the air permeability of the surface layer, the surface layer soil hardening caused by rainfall is reduced to a certain extent to influence germination, and the seedling shortage rate is reduced.

Detailed Description

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, but is not limited thereto.

A novel millet rotation planting method is characterized by comprising the following steps:

firstly, crop rotation is performed, wherein corn and millet are selected for crop rotation; preferably, the crop rotation period is three years, and the crop rotation sequence is corn-millet.

Step two, preparing an organic fertilizer, collecting an organic substrate, crushing the collected organic substrate, wherein the crushed length is 0.5-5cm, adding a fermentation inoculum and water into the crushed organic substrate to form a mixture, fermenting the mixture, controlling the dry matter content in the mixture to be 40-60%, controlling the weight ratio of the fermentation inoculum to the organic substrate to be greater than or equal to 1/3 and less than or equal to 1, obtaining solid biogas residues and liquid biogas slurry after the fermentation is finished, airing the biogas residues, using part of the biogas residues as seed fertilizer, and using the rest of the biogas residues as base fertilizer; the airing time is 5-12 days, preferably, the concentration of dry matters is 35% -45% after fermentation, preferably, the straws comprise corn straws and millet straws, and the weight ratio of the corn straws to the millet straws is 1: 1-3: 1, the preferable corn straws are straws with the water content of less than or equal to 15 percent after the silage straws are dried, and the fermentation inoculum in the second step is fresh cow dung.

and step four, selecting seeds, namely selecting seeds and sowing in the last ten days of 4 months to the last 5 months, preferably selecting seeds and then soaking, wherein the soaking solution is the biogas slurry in the step two.

Step five, sowing, namely, sowing in a ditch with the depth of 5-13cm, arranging a seed fertilizer cushion layer of 1-3cm in the ditch, sowing millet seeds on the cushion layer, covering a surface layer formed by a mixed substance of seed fertilizer and soil after sowing, wherein the weight ratio of biogas residues to soil is 1: 2-1: 5, the seeding amount is 0.7-1.0 kg/mu;

In the second step, by arranging the cushion layer and the surface layer, the soil on the surface layer is mixed with biogas residues, the biogas residues are subjected to aerobic fermentation to improve the carbon dioxide concentration on the surface layer, promote the growth and the breaking of germs, improve the air permeability of the surface layer, reduce the hardening of the soil on the surface layer caused by rainfall to a certain extent to influence germination, improve the root growth and the germ growth by matching the cushion layer and the surface layer, and reduce the seedling shortage rate. And the cushion layer and the surface layer are wrapped on the periphery of the millet seeds, so that the millet seeds are prevented from contacting with external soil in the early germination stage and the early growth stage of the seeds, the influence of the soil environment on the growth of the millet when the current stubble is used as the millet is reduced, facultative anaerobes are adopted for fermentation, grass seeds are sterilized in the anaerobic process, carbon dioxide is produced through aerobic fermentation, and the growth of embryos is promoted.

step A, digging out a soil for planting millet after harvesting or three months before cultivation, wherein the digging-out depth is 25-40cm, the soil is used as repair soil, and 3-5 kg/mu of water-retaining agent is paved on the surface of the dug-out soil; sprinkling water to make the water-retaining agent absorb water and saturate to form an isolation layer, and paving 15-25 kg/mu of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer on the water-retaining agent layer after water absorption saturation;

step D: c, sprinkling water to the soil deeply ploughed in the step C until the soil is more than proper moisture, deeply ploughing to the depth of 40-45cm, airing to proper moisture, adjusting the pH of the soil to 6-7, and finishing soil preparation.

Through the land preparation step, grass seeds in soil and on the surface of the soil can be effectively killed, weeds are prevented from growing in a cluster after millet planting, insect pests are serious, the grass seeds and the insect pests in the soil can be effectively inactivated by arranging a water-retaining agent layer and a calcium-magnesium-phosphorus fertilizer layer and controlling a fermentation acid production stage of fermentation soil with pH5-6, if the pH is too high, the fermentation inactivation of the grass seeds is not facilitated, the dissolution of a phosphate fertilizer can be promoted, fermentation bacteria are inactivated while volatilization of an acidic substance is promoted through airing after fermentation, the acidity of the soil is effectively reduced, the phosphate fertilizer and the water-retaining agent are uniformly mixed in the soil through deep ploughing, the fermented substance and the dissolved phosphate fertilizer are absorbed through the water-retaining agent through excessive drenching, and are slowly released in the subsequent growth process, and the fertility of the soil is improved; the water-retaining agent is further selected to be degradable, isolated through a phosphorus fertilizer layer and dissolved and absorbed in the water-retaining agent under acidity, so that the water-retaining agent layer is formed into an environment which is not suitable for microbial growth, the fermentation degradation failure of the water-retaining agent is avoided, the weed growth amount of next-stubble crops can be reduced by 70% through land preparation, the plant diseases and insect pests are reduced, the phosphorus fertilizer is effectively promoted to be dissolved, the use amount of the phosphorus fertilizer is reduced by more than 30%, and the root system growth of millet in the initial growth stage is more developed than that of a land which is not prepared. Through watering earlier the back deep ploughing, avoid will repairing the acid material in the soil and ooze to the water retaining agent layer below, avoid the soil acidification below the water retaining agent layer to can absorb water and absorb the fermentation product through the water retaining agent layer, and dissolved phosphorus fertilizer fixes the phosphorus fertilizer and reduces the loss in the superficial soil, promotes the root of crop initial stage, and selects degradable water retaining agent to ferment when carrying out next soil preparation and degrade.

Example 1

A novel millet rotation planting method comprises the following steps:

step one, crop rotation is performed, wherein corn-millet are selected as a crop rotation period every three years, and crop rotation is performed;

step two, preparing an organic fertilizer from straws in a weight ratio of 3: 1, crushing the corn straws and the millet straws to the length of 0.5cm, adding cow dung and water into the crushed straws to form a mixture, and fermenting, wherein the dry matter content in the mixture is controlled to be 50%, the weight ratio of the cow dung to the straws is equal to 1, and the fermentation is finished when the dry matter concentration is 40%; after fermentation is finished and separation is carried out, solid biogas residues and liquid biogas slurry are obtained, part of biogas residues are used as seed manure after being aired, and the rest is used as base manure, and airing time is 10 days;

selecting seeds, namely selecting seeds and sowing in the last ten days of 4 months to the last 5 months, and then soaking the seeds, wherein the soaking solution is the biogas slurry in the step two;

step five, sowing, namely, sowing in a ditch with the depth of 10cm, arranging a seed fertilizer cushion layer of 1.5cm in the ditch, sowing millet seeds on the cushion layer, covering a surface layer formed by a mixture of the seed fertilizer and soil after sowing, wherein the weight ratio of the seed fertilizer to the soil is 1:3, and the sowing amount is 0.7-1.0 kg/mu;

Example 2

Firstly, crop rotation is carried out, wherein corn-millet is selected as a crop rotation period every two years, and crop rotation is carried out;

step two, preparing an organic fertilizer from straws in a weight ratio of 3: 1, crushing the corn straws and the millet straws, wherein the length of the crushed straws is 1.5cm, adding cow dung and water into the crushed straws and weeds to form a mixture, and fermenting, wherein the dry matter content of the mixture is controlled to be 50%, the weight ratio of the cow dung to the straws is equal to 1, and the fermentation is finished when the dry matter concentration is 40%; after fermentation is finished and separation is carried out, solid biogas residues and liquid biogas slurry are obtained, part of biogas residues are used as seed manure after being aired, and the rest is used as base manure, and airing time is 10 days;

step five, sowing, namely, furrow sowing is selected, the depth of the furrow is 10cm, a seed fertilizer cushion layer of 1.5cm is arranged in the furrow, millet seeds are scattered on the cushion layer, a surface layer formed by the mixture of the seed fertilizer and the soil is covered after the sowing, the weight ratio of the seed fertilizer to the soil is 1:3, and the sowing amount is the same as that of the embodiment 1;

Example 3

step two, preparing an organic fertilizer from straws in a weight ratio of 1:1, crushing the corn straws and the millet straws, wherein the length of the crushed straws is 3cm, adding cow dung and water into the crushed straws and weeds to form a mixture, and fermenting, wherein the dry matter content of the mixture is controlled to be 60%, the weight ratio of the cow dung to the straws is equal to 1/3, and the fermentation is finished when the dry matter concentration is 45%; after fermentation is finished and separation is carried out, solid biogas residues and liquid biogas slurry are obtained, part of biogas residues are used as seed manure after being aired, and the rest is used as base manure, and airing time is 5 days;

step five, sowing, namely, furrow sowing is selected, the depth of the furrow is 13cm, a seed fertilizer cushion layer of 3cm is arranged in the furrow, millet seeds are scattered on the cushion layer, a surface layer formed by the mixture of the seed fertilizer and the soil is covered after the sowing, the weight ratio of the seed fertilizer to the soil is 1:2, and the sowing amount is the same as that in the embodiment 1;

Example 4

step two, preparing an organic fertilizer from straws in a weight ratio of 2: 1, crushing the corn straws and the millet straws, wherein the length of the crushed straws is 5cm, adding cow dung and water into the crushed straws and weeds to form a mixture, and fermenting, wherein the content of dry substances in the mixture is controlled to be 40%, the weight ratio of the cow dung to the straws is equal to 1/2, and the fermentation is finished when the concentration of the dry substances is 35%; after fermentation is finished and separation is carried out, solid biogas residues and liquid biogas slurry are obtained, part of biogas residues are used as seed manure after being aired, and the rest is used as base manure, and airing time is 12 days;

step five, sowing, namely, furrow sowing is selected, the depth of the furrow is 5cm, a seed fertilizer cushion layer of 1cm is arranged in the furrow, millet seeds are scattered on the cushion layer, a surface layer formed by the mixture of the seed fertilizer and the soil is covered after the sowing, the weight ratio of the seed fertilizer to the soil is 1:5, and the sowing amount is the same as that in the embodiment 1;

Example 5

step two, preparing an organic fertilizer from straws in a weight ratio of 3: 1, crushing the corn straws and the millet straws, wherein the length of the crushed straws is 1.5cm, adding cow dung and water into the crushed straws and weeds to form a mixture, and fermenting, wherein the dry matter content of the mixture is controlled to be 50%, the weight ratio of the cow dung to the straws is equal to 1, and the fermentation is finished when the dry matter concentration is 30%; after fermentation is finished and separation is carried out, solid biogas residues and liquid biogas slurry are obtained, part of biogas residues are used as seed manure after being aired, and the rest is used as base manure, and airing time is 10 days;

Example 6

The difference between the embodiment and the embodiment 1 is that the corn straw is the straw of which the moisture content is less than or equal to 15% after the corn straw is dried and the length is 2.5cm after being crushed, and the rest is the same as the embodiment 1.

Example 7

The difference between the embodiment and the embodiment 4 is that the corn straw is the straw with the moisture content of less than or equal to 15% after being dried, the length of the crushed corn straw is 2.5cm, and the rest is the same as the embodiment 4.

Example 8

The difference between this embodiment and embodiment 6 is that step one further comprises a soil preparation step before: the land preparation step comprises:

The rest is the same as example 6.

Example 9

This example differs from example 8 in that the pH of the fermentation process is controlled in the range of 5-6 in step B, as in example 8.

Comparative example 1

The comparative example is different from example 1 in that the length of pulverization in step two was 7cm and the thickness of the cushion layer was 4cm, and the rest is the same as example 1.

Comparative example 2

The difference between the comparative example and the example 1 is that the depth of the ditch in the step two is 3cm, the weight ratio of the surface layer biogas residue to the soil is 1:1, and the rest is the same as the example 1.

Comparative example 3

The difference between the comparative example and the example 1 is that the depth of the ditch in the step two is 15cm, the weight ratio of the surface layer biogas residue to the soil is 1:6, and the rest is the same as the example 1.

Comparative example 4

The comparative example differs from example 1 in that millet is used for continuous cropping, and the rest is the same as example 1.

Comparative example 5

The comparative example adopts a conventional millet crop rotation planting mode.

Comparative example 6

This comparative example is different from example 1 in that no bedding layer was provided and the surface soil did not contain biogas residue.

Comparative example 7

This comparative example is different from example 8 in that deep ploughing was performed first and then water was sprayed in step D, and the rest is the same as example 8.

The following are comparisons of millet yield, rate of emergence, and the like in the above examples and comparative examples, and the results are shown in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1

As can be seen from the above table 1, the millet planted by the planting method of the invention has higher yield per mu, higher sprouting rate and higher disease rate than the control group, the thickness of the cushion layer, the proportion of soil and biogas residue in the surface layer and the depth of the ditch are superior to the prior art in the germination rate, and the proportion of the soil and the biogas residue in the surface layer is reduced by about 20 percent compared with the comparative example 1; the yield is also greatly reduced, and the disease rate of the plants adopting the planting method is lower than that of a control group; the planting method has strong soil restoration capability, can realize a novel crop rotation mode of corn-millet, has little difference between the yield and the plant disease rate compared with the current common crop rotation method, and can greatly increase the economic income per mu yield; the yield per mu can be increased by adopting the ensilaged straws with larger length as fermentation substrates after drying, the preferable length is 1.5-3 cm, and when the length is less than 1.5 or more than 3cm, the yield is reduced by about 5% -6%, and the optimal length is 2.5 cm.

As can be seen from the above table, after the soil preparation steps are adopted in examples 8 and 9, the yield per mu is greatly improved, particularly the thousand seed weight and the plant disease rate are obviously improved, because the soil preparation kills the plant diseases and insect pests in the soil, and the weed amount of the field block in example 9 is obviously reduced, as can be seen from comparison between example 8 and comparative example 7, the sequence of watering and deep ploughing has great influence on the yield per mu, the plants of the field blocks in examples 6 and 8 are taken out, the root system of the plant in example 8 is found to be more developed than that of the plant in example 6, the number and the diameter of the root are higher than that of the plant in example 6, and the root system of the plant is weak due to the acidity of the soil of the field block in comparative example 7, so that the yield is influenced.

It can be seen from the above table that the lodging rate in the examples is lower, while the lodging in the comparative examples is higher, and the lodging rate can be reduced by obtaining the thickness and the depth of the cushion layer using the present application through the above table.

The planting method can improve the content of the yellow pigment in the millet, and the content of the yellow pigment in example 1 is about 20.1mg/kg through detection, and the content of the yellow pigment in the millet in the comparative example is 12.1-13.2 mg/kg.

It should be understood that the above-described embodiments of the present invention are merely examples for clearly illustrating the present invention, and are not intended to limit the embodiments of the present invention. Other variations and modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the art in light of the above description. Not all embodiments are exhaustive. All obvious changes and modifications which are obvious to the technical scheme of the invention are covered by the protection scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A novel millet rotation planting method is characterized by comprising the following steps:

step five, sowing, namely, sowing in a ditch with the depth of 5-13cm, arranging a seed fertilizer cushion layer of 1-3cm in the ditch, sowing millet seeds on the cushion layer, and covering a surface layer formed by the mixture of the seed fertilizer and soil after sowing;

2. The novel millet crop rotation planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dry matter concentration at the end of fermentation in the second step is 35% -45%.

3. The novel millet crop rotation planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organic substrate in the second step comprises corn stalks and millet stalks, and the weight ratio of the corn stalks to the millet stalks is 1: 1-3: 1.

4. a novel millet crop rotation planting method as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that the corn stalks are stalks of which the moisture content is less than or equal to 15% after the silage stalks are dried.

5. The novel millet crop rotation planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the soaking treatment is performed after seed selection in the fourth step, and the soaking solution is the biogas slurry in the second step.

6. The novel millet crop rotation planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the seed fertilizer to the soil in the fifth step is 1: 2-1: 5.

7. the novel millet crop rotation planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the seed manure in the fifth step is aired for 5-12 days.

8. The novel millet crop rotation planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the crop rotation period in the first step is three years, and the crop rotation sequence is corn-millet.

9. The novel millet crop rotation planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fermentation inoculum in the second step is fresh cow dung.

10. The novel millet crop rotation planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step one is preceded by a step of soil preparation: the land preparation step comprises: