CN112980445B - 一种从花椒油加工副产物中提取酚类抗氧化剂的方法 - Google Patents
一种从花椒油加工副产物中提取酚类抗氧化剂的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种从花椒油加工副产物中提取酚类抗氧化剂的方法,属于植物资源综合利用领域。对花椒油粕粉碎后过40目筛,放入过滤器中,加入异己烷溶液,在60℃下通风橱中脱脂,得到脱脂花椒油粕,置于暗处;将脱脂花椒油粕行超临界CO2萃取,结束后从分离釜中收集粗产品;将混合溶液离心,回收上层油相,粗产品用60%乙醇溶液稀释,过0.45μm有机滤膜,重复3次,滤液置于40℃真空浓缩至10mL,冷冻干燥,即得酚类抗氧化剂,所述酚类抗氧化剂的酚类含量为7.855~7.926mg/g。本发明能充分利用花椒油加工副产物,降低油粕带来的环境污染问题。此外,本发明采用的提取工艺不仅可以获得纯度高、活性高的酚类抗氧化剂,还能降低能源消耗、降低成本、减少污染。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于植物资源综合利用领域,涉及一种从花椒油废物中提取酚类抗氧化剂的方法,制得的产品可广泛应用于食品、医药和化妆等领域。
背景技术
花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum)是芸香科花椒属植物,全世界约有250个花椒品种。花椒在我国具有广泛的应用和悠久的栽培历史,它是中国烹饪文化和四川美食的传统调味品之一,具有独特的麻味和香味。花椒果皮中含有多种活性成分,包括酰胺类、挥发油、黄酮类、酚类等,赋予花椒抑菌、抗氧化、抗癌、消炎止痛等生物活性作用。
花椒作为一种药食两用的植物,广泛应用于食品加工,其最常用的产品形式为花椒油。花椒油是一种通过食用油浸泡或通过有机溶剂浸提、超临界萃取等方法制得的油树脂与食用油按一定比例混合而成的具有特殊麻香味的调味油。然而,经过浸提压榨后的花椒油加工副产物(花椒油粕)除极少部分用作肥料或饲料外,绝大部分都被直接废弃,造成了极大的资源浪费。近年来,人们对花椒的研究愈发深入,发现花椒油粕中仍含有抗氧化活性成分,如酚类抗氧化剂。因此,有效的开发利用花椒油加工副产物是非常有必要的。
从食品加工副产物中回收酚类抗氧化剂的常用提取技术通常依赖于有机溶剂萃取,如甲醇、乙醇或丙酮溶液等作为萃取剂。然而,挥发性有机溶剂萃取存在着溶剂残留、环境污染等缺点。因此,寻找绿色安全的提取法,解决溶剂残留和环境污染问题,同时提高酚类的提取率,实现废物的高值化利用是大势所趋。
超临界流体萃取法是将超临界流体作为萃取剂,在固体物质或液体物质中萃取特定成分,从而达到分离目的的方法。CO2具有无毒、无残留、不易燃、价格低廉、易获得等特点。并且超临界流体具有较高的扩散系数和相对较低的粘度,穿透能力和溶剂能力强,拥有更快、更强的传质能力。因此,超临界CO2萃取法不仅能有效避免溶剂残留、不利于生态环境等问题,同时极大程度上提高了提取效率和目标物的回收效率。
基于此,本发明设计出一种绿色、高效、高得率、快速从花椒油粕中提取抗氧化活性的酚类抗氧化剂的技术是十分必要的。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对现有技术上存在的上述缺陷,所要解决的技术问题是提供一种从花椒油粕中提取酚类抗氧化剂的方法。该方法以花椒油加工副产物(花椒油粕)为原料,采用先进的提取技术得到纯度高、活性高的酚类抗氧化剂,能够满足多种需求。
本发明的技术方案如下:
一种从花椒油加工副产物中提取酚类抗氧化剂的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
(1)材料准备:对花椒油粕粉碎后过40目筛,放入过滤器中,加入异己烷溶液,在60℃下通风橱中脱脂8~12h,重复3次,得到脱脂花椒油粕,置于暗处备用;
(2)超临界CO2提取酚类抗氧化剂:将脱脂花椒油粕装入1L萃取罐中,泵入夹带剂乙醇300~500mL进行超临界萃取,从分离釜中收集粗产品;
(3)样品收集:将步骤(2)混合溶液离心,回收上层油相,粗产品用60%乙醇溶液稀释,过0.45μm有机滤膜,重复3次,滤液置于40℃真空浓缩至10mL,冷冻干燥,即可得酚类抗氧化剂,在-20℃下真空干燥保藏;
所述酚类抗氧化剂的酚类含量为7.855~7.926mg/g。
进一步的,所述花椒油粕为红花椒、青花椒、藤椒油粕中的任意一种。
进一步的,所述步骤(1)中过滤器体积为0.2m³,所述花椒油粕与异己烷溶液是按照料液比1:4(m/v)混合。
进一步的,所述步骤(2)脱脂花椒油粕添加量为100~400g。
进一步的,所述步骤(2)乙醇的质量分数为60~80%,所述分离釜温度为35~45℃,分离釜压力为5~15 Mpa。
进一步的,步骤(2)所述超临界萃取温度为40~60℃,萃取压力20~40Mpa,CO2流速30~50 L/h,萃取时间2~3h。
进一步的,所述步骤(3)中离心速度为8000r/min,离心时间15min。
进一步的,所述步骤(3)中粗产品与60%乙醇体积比为1:10~25。
本发明还公开了一种根据上述任一提取方法制得的酚类抗氧化剂。
进一步的,所述酚类抗氧化剂的酚类含量为7.855~7.926mg/g。
本发明与现有产品和技术相比,具有如下优点:
1、本发明制得的酚类抗氧化剂充分利用花椒油加工副产物花椒油粕作为原料,不仅能提高废物综合利用率、增加其经济效益,同时可以降低大量花椒油粕带来的环境污染问题、降低成本,具有积极的经济效益和社会意义。
2、本发明采用的提取工艺不仅可以获得纯度高、活性高的酚类抗氧化剂,还能降低能源消耗、降低成本、减少污染。所得的酚类抗氧化剂的酚类含量为7.855~7.926mg/g,在抗氧化性检测上,当样品溶液在0.2~1.0mg/mL时,相较于对比例1,实施例3的ABTS清除率高出4.5~6.0%;DPPH清除率高出4.2~6.7%。样品溶液在0.125~2.0mg/mL时,相较于对比例1,实施例3的羟基自由基清除率高出6.0~12.8%;超氧阴离子清除率高出6.5~18.8%。
附图说明
图1为酚类标准曲线图;
图2为不同浓度酚类抗氧化剂对ABTS自由基活性的影响;
图3为不同浓度酚类抗氧化剂对DPPH自由基清除活性的影响;
图4为不同浓度酚类抗氧化剂对羟基自由基清除活性的影响;
图5为不同浓度酚类抗氧化剂对超氧阴离子自由基清除活性的影响。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明进行具体的描述,有必要在此指出的是以下实施例只用于对本发明进行进一步说明,不能理解为对本发明保护范围的限制。该领域的技术熟练人员可以根据上述本发明的内容,对本发明做出一些非本质的改进和调整。
实施例1
一种从花椒油加工副产物中提取黄酮类抗氧化剂的方法
(1)材料准备:对花椒油粕粉碎后过40目筛,取150g花椒油粕粉末加入到放入0.2m3过滤器中,加入600mL异己烷溶液,在60℃下通风橱中脱脂8h,重复3次,得到脱脂花椒油粕,置于暗处备用;
(2)超临界CO2提取酚类抗氧化剂:将100g步骤(1)所制得的脱脂花椒油粕装入1L萃取罐中,泵入夹带剂为质量分数60%的乙醇300mL,设置萃取温度40℃、萃取压力20Mpa、CO2流速30 L/h和萃取时间3h,从分离釜中收集粗产品,分离温度为35℃,分离釜压力为5Mpa;
(3)样品收集:将步骤(2)所得的混合溶液在8000r/min下离心15min,回收上层油相,粗产品用60%乙醇溶液以质量体积比1:10比例进行稀释,过0.45μm有机滤膜,重复三次,滤液置于40℃真空浓缩至10mL,冷冻干燥,即可得酚类抗氧化剂,在-20℃下真空干燥保藏。
实施例2
一种从花椒油加工副产物中提取黄酮类抗氧化剂的方法
(1)材料准备:对花椒油粕粉碎后过40目筛,取150g花椒油粕粉末加入到放入0.2m3过滤器中,加入600mL异己烷溶液,在60℃下通风橱中脱脂10h,重复3次,得到脱脂花椒油粕,置于暗处备用;
(2)超临界CO2提取酚类抗氧化剂:将100g步骤(1)所制得的脱脂花椒油粕装入1L萃取罐中,泵入夹带剂为质量分数70%乙醇400mL,设置萃取温度50℃、萃取压力40Mpa、CO2流速40 L/h和萃取时间2h,从分离釜中收集粗产品,分离温度为40℃,分离釜压力为10Mpa;
(3)样品收集:将步骤(2)所得的混合溶液在8000r/min下离心15min,回收上层油相,粗产品用60%乙醇溶液以质量体积比1:10比例进行稀释,过0.45μm有机滤膜,重复三次,滤液置于40℃真空浓缩至10mL,冷冻干燥,即可得酚类抗氧化剂,在-20℃下真空干燥保藏。
实施例3
一种从花椒油加工副产物中提取黄酮类抗氧化剂的方法
(1)材料准备:对花椒油粕粉碎后过40目筛,取150g花椒油粕粉末加入到放入0.2m3过滤器中,加入600mL异己烷溶液,在60℃下通风橱中脱脂12h,重复3次,得到脱脂花椒油粕,置于暗处备用;
(2)超临界CO2提取酚类抗氧化剂:将100g步骤(1)所制得的脱脂花椒油粕装入1L萃取罐中,泵入夹带剂为质量分数80%乙醇500mL,设置萃取温度40℃、萃取压力30Mpa、CO2流速50 L/h和萃取时间2h,从分离釜中收集粗产品,分离温度为45℃,分离釜压力为15Mpa
(3)样品收集:将步骤(2)所得的混合溶液在8000r/min下离心15min,回收上层油相,粗产品用60%乙醇溶液以质量体积比1:10比例进行稀释,过0.45μm有机滤膜,滤液置于40℃真空浓缩至10mL,冷冻干燥,即可得酚类抗氧化剂,在-20℃下真空干燥保藏。
对比例1
一种从花椒油加工副产物中提取黄酮类抗氧化剂的方法
(与实施例相比,未采用超临界CO2萃取法,对比例1直接使用挥发性有机溶剂乙醇溶液作为提取溶剂)
(1)60%乙醇溶液:将乙醇溶液与去离子水按体积6:4的比例混合,制得60%乙醇溶液;
(2)材料准备:对花椒油粕粉碎后过40目筛,取150g花椒油粕粉末加入到放入0.2m3过滤器中,加入600mL异己烷溶液,在60℃下通风橱中脱脂8~12h,重复3次,得到脱脂花椒油粕,置于暗处备用;
(3)乙醇溶液提取酚类抗氧化剂:将步骤(2)所制得的脱脂花椒油粕与步骤(1)制得的60%乙醇溶液按质量体积比1:20的比例混合均匀,在60℃下恒温震荡4h,得到混合溶液;
(4)样品收集:将步骤(2)所得的混合溶液在8000r/min下离心15min,回收上层油相,回收上层油相,粗产品用60%乙醇溶液以质量体积比1:10比例进行稀释,过0.45μm有机滤膜,滤液置于40℃真空浓缩至10mL,冷冻干燥,即可得酚类抗氧化剂,在-20℃下真空干燥保藏。
试验例1
实验材料:实施例1、2、3所提取的酚类抗氧化剂;对比例1所制得的酚类抗氧化剂。
测试方法:实验采用仪器为UV-1900i紫外可见分光光度计,选用福林酚比色法作为酚类定量方法。取10mg冻干样品用60%乙醇溶液定容至10mL,配置成1mg/mL溶液作为母液,稀释10倍后0.1mL提取液于100mL容量瓶中,加入60mL蒸馏水,再加入福林酚试剂1mL并摇匀,静置2~3min,加入10%的Na2CO3溶液5mL,用蒸馏水定容至刻度,在25℃水浴锅中放置反应120min,在765nm处测定吸光度,由标准曲线(如图1所示)得到提取液中酚类的质量浓度。
表1 不同提取条件对酚类含量的影响
对比例1与实施例1、2、3相比,对比例1采用挥发性有机溶剂乙醇溶液萃取酚类抗氧化剂,而实施例1、2、3采用超临界CO2萃取酚类抗氧化剂,由表1可以明显看出,使用超临界CO2萃取法能够从花椒油粕中提取到更多的酚类抗氧化剂,且实施例3的酚类含量最高。
试验例2
抗氧化活性测定:
实验材料实施例1、2、3所提取的酚类抗氧化剂;对比例1所提取的酚类抗氧化剂,以BHT作为阳性对照。
测试方法:实验采用仪器为UV-1900i紫外可见分光光度计,选用ABTS法作为体外抗氧化活性测定方法。10mL的7mmol/L ABTS储备液与10mL的2.45mmol/L K2S2O8 溶液混合后(1:1比例混合),室温下暗反应12~16h,形成ABTS+·。使用前纯水稀释基液,在波长734nm吸光度为0.70±0.005时,作为本实验的工作液。将样品制成1mg/mL的溶液作为母液,取0.1m/L不同浓度样品溶液与3.9mL ABTS+·工作液混合,室温条件静置10min,迅速测定其在734nm波长处的吸光度,以蒸馏水为空白,具体结果参照图2。
由图2可以看出,利用超临界CO2萃取酚类抗氧化剂可以显著提高ABTS的清除率,且当提取的酚类浓度越大清除效率越高。对比例1采用挥发性有机化合物乙醇提取酚类抗氧化剂,可以看出这种方法提取的酚类抗氧化剂的ABTS清除效果优于BHT的抗氧化活性。从酚类抗氧化剂抗氧化活性角度来看,实施例3的抗氧化活性最好。样品溶液在0.2~1.0mg/mL时,相较于对比例1,实施例3的ABTS清除率高出4.5~6.0%。
试验例3
测试方法:实验采用仪器为UV-1900i紫外可见分光光度计,选用DPPH法作为体外抗氧化活性测定方法。取2mL不同浓度的样品溶液与2mL 0.1mmol/L DPPH溶液混合,在遮光和室温条件下反应30min,在波长517nm处测定吸光度,以无水乙醇作为参比,具体结果参照图3。
从图3可以看出,阳性对照BHT的抗氧化活性最小,而实施例1、2、3的抗氧化活性优于对比例1。图3和图2的趋势大体一致,同样是实施例3所制得的酚类抗氧化剂对DPPH清除效果最好。样品溶液在0.2~1.0mg/mL时,相较于对比例1的 DPPH清除率,实施例3的DPPH清除率高出4.2~6.7%。
试验例4
测试方法:实验采用仪器为UV-1900i紫外可见分光光度计,选用羟基自由基清除实验作为体外抗氧化活性测定方法。取0.1mL不同浓度(50-250μg/mL)样品液与0.2mL 0.4M的硫酸亚铁铵溶液、0.05mL 2mM的VC、0.05mL 20mM的H2O2和0.6mL混合溶液(2.67mM脱氧核糖和0.13mM的EDTA,将它们配置到同一个容量瓶中,以同一个溶剂、体积进行配置)混合均匀。在37℃孵育15min,然后,加入1mL 1%硫代巴比妥酸和1mL 2%三氯乙酸。将混合物在水浴中煮沸15min并在冰水中冷却,在波长532nm处测定吸光度,以PBS缓冲溶液作为参比液,具体结果参照图4。
根据图4可知,阳性对照BHT的抗氧化活性最小,而超临界CO2提取的酚类抗氧化剂的羟基自由基清除效果明显优于有机挥发性有机化合物乙醇溶液提取的酚类抗氧化剂。实施例3所提取的酚类化合物的羟基自由基清除率最高,且随浓度增大而增大,说明实施例3的超临界提取条件更利于酚类化合物的提取,且提取的酚类化合物活性高。样品溶液在0.125~2.0mg/mL时,相较于对比例1,实施例3的羟基自由基清除率高出6.0~12.8%。
试验例5
测试方法:实验采用仪器为UV-1900i紫外可见分光光度计,选用超氧阴离子自由基清除实验作为体外抗氧化活性测定方法。取0.1mL不同浓度(50-250μg/mL)样品液与1mL557μM的NADH溶液、1mL 45μM的PMS溶液和1mL 108μM的溶液混合均匀,室温温育5min,然后在波长560nm处测定吸光度,以PMS溶液作为参比液,具体结果参照图5。
根据图5可知,阳性对照BHT的抗氧化活性仍然是是最小的,超临界CO2提取的酚类化合物的超氧阴离子清除效果明显优于挥发性有机化合物乙醇溶液提取的酚类化合物,并且实施例3所制得的酚类抗氧化剂对超氧阴离子清除效果最好。样品溶液在0.125~2.0mg/mL时,相较于对比例1,实施例3的超氧阴离子清除率高出6.5~18.8%。
综上所述,由不同浓度的酚类抗氧化剂对ABTS、DPPH、羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除活性来看,超临界CO2提取条件为乙醇500mL、萃取温度40℃、萃取压力30Mpa、CO2流速50 L/h和萃取时间2h时所制得的酚类化合物的抗氧化活性最好。因此本发明所使用的工艺是一种有效提取酚类抗氧化剂的方法,用此方法提取的酚类化合物的抗氧化活性强。
Claims (1)
1.一种从花椒油加工副产物中提取酚类抗氧化剂的方法,其特征在于,该方法为:
(1)材料准备:对花椒油粕粉碎后过40目筛,取150g花椒油粕粉末加入到放入0.2m3过滤器中,加入600mL异己烷溶液,在60℃下通风橱中脱脂12h,重复3次,得到脱脂花椒油粕,置于暗处备用;
(2)超临界CO2提取酚类抗氧化剂:将100g步骤(1)所制得的脱脂花椒油粕装入1L萃取罐中,泵入夹带剂为质量分数80%乙醇500mL,设置萃取温度40℃、萃取压力30Mpa、CO2流速50L/h和萃取时间2h,从分离釜中收集粗产品,分离温度为45℃,分离釜压力为15Mpa;
(3)样品收集:将步骤(2)所得的混合溶液在8000r/min下离心15min,回收上层油相,粗产品用60%乙醇溶液以质量体积比1:10比例进行稀释,过0.45μm有机滤膜,滤液置于40℃真空浓缩至10mL,冷冻干燥,即可得酚类抗氧化剂,在-20℃下真空干燥保藏。
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