CN112852714A - 构建原位原发肺癌动物模型的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种原位原发的肺癌肿瘤模型制备方法,属于肿瘤动物模型领域。本发明通过将小鼠肺细胞以特定培养基培养成类器官,再将类器官进行基因编辑,注射回小鼠肺,使其发展成肿瘤。本发明的方法相比基因工程肿瘤动物模型耗时短,成瘤率高;相比移植瘤动物模型,具有肿瘤发生和发展的体内微环境,更接近肺癌最真实的状态。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于肿瘤动物模型领域。
背景技术
肺癌是严重影响人类健康的恶性肿瘤,主要分为非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC,Non-smallcell lung cancer)和小细胞肺癌(SCLC,Small cell lung cancer),肺癌发病率及死亡率均居所有癌症的首位。
肺癌细胞模型是研究肺癌机制和药物治疗肺癌活性的基础模型,但肺癌细胞模型通常经历了很多代次培养,遗传信息发生偏移,丢失或者增加了某些特定染色体片段。正常组织或者肿瘤都有强烈的异质性,种类单一的细胞系与体内状态差异极大,而且对于某些药物的抗性,基因的影响都不能反应病人的真实情况。
相比之下,动物模型更能接近肺癌的真实情况,但是,现有的肺癌动物模型存在各种各样的问题。
皮下移植模型,需要在免疫缺陷鼠皮下移植大量的肿瘤细胞系,细胞系本身就很难表征病人肿瘤特征,皮下肿瘤更是不能反应肺组织生态。人源异种移植瘤模型(PDX,patient derived Xenograft model)除了移植在皮下的弊端以外,由于病人本身的差异,标本取材的差异,导致该模型的成功率很大程度上取决于标本本身,而且重度免疫缺陷鼠的饲养成本太高,难度很大。原位移植模型由于小鼠肺纤细,手术难度非常大,监测肿瘤形成需要特殊设备,但是该模型可以模拟肺肿瘤的生态环境。基因鼠模型的背景非常明晰,成瘤的位置也完全有可能在肺原位,但是成瘤概率较低,容易造模前死亡,成本非常高,基因鼠制备繁殖周期太长。致癌物质诱导模型是最古老的一种肺癌模型,很大程度上取决于小鼠的基因背景,该模型其实很难模拟病人的肿瘤形成情况。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种更接近肺癌生物学特性、且制备周期短的原位原发肺癌模型。
为了实现上述发明目的,本发明提供了以下技术方案:
一种肺类器官培养方法,包括如下步骤:
将肺细胞Matrigel混合,待Matrigel凝固后,加入类器官培养基进行培养,即可:
所述培养基是DMEM/F12,加上如下添加剂得到:
成分 | 终浓度 |
B27 | 50±5倍浓度稀释 |
N-acetylcysteine | 1±0.1mM |
EGF | 50±5ng/mL |
Noggin | 100±10ng/mL |
R-spondin 1 | 250±25ng/mL |
A83-01 | 200±20nM |
FGF10 | 500±50ng/mL |
Nicotinamide | 10±1mM |
Y-27632 | 10±1uM |
WNT3a | 25±2.5ng/mL |
Glutamax | 100±10倍浓度稀释 |
N2 | 100±10倍浓度稀释 |
Gastrin | 1±0.1nM |
。
进一步地,所述类器官培养基的添加剂为:
进一步地,所述方法还包括肺细胞的分离步骤:
a.使用终浓度2±1mg/mL胶原酶I和1±0.5mg/mL胶原酶IV消化肺组织块;
b.孔隙大小为100±10μm的筛网过滤获得单个细胞,培养基洗涤、离心以终止酶消化反应;
优选地,步骤b所述培养基是DMEM/F12培养基;
优选地,胶原酶I的终浓度为2mg/mL,胶原酶IV的终浓度为1mg/mL;
优选地,滤网的孔隙大小为100μm。
一种构建原位原发肺癌动物模型的方法,包括如下步骤:
1)人或动物肺细胞原代培养;
2)将步骤1)所得细胞固定在Matrigel内,加培养基培养成类器官;
3)将类器官重悬成单细胞,进行遗传改造,再培养成类器官;
4)将遗传改造成功的类器官注射到动物肺组织内;
步骤3)所述遗传改造是指敲除抑癌基因,和/或增加癌基因的拷贝数。
进一步地,步骤2)、步骤3)所述类器官的培养方法如前所述;
进一步地,所述构建原位原发肺癌动物模型的方法还包括:
5)待动物发生肺癌后,将肺癌组织制成单细胞悬液,注射到另一只动物的肺部。
进一步地,步骤3)的基因编辑具体是如下方式的一种:
I.敲除Trp53、Rb1基因,过表达Kras突变基因、Myc基因;
II.敲除Trp53、Rb1、Pten基因,过表达Myc基因;
III.敲除Trp53、Rb1、Kmt2c基因,过表达Myc基因;
IV.敲除Trp53、Rb1、Kmt2d基因,过表达Myc基因;
V.敲除Trp53,过表达Kras突变基因、Myc基因。
进一步地,步骤3)的基因编辑还包括对类器官转入荧光标记基因。
进一步地,步骤1)和4)所述动物是小鼠。
前述方法制备得到的动物模型在抗肺癌药物筛选、抗肺癌药物毒性试验或抗肺癌免疫治疗试验中应用。
本发明的肿瘤模型构建周期较基因工程动物模型大大缩短,且几乎不会导致动物成瘤前死亡,且成功率高达100%。
本发明构建的原位原发的小鼠肺肿瘤模型,可模拟在人体内由于遗传改变导致正常细胞向肿瘤细胞转化的过程,能动态地表征了肿瘤发生发展地过程,在基因层面、肿瘤微环境、肿瘤发展及病理生理等方面与肿瘤发生发展真实情况更加贴近。
总之,本发明的方法可高效率地制备得到更接近肺癌特征、符合临床研究需求的肺癌模型;该模型可以在探究肺癌发生发展机制、寻找和优化新的肺癌可能的治疗方式等研究领域提供有利工具。
显然,根据本发明的上述内容,按照本领域的普通技术知识和惯用手段,在不脱离本发明上述基本技术思想前提下,还可以做出其它多种形式的修改、替换或变更。
以下通过实施例形式的具体实施方式,对本发明的上述内容再作进一步的详细说明。但不应将此理解为本发明上述主题的范围仅限于以下的实例。凡基于本发明上述内容所实现的技术均属于本发明的范围。
附图说明
图1:小鼠模型构建流程示意图。
图2:肿瘤活体成像图。
图3:Micro-CT结果图。
图4:体式荧光显微镜检测图。
图5:免疫组化检测图。
图6:肿瘤类器官体外药物干预结果。A,光镜下类器官存活情况;B,体外SCLC肿瘤类器官对顺铂(DDP)的剂量反应曲线,该图显示的是3次独立实验的平均结果。(Two-tailedunpaired t tests,*p<0.05,**p<0.01,***p<0.001.)
图7:顺铂联合依托泊苷化疗(EP方案)在原位小鼠二次移植瘤模型(SCLC)中的治疗作用。A.实验流程图,原位移植小鼠SCLC肿瘤细胞至免疫完整的C57/B6J小鼠左肺,后通过Micro-CT评估肿瘤生长情况并分组,分别给予第一天5mg/kg顺铂,第二天10mg/kg依托泊苷,经腹腔给药,对照组给予同等体积溶剂治疗,于治疗第0、15、25天行micro-CT评估疗效。B.治疗第0天、第15天及第25天胸部CT图图片,白色虚线勾勒肿瘤区域;C.治疗第15天治疗组及对照组肝组织大体病理光镜及绿色荧光通道,观察肿瘤肝转移情况。
具体实施方式
本发明中的部分英文缩写解释如下:
DMEM:是一种应用十分广泛的培养基,可用于许多哺乳动物细胞培养,购买自GIBCO公司。
DMEM/F12:是F12培养基和DMEM培养基按照1:1结合,称为DMEM/F12培养基。综合了F12含有较丰富的成分和DMEM含有较高浓度养分的优点。购买自GIBCO公司。
Matrigel,从富含胞外基质蛋白的EHS小鼠肿瘤中分离出,其主要成分由层粘连蛋白,Ⅳ型胶原,巢蛋白,硫酸肝素糖蛋白等组成,还包含生长因子和基质金属蛋白酶等。购买自BD公司。
B27,即B27补充剂,市售产品,可用于配制培养基。B27补充剂以50倍的液体浓缩液提供,除其它成分外其包含生物素、胆固醇、亚油酸、亚麻酸、黄体酮、腐胺、视黄醇、视黄醇乙酸酯、亚硒酸钠、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、DL-α-生育酚(维生素E)、白蛋白、胰岛素以及转铁蛋白。购自Life Technologies公司。N-acetylcysteine:N-乙酰半胱氨酸,购买自Sigma公司。
EGF,表皮生长因子,市售产品,购买自R&D公司。
Noggin,细胞生长蛋白成分,市售产品,购买自Peprotech公司。
R-spondin 1,人细胞生长编码蛋白,市售产品,购买自Peprotech公司。
A83-01,TGF-β抑制剂,购买自Tocris Bioscience公司。
FGF10,成纤维细胞生长因子,购买自Peprotech公司。
Nicotinamide,烟酰胺,购买自Sigma公司。
Y-27632,ROCK特异性通路阻断剂。购买自Abmole Bioscience公司。
WNT3a,WNT激动剂,细胞中激活TCF/LEF-介导的转录的因子,购买自PeproTech公司。
Glutamax,市售细胞培养添加剂,购自:GIBCO公司。
N2,N2补充剂以100倍的液体浓缩液提供,其包含500μg/ml人转铁蛋白,500μg/ml
Gastrin,胃泌素,购买自Sigma公司。
TrypLE,用于解离贴壁哺乳动物细胞的重组消化酶,购买自GIBCO公司。
实施例1本发明小鼠肺癌模型的构建
本发明小鼠肺癌模型的构建方法如下:
一、类器官培养
本部分从新鲜小鼠肺组织制备肺类器官,步骤如下:
(1)取新鲜小鼠肺组织冰上剪碎;
(2)胶原酶(2mg/mL胶原酶I和1mg/mL胶原酶IV)重悬剪碎的组织块,用gentalMACS全自动组织处理器在C tube中运行Mouse Tumor程序1;剪碎的组织块用量为1~2克,胶原酶的用量为10mL;
(3)将胶原酶处理后的组织块,在37℃摇床,速度220rpm,消化30min。使组织细胞充分分散开来;
(4)将经过消化的溶液转移到全自动组织处理器gentalMACS上。在gentalMACS上,运行Mouse Lung程序;
(5)将步骤4处理好的含有肺组织细胞的液体用100μm细胞筛网过滤细胞;
(6)过滤后,室温,1500rpm,5min离心处理去除上清液;
(7)加入5ml DMEM/F12重悬,室温,1500rpm,5min离心,去除上清;
(8)细胞计数后,每15000-25000个细胞混合30μL Matrigel,滴于48孔板孔的正中;
(9)转移至37℃5%CO2的培养箱,凝固Matrigel,凝固时间为10-20min;
(10)每孔加入150μL细胞培养基(DMEM/F12加上如表一所述添加剂配制而成),在细胞培养箱中培养;
表一 细胞培养基添加剂成分
(11)每间隔2-3天更换一次培养基,培养出正常小鼠肺类器官;
(12)取培养7天左右的类器官,用TrypLE重悬消化类器官,转移至15mL离心管中,按48孔板的一个孔加3ml TrypLE计算,吹打10~20次直至基质胶完全碎裂,37℃水浴消化5min;
(13)从水浴锅中取出,再次吹打20~30次,37℃消化5min,之后进行第三次吹打(20~30次)。在显微镜下观察类器官时候消化成单个细胞。如果未成单个细胞,则可重复一次水浴和吹打,直至成为单个细胞;
(14)1500rpm,室温离心5min,去除上清液;
(15)细胞计数后,每2000个细胞加入30μL Matrigel重悬,滴于48孔板孔中;
(16)转移至培养箱,凝固Matrigel,凝固时间为10-20min;
(17)每孔加入150μL细胞培养基,在37℃,5%CO2细胞培养箱中培养;
(18)每间隔2-3天更换一次培养基,培养出足够数量的小鼠肺类器官。
二、遗传改造
本部分将前述类器官进行遗传改造,主要包括将类器官消化成单个细胞后,再敲除抑癌基因和/或转入癌基因。具体步骤如下:
(1)取培养两周左右的类器官,用TrypLE重悬消化类器官,转移至15mL离心管中,按48孔板的一个孔加3ml TrypLE计算,吹打10~20次直至基质胶完全碎裂,37℃水浴消化5min;
(2)从水浴锅中取出,再次吹打20~30次,37℃消化5min,之后进行第三次吹打(20~30次)。在显微镜下观察类器官时候消化成单个细胞。如果未成单个细胞,则可重复一次水浴和吹打,直至成为单个细胞。1500rpm,室温离心5min,去除上清液;
(3)先将400μL-800μL逆转录病毒或慢病毒加入到12孔板的一个孔中。根据实验需求取200μL-500μL DMEMF12重悬消化后类器官细胞加入至事先加入病毒的12孔板中;所述病毒携带CRISPR/Cas9技术中编码Cas9的基因以及靶向抑癌基因的sgRNA;和/或,所述病毒携带癌基因;
在本实施例中,抑癌基因为:Trp53,Rb1,Pten,Kmt2c,Kmt2d;癌基因为:Kras,Myc;
(4)1:1000加入polybrene,2000rpm,31℃,离心60min;转移至培养箱,孵育2~3h;
(5)然后收集细胞,1500rpm,室温离心5min,去除上清;用适量Matrigel重悬,滴于48孔板孔中;转移至培养箱,凝固Matrigel,凝固时间为10-20min;
(6)每孔加入150μL细胞培养基(DMEM/F12加上表一所述的添加剂),在37℃,5%CO2细胞培养箱中培养;每间隔2-3天更换一次培养基。
(7)待细胞长到70%~80%密度时,向孔里加入10μL荧光素酶底物,37℃避光反应10min,用酶标仪对荧光素信号强度进行检测。
(8)传代时取约100万个细胞,用TNES和蛋白酶K消化细胞,提取细胞基因组,进行T7E1酶切鉴定,判断靶向基因是否敲除成功。
(9)待细胞密度长到80%~90%时,用第一部分的步骤(12)-(14)的方法对类器官进行消化和离心,离心后用PBS和Matrigel混合液(体积比1:1)重悬细胞。48孔板的一个孔的细胞约用20μL混合液重悬,得细胞悬液,置于冰上。
三、小鼠原位移植
本部分将遗传改造成功的细胞注射到小鼠肺部,具体操作步骤为:
(1)采用异氟烷呼吸麻醉法麻醉小鼠。麻醉后,左侧位固定小鼠。用胰岛素针抽取第二部分步骤(9)得到的细胞悬液。
(2)沿小鼠左侧胸部剪开皮肤、肌肉和筋膜,找肋间隙,手持胰岛素针,针筒与肋间肌几乎垂直,推动胰岛素针活塞,将细胞悬液注射入肺组织。
(3)培养120-180天,原位原发肺癌小鼠模型构建完成。
以上构建的流程示意图如图1所示,以下用实验例的形式对本发明的有益效果做进一步说明。
实验例1小细胞肺癌模型的构建和鉴定
一、方法
本实验例设置1个对照组和1个实验组,对照组和实验组各5只小鼠,均按照实施例1的方法构建“原位原发肺癌小鼠模型”,两组的区别在于遗传改造的基因不同。
对照组使用CRISPR/Cas9技术对Scr基因进行敲除;
实验组使用CRISPR/Cas9技术对抑癌基因Trp53、Rb1敲除,并用慢病毒转入癌基因Kras和Myc。
二、结果
移植60天后的肿瘤活体成像结果如图2所示,可见实验组小鼠左肺明显的荧光信号,说明移植的细胞出现了显著的扩增;而对照组没有荧光信号,说明对照组移植的细胞没有扩增。
Micro-CT显示实验组小鼠左肺出现明显的占位结节,对照组则正常(图3)。移植后4个月处死小鼠,体式荧光显微镜白光通道下见左肺明显质硬结节,荧光通道可见结节发绿色荧光(图4)。
实验组小鼠肺组织临床SCLC分子标记物Ascl1、Syp、Chga免疫组化染色结果显示阳性,Trp63显示阴性(图5)。
本实验例的结果表明,实验组小鼠发生了小细胞肺癌。
实验组最终得到5只原位原发小细胞肺癌小鼠,造模成功率100%,而对照组小鼠未表现出肿瘤症状。
实验例2肿瘤类器官体外药物干预实验
一、方法
获取新鲜的肿瘤(实验例1所得)及正常组织细胞,进行类器官培养,在传代时,采用TryplE在30分钟之内消化为单细胞悬液,每4000-4500个细胞与10ul基质胶(BDMatrixgel)混合后在96孔板培养,每孔加入50ul类器官培养基,24小时后更换成含有不同浓度抑制剂的类器官培养基,在药物处理72小时后观测类器官生长状态,计数类器官生长个数并进行分析统计。
在上述筛药系统中,将不同浓度的顺铂,浓度5、10、20、40μM,与类器官培养基混合后分别加入正常肺组织及肿瘤细胞类器官中,连续作用72小时,显微镜下观察各浓梯度下类器官生长状态和数目,设置不加药组为空白对照。
二、结果
类器官生活状态和存活率分别如图6A和B所示,可以看出顺铂对本发明所制备得到的肿瘤组织的类器官具有更强的抑制作用。
本实验例说明,本发明的模型可以用于体外抗肿瘤实验的材料来源。
顺铂对肿瘤细胞的抑制力大于对正常组织的抑制力,本实验例的结果也从侧面说明实验例1的确制备得到了原位原发肺癌小鼠模型。
实验例3利用本发明模型进行体内药物实验
一、方法
本实验例以顺铂联合依托泊苷治疗药物为例进行说明。
从SCLC小鼠肿瘤模型中分离肿瘤细胞,建立小鼠原位二次移植瘤模型,进行顺铂联合依托泊苷肿瘤治疗评价。
取小鼠SCLC肿瘤细胞,原位注射2×105个肿瘤细胞至24只6周龄C57/B6J小鼠左侧肺组织中,于移植后第7天行小动物CT(Micro-CT)检测胸腔肿瘤生长情况,并采用CT图像分析系统计算肿瘤体积,根据体积将小鼠分为治疗组和对照组;
治疗组小鼠于移植后第7天(分组当天)开始顺铂联合依托泊苷治疗,治疗方案为:第一天5mg/kg顺铂,第二天10mg/kg依托泊苷,经腹腔给药,对照组给予同等体积溶剂治疗;
治疗15、25天后(既移植后第22、32天),行胸部micro-CT评估肿瘤控制情况,同时随机取治疗组及对照组各3只小鼠,解剖观察肿瘤转移情况。
治疗结束后,监测小鼠存活及肿瘤转移情况。
整体流程如图7A所示。
二、结果
micro-CT评估结果显示,对照组肿瘤体积增长速度很快,而治疗组的肿瘤体积增长速度缓慢(图7B)。
肝组织观察显示,对照组出现一处硬质结节,而治疗组肝脏正常(图7C)。
本实验例的结果说明,本发明的模型可用于抗肿瘤药物及其他治疗方式的疗效评价。
综上,本发明的方法可高效率地制备得到更接近肺癌特征、符合临床研究需求的肺癌模型;该模型可以在探究肺癌发生发展机制、寻找和优化新的肺癌可能的治疗方式等研究领域提供有利工具。
Claims (10)
1.一种肺类器官培养方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
将肺细胞Matrigel混合,待Matrigel凝固后,加入类器官培养基进行培养,即可:
所述培养基是DMEM/F12,加上如下添加剂得到:
。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于:
它还包括肺细胞的分离步骤:
a.使用终浓度2±1mg/mL胶原酶I和1±0.5mg/mL胶原酶IV消化肺组织块;
b.孔隙大小为100±10μm的筛网过滤获得单个细胞,培养基洗涤、离心以终止酶消化反应;
优选地,步骤b所述培养基是DMEM/F12培养基;
优选地,胶原酶I的终浓度为2mg/mL,胶原酶IV的终浓度为1mg/mL;
优选地,滤网的孔隙大小为100μm。
4.一种构建原位原发肺癌动物模型的方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
1)人或动物肺细胞原代培养;
2)将步骤1)所得细胞固定在Matrigel内,加培养基培养成类器官;
3)将类器官重悬成单细胞,进行遗传改造,再培养成类器官;
4)将遗传改造成功的类器官注射到动物肺组织内;
步骤3)所述遗传改造是指敲除抑癌基因,和/或增加癌基因的拷贝数。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于:
步骤2)、步骤3)所述类器官的培养方法如权利要求1~3任一所示。
6.如权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于:
所述方法还包括:
5)待动物发生肺癌后,将肺癌组织制成单细胞悬液,注射到另一只动物的肺部。
7.如权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于:
步骤3)的基因编辑具体是如下方式的一种:
I.敲除Trp53、Rb1基因,过表达Kras突变基因、Myc基因;
II.敲除Trp53、Rb1、Pten基因,过表达Myc基因;
III.敲除Trp53、Rb1、Kmt2c基因,过表达Myc基因;
IV.敲除Trp53、Rb1、Kmt2d基因,过表达Myc基因;
V.敲除Trp53,过表达Kras突变基因、Myc基因。
8.如权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于:
步骤3)的基因编辑还包括对类器官转入荧光标记基因。
9.如权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于:
步骤1)和4)所述动物是小鼠。
10.权利要求4~8所述的方法制备得到的动物模型在抗肺癌药物筛选、抗肺癌药物毒性试验或抗肺癌免疫治疗试验中应用。
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