CN113100351A - 一种饲料添加剂及其应用、一种用于缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老的复方饲料 - Google Patents
一种饲料添加剂及其应用、一种用于缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老的复方饲料 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113100351A CN113100351A CN202110528066.8A CN202110528066A CN113100351A CN 113100351 A CN113100351 A CN 113100351A CN 202110528066 A CN202110528066 A CN 202110528066A CN 113100351 A CN113100351 A CN 113100351A
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- Fodder In General (AREA)
Abstract
本发明属于蛋鸡饲料的技术领域，本发明提供了一种饲料添加剂及其应用、一种用于缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老的复方饲料。本发明的饲料添加剂和用于缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老的复方饲料由包含如下重量份的原料制备得到：枸杞、菟丝子、熟地黄。本发明的饲料添加剂和复方饲料，从病因根本入手，以3种中药为主药共用，相互配合，达到了延缓蛋鸡卵巢衰退，延长蛋鸡使用年限，缓解蛋鸡卵巢的氧化应激和提高蛋鸡产蛋量的目的，对减少养殖场的损失具有重要的现实意义。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及蛋鸡饲料的技术领域，尤其涉及一种饲料添加剂及其应用、一种用于缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老的复方饲料。
背景技术
鸡蛋是人类动物性蛋白主要来源之一，为了满足市场的需求，不断在选育高产蛋鸡，蛋鸡从开产后第四周能达50％左右的产蛋率，其后的3～4周内即可进入产蛋高峰期，其产蛋高峰的产蛋率在90％～97％左右，之后产蛋量明显下降，严重缩短蛋鸡使用年限，降低其商业价值。已经证实卵巢寿命是雌性动物生殖功能的主要决定因素，同理延缓蛋鸡卵巢衰老可以延长产蛋高峰期，增加养鸡业的经济效益。
卵泡作为蛋鸡产蛋的物质基础，其发育状态的良好程度直接影响着蛋鸡的产蛋率。然而，影响卵泡发育的因素繁多，大部分是通过改变下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的活动来实现对卵泡发育的影响。一般情况下，下丘脑分泌的促性腺激素释放激素直接作用垂体，垂体释放促卵泡生成素、促黄体生成素来促进卵泡发育成熟，所以蛋鸡生产性能与卵巢密不可分。在养殖业减抗、低抗、禁抗的大背景下，尤其蛋鸡产蛋期严禁使用抗生素的强制要求下，保障无抗鸡蛋的生产成为了当前的焦点问题，中药以其无毒副作用、无残留、无抗药性，且活性成分多样，具有综合调理和预防疾病的功能，在畜禽生产中被广泛应用。
我国是禽蛋生产和消费大国，人均占有量位于世界前列，禽产品对于满足消费者对动物源蛋白的需求意义重大，如何保障蛋鸡健康和生产优质安全的鸡蛋，面临着较大压力。2019年，农业农村部公告要求从2020年7月1日起，除中草药外，饲料中禁止使用其他促生长类药物饲料添加剂。因此，需要研制一种天然安全、无副作用的中药饲料添加剂来缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老、延长产蛋高峰期、增加产蛋率。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于为克服现有技术中存在的上述缺陷，提供一种预防蛋鸡卵巢衰老、改善蛋鸡品质、提高蛋鸡产蛋率的饲料添加剂及其应用、一种用于缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老的复方饲料。
为了实现上述发明目的，本发明提供以下技术方案：
本发明提供了一种饲料添加剂，由包含如下重量份的原料制备得到：枸杞全粉10～20份、菟丝子全粉10～20份、熟地黄全粉10～20份。
优选的，所述枸杞全粉的粒径≤80目，所述菟丝子全粉的粒径≤80目，所述熟地黄全粉的粒径≤80目。
本发明还提供了一种饲料添加剂在制备用于缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老的复方饲料中的应用。
本发明还提供了一种用于缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老的复方饲料，包含饲料添加剂和蛋鸡饲料。
优选的，所述蛋鸡饲料的组分包含玉米60～70％、豆粕20～30％、石灰石8～9％、盐0.1～0.5％、磷酸二钙1～2％、维生素预混料10.1～0.5％、矿物预混料20.01～0.05％、L-赖氨酸盐0.01～0.02％、DL-蛋氨酸0.2～0.3％。
优选的，所述饲料添加剂与蛋鸡饲料的质量比为1:100～1:50。
本发明的饲料添加剂，解决了蛋鸡衰老过程中产蛋性能剧烈下降这一严重影响蛋鸡养殖的问题。蛋鸡繁殖衰老主要伴随着大量生长卵泡的闭锁，卵黄前体物质在优势卵泡中的沉积速率降低，卵泡发育速度缓慢产蛋率下降，蛋壳厚度降低。产蛋率下降的原因与体内各种激素的分泌量有密切相关。除了内在因素影响到蛋鸡卵巢的功能外，蛋鸡会因为环境因素的变化产生应激反应，从而对行为、生理和生产性能造成不同程度的影响。环境(如气候、营养水平等)的改变通过提高血液循环中皮质酮的含量，诱导蛋鸡产生应激反应。应激反应会阻碍卵巢中正常的卵泡发育，破坏卵泡等级次序，影响卵巢正常的功能。
本发明由枸杞、菟丝子、熟地黄组成，枸杞味甘、性平，归肝、肾经，具滋补肝肾、益精明目、延缓衰老等功效，属于滋补的中药，可有效清除自由基，减少脂质过氧化物的形成。菟丝子具有滋补肝肾，调节肾阴阳平衡的功效，具有抗氧化、抗衰老的药理作用。熟地黄具有补血滋阴、填精益髓的功效。本发明三种原料共用，相互配合，共同发挥滋补肝肾，抗氧化功效，从而达到缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老的作用。
综上所述，采用本发明的技术方案，获得的用于缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老的复方饲料，以中药原料的诸药相合，滋阴补肾，补肾温阳，能够有效的治疗肝肾阴亏，阴虚血少。中兽医学认为，肾虚是卵巢衰老的主要病机，肾藏精，主生殖，对雌性动物卵巢生理功能的实现起着决定的作用，治疗应以补肝肾为主。蛋鸡随着产蛋周龄的延长，卵巢功能下降、使产蛋率降低，输卵管中的蛋壳腺部位也出现功能性减退，蛋壳腺部位的钙结合蛋白减少，钙沉积量少，蛋壳质量变差。中医药在治疗卵巢衰老方面有明显的优势，认为动物是有机的整体，在治疗病变时也能从整体出发，能够多角度多靶点的调节卵巢功能，虽然不是激素类药物，但是具有类激素的性质。本发明的复方饲料，从病因根本入手，以3种中药为主药的方剂，达到延缓蛋鸡卵巢衰退，延长蛋鸡使用年限，缓解蛋鸡卵巢的氧化应激，提高蛋鸡产蛋量的目的，对减少养殖场的损失具有重要的现实意义。
附图说明
图1为不同处理对蛋鸡抗氧化指标的影响。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了一种饲料添加剂，由包含如下重量份的原料制备得到：枸杞全粉10～20份、菟丝子全粉10～20份、熟地黄全粉10～20份。
在本发明中，所述的饲料添加剂，由包含如下重量份的原料制备得到：枸杞全粉10～20份，进一步优选为14～16份，更进一步优选为15份，菟丝子全粉10～20份，进一步优选为12～14份，更进一步优选为13份，熟地黄全粉10～20份，进一步优选为16～18份，更进一步优选为17份。
在本发明中，所述枸杞全粉的粒径优选≤80目，进一步优选为≤75目，所述菟丝子全粉的粒径≤80目，进一步优选为≤75目，所述熟地黄全粉的粒径≤80目，进一步优选为≤75目。
本发明还提供了一种饲料添加剂在制备用于缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老的复方饲料中的应用。
本发明还提供了一种用于缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老的复方饲料，包含饲料添加剂和蛋鸡饲料。
在本发明中，所述蛋鸡饲料的组分优选包含玉米60～70％、豆粕20～30％、石灰石8～9％、盐0.1～0.5％、磷酸二钙1～2％、维生素预混料10.1～0.5％、矿物预混料20.01～0.05％、L-赖氨酸盐0.01～0.02％、DL-蛋氨酸0.2～0.3％，进一步优选包含玉米64％、豆粕25％、石灰石8.3％、盐0.3％、磷酸二钙1.8％、维生素预混料10.3％、矿物预混料20.02％、L-赖氨酸盐0.01％、DL-蛋氨酸0.27％。
在本发明中，所述饲料添加剂与蛋鸡饲料的质量比优选为1:100～1:50，进一步优选为3:200。
下面结合实施例对本发明提供的技术方案进行详细的说明，但是不能把它们理解为对本发明保护范围的限定。
实施例1
分别将枸杞、菟丝子、熟地黄经除杂、干燥、粉碎过筛，得粒径均为80目的枸杞全粉、菟丝子全粉和熟地黄全粉。
取10份枸杞全粉、10份菟丝子全粉和10份熟地黄全粉混匀，得饲料添加剂。再将饲料添加剂与蛋鸡饲料(组分为玉米60％、豆粕20％、石灰石8％、盐0.1％、磷酸二钙1％、维生素预混料10.1％、矿物预混料20.01％、L-赖氨酸盐0.01％、DL-蛋氨酸0.2％)按照1:100的质量比混匀，得复方饲料。
实施例2
分别将枸杞、菟丝子、熟地黄经除杂、干燥、粉碎过筛，得粒径均为75目的枸杞全粉、菟丝子全粉和熟地黄全粉。
取15份枸杞全粉、13份菟丝子全粉和17份熟地黄全粉混匀，得饲料添加剂。再将饲料添加剂与蛋鸡饲料(组分为玉米64％、豆粕25％、石灰石8.3％、盐0.3％、磷酸二钙1.8％、维生素预混料10.3％、矿物预混料20.02％、L-赖氨酸盐0.01％、DL-蛋氨酸0.27％)按照3:200的质量比混匀，得复方饲料。
实施例3
分别将枸杞、菟丝子、熟地黄经除杂、干燥、粉碎过筛，得粒径均为80目的枸杞全粉、菟丝子全粉和熟地黄全粉。
取20份枸杞全粉、20份菟丝子全粉和20份熟地黄全粉混匀，得饲料添加剂。再将饲料添加剂与蛋鸡饲料(组分为玉米70％、豆粕30％、石灰石9％、盐0.5％、磷酸二钙2％、维生素预混料10.5％、矿物预混料20.05％、L-赖氨酸盐0.02％、DL-蛋氨酸0.3％)按照1:50的质量比混匀，得复方饲料。
以下试验在河北农业大学实验动物房进行，血清生化指标采用南京建成生物公司的试剂盒进行测定，包括：胆碱酯酶(CHE)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、葡萄糖(GLU)、总蛋白(TP)、尿素(UREA)、肌酐(CRE)、尿酸(UA)，具体步骤按试剂盒说明书。以上检测试剂盒均购置南京建成生物工程研究所；超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)试剂盒均购于南京建成生物研究所。试验动物为60只300日龄蛋鸡，购于保定市易县养鸡场，使用配合饲料，严格按照饲养管理标准饲养。
将60只健康且体重均匀的300日龄蛋鸡随机分为3组，分别为对照组和试验I、II组。其中，对照组饲喂蛋鸡饲料(组分为玉米64％、豆粕25％、石灰石8.3％、盐0.3％、磷酸二钙1.8％、维生素预混料10.3％、矿物预混料20.02％、L-赖氨酸盐0.01％、DL-蛋氨酸0.27％)，试验I、II组分别饲喂本发明实施例1和实施例2中的复方饲料。每组4个重复，每个重复5只。每天上午8：00、下午4：00各饲喂一次粉料，每天捡蛋两次，采用自然光照和人工光照结合以保证每天16h连续光照。常规饲养，自由饮水，预试期10d，试验期30d，定期进行鸡舍消毒和卫生管理。在蛋鸡给药后第30天，翅下采血，处死。待血清析出后，离心取上层清液，分装保存。
生产性能、蛋品质指标测定：试验期间每天重复记录产蛋总数，计算产蛋率。在试验第30d，每个重复随机取4枚鸡蛋，使用游标卡尺测量鸡蛋的纵轴、横轴，计算蛋形指数(蛋形指数＝纵轴/横轴)；用蛋壳强度仪、多功能蛋品分析仪测定鸡蛋的蛋黄颜色、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋重、哈夫单位等蛋品质指标。
血清中酶活力指标的测定：酶活力指标采用南京建成生物公司的试剂盒进行测定，用SOD、CAT、MDA试剂盒进行检测，具体步骤按试剂盒说明书。
血清生化指标的测定：血清生化指标采用南京建成生物公司的试剂盒进行测定，包括：胆碱酯酶、碱性磷酸酶、尿素氮、尿酸等具体步骤按试剂盒说明书。
实验例1
研究对照组、试验I、II组对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响，结果如表1：
表1不同处理对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响
注：与对照组比较，*表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。
由表1可知，I组和II组的蛋形指数、蛋重与对照组相比无显著差异。I组和II组的蛋壳强度极显著高于对照组。II组的蛋白高度和哈夫单位显著高于对照组；I组和II组的蛋黄颜色显著高于对照组。蛋壳厚度各组间没有显著差异，II组产蛋率显著高于对照组和I组，分别提高了9.29％和8.22％。
蛋品质是影响商品蛋生产效益的重要因素，近年来越来越受到重视。在现代蛋鸡生产中，为了减少鸡蛋在运输过程中造成的破损，所以对蛋壳的强度有很高的要求。给予复方制剂能够显著提高蛋壳强度，减少运输过程中的破损率，能够很大程度上提高商业价值，具有重要的现实意义。蛋白的品质是消费者最重视的是因素，蛋白的浓稠度来衡量蛋的新鲜程度，也就是哈氏单位，随着存放时间的延长，由于蛋白质的水解，浓蛋白降低，蛋白高度下降，哈氏单位也随之变小，但复方制剂能显著提高哈氏单位，提高蛋的新鲜度。蛋黄颜色的深浅也是消费者选购的重要指标，蛋黄颜色是脂溶性色素在卵形成期间沉积到蛋黄中的，而蛋鸡自身没有合成这些色素的能力，必须由饲料中获取。
实验例2
研究对照组、试验I、II组对蛋鸡抗氧化指标的影响，结果如图1所示(注：与对照组比较，*表示差异显著(P<0.05))。
由图1可知，与对照组相比，I组血清中SOD没有显著差异，II组SOD极显著提高(P＜0.05)；各组间CAT差异不显著；II组MDA较对照组相比显著降低。抗氧化剂和抗氧化酶在清除自由基时发挥协同作用，在正常条件下，主动防御系统常见的酶有：超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)，SOD负责分解氧阴离子，通过灭活氧自由基来保护人体免受过氧化和组织损伤，CAT负责分解机体内产生的过氧化氢，两者都对氧自由基和脂质过氧化起着重要的作用。MDA是脂质过氧化的主要终产物，具有毒性作用，间接反映清除自由基的能力，可以了解到机体的抗氧化能力。
实验例3
研究对照组、试验I、II组对蛋鸡生化指标的影响，结果如表2：
表2不同处理对蛋鸡生化指标的影响
注：与对照组比较，*表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
血清生化指标是反映动物机体新陈代谢状况的重要指标。血清中的CHE由肝脏合成，其降低代表肝脏受损。AKP是与磷酸转移相关的酶，与肝损伤有关，也与钙磷吸收代谢有关，因此与蛋壳的形成密切相关，其活性的高低直接反映生产性能。AST和ALT是参与机体蛋白代谢的重要氨基转移酶，主要存在组织细胞中，当组织细胞损伤，谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶就会通过细胞进入血液，两种转氨酶的活性上升。ALT主要存在于肝细胞浆中可通过检测ALT来判断肝脏健康程度。AST作为一种重要的指标，用来检测肝细胞损伤具有重要意义。UA是禽类蛋白质代谢的主要产物，由肾脏排出，CRE和UA能客观的体现肾小球滤过功能的损伤程度，可以反映出禽类的体内代谢和免疫的功能状况，是检测禽类肾功能的重要依据，如果肾脏损伤，则UA含量上升；TP的含量主要代表机体蛋白代谢的情况，含量高，合成代谢旺盛，血清总蛋白也有维持渗透压和酸碱度的功能。尿素和肌酐水平是体现肾脏肾小球的滤过功能的重要指标，当肾脏受损时会引起UREA和CRE浓度升高。GLU含量的稳定代表着机体对碳水化合物的稳定，也作为评价动物健康的指标之一。
由表2可知，与对照组相比，I组和II组AKP、CHE、TP无显著差异(P>0.05)。与对照组相比，I组和II组AST、ALT、GLU无显著差异(P>0.05)。与对照组相比，II组和I组UA显著降低(P＜0.05)，II组UREA与对照组相比显著降低(P＜0.05)，CRE没有显著变化(P>0.05)。说明复方制剂能够降低尿酸和尿素氮的含量，保护肾脏，但又不会影响肝肾的正常功能。
综上所述，本发明用于缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老的复方饲料，选取3味中草药组方，从病因根本入手，3味中药协同，中药方剂是中医临床治疗疾病的主要手段，药物的合理配伍可以相使相须，达到一种优化组合的整体疗效，达到改善蛋鸡蛋品质、提高蛋鸡生产性能、缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老的目的。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (6)
1.一种饲料添加剂，其特征在于，由包含如下重量份的原料制备得到：枸杞全粉10～20份、菟丝子全粉10～20份、熟地黄全粉10～20份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种饲料添加剂，其特征在于，所述枸杞全粉的粒径≤80目，所述菟丝子全粉的粒径≤80目，所述熟地黄全粉的粒径≤80目。
3.权利要求1或2所述的饲料添加剂在制备用于缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老的复方饲料中的应用。
4.一种用于缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老的复方饲料，其特征在于，包含权利要求1或2所述的饲料添加剂和蛋鸡饲料。
5.根据权利要求4所述的一种用于缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老的复方饲料，其特征在于，所述蛋鸡饲料的组分包含玉米60～70％、豆粕20～30％、石灰石8～9％、盐0.1～0.5％、磷酸二钙1～2％、维生素预混料10.1～0.5％、矿物预混料20.01～0.05％、L-赖氨酸盐0.01～0.02％、DL-蛋氨酸0.2～0.3％。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的一种用于缓解蛋鸡卵巢衰老的复方饲料，其特征在于，所述饲料添加剂与蛋鸡饲料的质量比为1:100～1:50。
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