CN112968608A - 脉冲宽度调制式电力转换器 - Google Patents

脉冲宽度调制式电力转换器 Download PDF

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CN112968608A
CN112968608A CN202110006698.8A CN202110006698A CN112968608A CN 112968608 A CN112968608 A CN 112968608A CN 202110006698 A CN202110006698 A CN 202110006698A CN 112968608 A CN112968608 A CN 112968608A
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pulse width
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width modulation
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CN112968608B (zh
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伍荣翔
雷伍峰
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/3353Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having at least two simultaneously operating switches on the input side, e.g. "double forward" or "double (switched) flyback" converter
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/08Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters
    • H02M1/088Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters for the simultaneous control of series or parallel connected semiconductor devices
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/08Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters
    • H02M1/088Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters for the simultaneous control of series or parallel connected semiconductor devices
    • H02M1/092Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters for the simultaneous control of series or parallel connected semiconductor devices the control signals being transmitted optically
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/14Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5387Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
    • H02M7/53871Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/539Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters with automatic control of output wave form or frequency
    • H02M7/5395Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters with automatic control of output wave form or frequency by pulse-width modulation

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)

Abstract

一种脉冲宽度调制式电力转换器,属于集成电路技术领域。所述电力转换器包括转换电路和反馈控制电路;转换电路包括全桥逆变电路、变压器、整流电路和负载,反馈控制电路包括采样电路、脉冲宽度调制电路、信号隔离传输通道、自适应移量脉冲移位电路、第一驱动电路和第二驱动电路。本发明提供的脉冲宽度调制式电力转换器,其控制全桥逆变电路的两个信号是非互补的脉冲信号,反馈控制电路可以根据采样电压的变化调整反馈信号的脉冲宽度来稳定输出电压,由于控制全桥逆变电路的每个脉冲都包含了控制信息,因而可以根据负载变化迅速调整向负载传输的能量,从而稳定输出电压,良好的瞬态响应速度使得输出电压有较小的电压纹波。

Description

脉冲宽度调制式电力转换器
技术领域
本发明属于集成电路技术领域,涉及一种直流到直流电力转换器,具体涉及一种脉冲宽度调制式的电力转换器。
背景技术
隔离电源在医疗设备、通讯网络、电动汽车和机器人中广泛应用,以保护用户与设备的安全,全桥逆变电路是隔离电源拓扑中常见的一种结构。在实际应用中,为了保证电源系统能在不同负载或不稳定的输入电压下有稳定的输出,一般的隔离电源系统还需要隔离的反馈控制回路。
全桥逆变电路一般是由四只MOS管组成的“桥”式结构,包含两个与电源正极相接的PMOS和两个与电源负极相接的NMOS,一个PMOS的漏极与一个 NMOS的漏极相连接,其中,一个PMOS和另一个PMOS相接的NMOS成为一对桥臂,两个PMOS的漏极即为全桥逆变电路的输出正负端。将全桥逆变电路运用到基于变压器的隔离式电力转换器中,工作时四个MOS管组成的两对交替导通的桥臂,能将直流电压转换成交流电压,再通过变压器传输能量到负载。通过改变控制全桥逆变电路的信号频率或者脉冲宽度,可改变其在一段时间内向负载传输能量的多少,从而稳定输出电压。反馈控制回路根据输出电压的变化产生不同占空比或者不同频率的反馈控制信号来驱动全桥逆变电路从而稳定输出电压,反馈通路则是将反馈控制信号从能量接收端传输到能量传输端的电路。全桥逆变电路的四个MOS管,至少需要两个反馈控制信号驱动,所以有两个控制信号需要传输到能量传输端,一种方案是采用两路隔离传输通路,但是两个反馈信号隔离传输通道增加了电路的成本;目前常用的是单信号隔离传输通道,在能量接受端,根据输出的电压信号产生一个控制信号,由一个信号隔离传输通道传输到能量接收端后,再生成两个控制信号。
图1为现有技术的一种全桥式电力转换器。如图1所示,采样电路对输出电压Vo采样,采样电压VFB输入到脉冲宽度调制电路产生VP信号,VP信号的频率固定(一般为几百KHz),占空比由VFB决定,该信号即为反馈控制信号。VP信号由信号隔离传输通道传输到振荡器输入端,VP信号的高电平控制振荡器在 VP一个周期内的工作时间,振荡器工作时,其输出信号由其他电路转换成两个互补的脉冲信号,用于控制全桥驱动器的两对桥臂。输出电压会随着负载变化而变化,当采样电压VFB小于基准电压Vref时,VP信号的脉冲宽度增大,从而使得能量传输端在VP信号的一个周期内通过变压器向能量接收端传输的能量增加,输出电压上升;当输出电压反馈VFB大于基准电压Vref时,VP信号的脉冲宽度减小,从而使得能量传输端在一个周期内通过变压器向能量接受端传输的能量减少,输出电压降低。
此类控制方式只需要传输一个信号用于控制振荡器,其瞬态响应速度取决于 VP的周期,一般VP的频率远小于振荡器的工作频率。当负载变化导致输出电压变化时,需等到VP的下一上升沿或下降沿来到,振荡器才会改变振荡时间以调整输出电压,由于VP周期较大,电路反应时间也会较长,故而会产生相对较大的输出电压纹波。
发明内容
为解决上述现有技术中存在的负载响应速度和输出电压纹波缺陷,本发明提供了一种脉冲宽度调制式电力转换器。
为解决上述问题,本发明采用的技术方案如下:
一种脉冲宽度调制式电力转换器,其特征在于,包括转换电路101和反馈控制电路102;
所述转换电路101包括全桥逆变电路103、变压器104、整流电路和负载;
所述反馈控制电路102包括采样电路105、脉冲宽度调制电路106、信号隔离传输通道107、自适应移量脉冲移位电路201、第一驱动电路109和第二驱动电路110;
所述全桥逆变电路中的第一PMOS管P1和第一NMOS管N1的漏极与变压器104原边的一端相连,第二PMOS管P2和第二NMOS管N2的漏极与变压器 104原边的另一端相连;变压器的副边线圈两端与整流电路的两个输入端相连,整流电路的输出连接负载;
所述反馈控制电路中,采样电路105与转换电路的负载并联,采样得到的电压输入至脉冲宽度调制电路,经脉冲宽度调制电路后输出脉冲信号VP,脉冲信号VP通过信号隔离传输通道107隔离后,传输至自适应移量脉冲移位电路,自适应移量脉冲移位电路将输入的脉冲信号移位后,得到两个脉冲宽度相同的控制信号VP1和VP2,VP1的下降沿对应VP2的上升沿,控制信号VP1通过第一驱动电路连接到第一PMOS管P1和第一NMOS管N1的栅极,控制信号VP2通过第二驱动电路连接到第二PMOS管P2和第二NMOS管N2的栅极。
进一步地,所述自适应移量脉冲移位电路包括反相器、与门、或非门、延时反相电路、第三NMOS管M1、第三PMOS管M2、第四NMOS管M3、第一电容C1、第二电容C2、比较器、一级反相器;输入信号VP经反相器反相得到信号VP_,反相器的输出端连接与门的一个输入端、或非门的一个输入端、第三 PMOS管M2的栅极和延时反相电路的输入端,延时反相电路的输出端连接与门的另一个输入端、或非门的另一个输入端,与门的输出端连接第三NMOS管M1 的栅极,或非门的输出端连接第四NMOS管M3的栅极,第三NMOS管M1的漏极与电流源相连、源极接地,第一电容C1与第三NMOS管M1并联,第三 PMOS管M2的源极与电流源相连、漏极与第四NMOS管M3的漏极相连,第二电容C2与第四NMOS管M3并联,第三NMOS管M1的漏极连接比较器的正输入端,第四NMOS管M3的漏极连接比较器的负输入端,比较器的输出经一级反相器反相后,输出VP1。输入信号经缓冲器Buffer延时补偿后,输出VP2
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果为:
本发明提供的一种脉冲宽度调制式电力转换器,其控制全桥逆变电路的两个信号是非互补的脉冲信号,反馈控制电路可以根据采样电压的变化调整反馈信号的脉冲宽度来稳定输出电压,由于控制全桥逆变电路的每个脉冲都包含了控制信息,因而可以根据负载变化迅速调整向负载传输的能量,从而稳定输出电压,良好的瞬态响应速度使得输出电压有较小的电压纹波。
附图说明
为使本发明实施例所要实现的上述目的、特征和优点能更明显易懂,下文特举较佳实施例,并配合所附附图,作详细说明如下。
图1为现有技术的一种全桥式电力转换器的系统结构图;
图2为本发明提供的一种脉冲宽度调制式电力转换器的系统结构图;
图3为自适应移量脉冲移位电路的具体电路图;
图4为实施例的脉冲宽度调制式电力转换器的系统结构图;
图5为实施例脉冲宽度调制式电力转换器中,自适应移量脉冲移位电路的工作波形。
附图标记:
101:转换电路;102:反馈控制电路;103:全桥逆变电路;104:变压器; 105:采样电路;106:脉冲宽度调制电路;107:信号隔离传输通道;108:振荡器;109:第一驱动电路;110:第二驱动电路;201:自适应移量脉冲移位电路; 401:实施例的脉冲宽度调制电路。
具体实施方式
为了便于理解,下面结合附图对本发明进行详细的描述,并给出了本发明的最佳实例。
实施例
如图4所示,为实施例的脉冲宽度调制式电力转换器的系统结构图;包括转换电路101和反馈控制电路102;
所述转换电路101包括全桥逆变电路103、变压器104、整流电路和负载;
所述反馈控制电路102包括采样电路105、脉冲宽度调制电路401、信号隔离传输通道107、自适应移量脉冲移位电路201、第一驱动电路109和第二驱动电路110;
所述全桥逆变电路中的第一PMOS管P1和第一NMOS管N1的漏极与变压器104原边的一端相连,第二PMOS管P2和第二NMOS管N2的漏极与变压器 104原边的另一端相连;变压器的副边线圈两端与整流电路的两个输入端相连,整流电路的输出连接负载;
所述反馈控制电路中,采样电路105与转换电路的负载并联,采样得到的电压VFB输入至脉冲宽度调制电路401,脉冲宽度调制电路由补偿网络、差分放大器、锯齿波发生器和比较器组成,采样电路的输出连接补偿网络的一端和差分放大器的负输入端,补偿网络的另一端与差分放大器的输出端相连并连接比较器的正输入端,差分放大器的正输入端连接参考电压Vref,比较器的负输入端连接锯齿波发生器的输出;脉冲宽度调制电路中比较器输出的脉冲波形通过信号隔离传输通道107传输至自适应移量脉冲移位电路,产生控制全桥逆变电路的两个控制信号,其中VP1信号通过第一驱动电路连接到第一PMOS管P1和第一NMOS管N1的栅极,VP2信号通过第二驱动电路连接到第二PMOS管P2和第二NMOS 管N2的栅极。驱动全桥逆变电路的两个信号的频率与脉冲宽度调制电路生成的脉冲信号的频率是一致的,即为电路工作的频率。
实施例提供的脉冲宽度调制式电力转换器,其工作原理为:
全桥逆变电路将直流电源VDD转化为交流方波,由变压器传递到副边,再由整流电路将交流转变为直流,最后流向负载。输出电压随着负载的变化而变化,输出电压Vo经过采样电路得到采样电压VFB,VFB与参考电压Vref经差分放大器EA和补偿网络,得到差分放大信号Vea,Vea和锯齿波发生器输出的锯齿波信号进行比较,得到脉冲宽度调制控制的脉冲信号VP;VP信号经信号隔离传输通道传输至自适应移量脉冲移位电路,产生两个控制信号VP1和VP2用于控制全桥逆变电路的导通或关断。当输出电压VO大于目标输出电压时,VFB大于参考电压 Vref,Vea将减小,通过与锯齿波信号比较后,得到的脉冲信号VP的脉冲宽度变小,使得在一个周期内全桥逆变电路的导通时间缩短,进而变压器向副边传输的能量减少,输出电压下降。反之,当输出电压VO小于目标输出电压时,VFB小于参考电压Vref,Vea变大,VP脉冲宽度变大,使得在一个周期内全桥逆变电路的导通时间变长,变压器向副边传输的能量增加,使输出电压上升。当输出电压等于目标输出电压时,采样电压VFB等于参考电压Vref,VP脉冲宽度保持不变,变压器向副边传输的能量不变,输出电压保持稳定。
自适应移量脉冲移位电路的工作原理如下:
延时反相电路和与门组成输入信号VP的下降沿检测电路,延时反相电路和或非门组成输入信号VP的上升沿检测电路。输入的脉冲信号经反相延时电路后,得到相比于原信号有一定延时且反相的信号,该信号与原信号相与,得到输入信号的下降沿检测信号;该信号与原信号相或非,则得到输入信号的上升沿检测信号。下降沿检测信号down_det控制第三NMOS管M1的栅极,当M1关断时,电流源对电容C1充电,当输入信号的下降沿到来时,M1导通,对电容C1放电,若M1导通电阻足够小,则放电时间可以忽略不计,从而得到锯齿波Vramp1。上升沿检测信号up_det控制第四NMOS管M3的栅极,VP控制第三PMOS管 M2的栅极,输入信号VP上升沿到来时,先对电容C2进行放电,随后在VP为高电平期间M2导通,M3关断,电流源对C2充电,输出信号由高电平翻转到低电平时,M2关断,电容C2电压保持不变,得到锯齿波Vramp2。最后由比较器将Vramp1和Vramp2信号进行比较,得到输出信号VP1,但由于比较器和边沿检测电路的非理想性,其输出与输入有Δt的延时,即输出信号OUT1相比于输入信号VP有DT+Δt的延时。为减小上述延时误差,输入信号VP经Buffer得到 VP2,则VP1相比于VP2有DT延时。波形如附图5所示。
本发明采用的脉冲宽度调制控制方式,控制全桥逆变电路的脉冲信号在每个周期内都包含了控制信息,可以即时的校正输出电压,能够相对快速的对输出电压进行调整,使得最终输出电压的电压纹波小。

Claims (2)

1.一种脉冲宽度调制式电力转换器,其特征在于,包括转换电路(101)和反馈控制电路(102);
所述转换电路(101)包括全桥逆变电路(103)、变压器(104)、整流电路和负载;
所述反馈控制电路(102)包括采样电路(105)、脉冲宽度调制电路(106)、信号隔离传输通道(107)、自适应移量脉冲移位电路(201)、第一驱动电路(109)和第二驱动电路(110);
所述全桥逆变电路中的第一PMOS管(P1)和第一NMOS管(N1)的漏极与变压器(104)原边的一端相连,第二PMOS管(P2)和第二NMOS管(N2)的漏极与变压器(104)原边的另一端相连;变压器的副边线圈两端与整流电路的两个输入端相连,整流电路的输出连接负载;
所述反馈控制电路中,采样电路与转换电路的负载并联,采样得到的电压输入至脉冲宽度调制电路,经脉冲宽度调制电路后输出脉冲信号(VP),脉冲信号(VP)通过信号隔离传输通道隔离后,传输至自适应移量脉冲移位电路,自适应移量脉冲移位电路将输入的脉冲信号移位后,得到两个脉冲宽度相同的控制信号VP1和VP2,VP1的下降沿对应VP2的上升沿,控制信号VP1通过第一驱动电路连接到第一PMOS管和第一NMOS管的栅极,控制信号VP2通过第二驱动电路连接到第二PMOS管和第二NMOS管的栅极。
2.根据权利要求1所述的脉冲宽度调制式电力转换器,其特征在于,所述自适应移量脉冲移位电路包括反相器、与门、或非门、延时反相电路、第三NMOS管(M1)、第三PMOS管(M2)、第四NMOS管(M3)、第一电容(C1)、第二电容(C2)、比较器、一级反相器;输入信号VP经反相器得到信号VP_,反相器的输出端连接与门的一个输入端、或非门的一个输入端、第三PMOS管的栅极和延时反相电路的输入端,延时反相电路的输出端连接与门的另一个输入端、或非门的另一个输入端,与门的输出端连接第三NMOS管的栅极,或非门的输出端连接第四NMOS管的栅极,第三NMOS管的漏极与电流源相连、源极接地,第一电容与第三NMOS管并联,第三PMOS管的源极与电流源相连、漏极与第四NMOS管的漏极相连,第二电容与第四NMOS管并联,第三NMOS管的漏极连接比较器的正输入端,第四NMOS管的漏极连接比较器的负输入端,比较器的输出经一级反相器反相后,输出VP1;输入信号经缓冲器(Buffer)延时补偿后,输出VP2
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