CN112753478B

CN112753478B - Labor-saving fruit thinning method for facility cultivation of northern muscat grapes

Info

Publication number: CN112753478B
Application number: CN202011605596.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 黄建全; 孙海波; 王玉倩; 张娜; 王坤; 苏宏; 张鹤
Original assignee: Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Current assignee: Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Priority date: 2020-12-30
Filing date: 2020-12-30
Publication date: 2022-11-04
Anticipated expiration: 2040-12-30
Also published as: CN112753478A

Abstract

The invention provides a labor-saving fruit thinning method for facility cultivation of northern muscat grapes, and belongs to the technical field of facility cultivation of grapes. The fruit thinning method comprises the following steps: watering thoroughly during the flowering period of the muscat grapes; spraying water to the inflorescence from the full-bloom stage to the final florescence stage; and (4) pinching after the muscat grape sits on the fruit. The labor-saving fruit thinning method is convenient and fast to operate, can reduce the fruit thinning labor intensity, reduces the fruit thinning labor frequency and saves the labor cost by 500-1200 yuan/mu.

Description

Labor-saving fruit thinning method for facility cultivation of northern muscat grapes

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of northern grape facility cultivation, and particularly relates to a labor-saving fruit thinning method for northern muscat facility cultivation.

Background

Muscat grapes are native to the uk, eurasia, and are formed by the hybridization of alexander and heihan, with medium-sized and conical ears. The maximum ear weight is about 1000g, the average ear weight is 350-403 g, the fruit grains are oval or oval, medium and large, the average grain weight is 4-5 g, and the maximum grain weight is 6.2g. The rose-fragrance grape has beautiful appearance and good commodity, and is not only a famous dual-purpose variety for fresh eating, brewing and juice making, but also an rare excellent variety.

The muscat grape generally has the characteristics of high fruit setting rate, tight fruit grain growing and the like, and often leads to easy rotting of fruit grains in the color transition period and large occurrence of diseases. The fruit thinning mode usually adopts the traditional spike-by-spike fruit thinning operation mode to this problem that improves above-mentioned existence, this mode intensity of labour is big, takes a lot of work and hard, and the operation degree of difficulty is high, rubs off the preserved fruit grain fruit powder easily among the operation process, and the germ is infected to the easy, has increased the mechanical injury probability that causes the preserved fruit grain simultaneously. Along with the continuous development of economy and the more and more scarce labor force, the traditional cultivation management method needs to be improved urgently, and the labor-saving technology is not only the development trend of modern agriculture, but also a shortcut for increasing the income of fruit growers.

Disclosure of Invention

Based on the method, in order to overcome the defect that the grapes take labor and time in the existing cultivation mode and improve the quality of the muscat grapes, the invention provides the labor-saving fruit thinning method for facility cultivation of the northern muscat grapes, which is suitable for the production of facility cultivation of the northern muscat grapes and is beneficial to improving the orchard benefit.

In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:

the invention provides a labor-saving fruit thinning method for protected cultivation of northern muscat grapes, which comprises the following steps:

watering the rose grapes thoroughly during flowering period; spraying water to the inflorescence from the full-bloom stage to the final bloom stage; and (5) pinching after the muscat grape sits on the fruit.

Preferably, the muscat grapes are preferably muscat grapes of three years or more of age, the plant spacing is 3-4 m, and the row spacing is 3-4 m.

Preferably, the water consumption for watering is not less than 70L per plant.

Preferably, the number of watering is 2, and the watering is performed at the beginning and end of the flowering period.

Preferably, the initial flowering period is 5% of flowering, and the final flowering period is 90-95%.

Preferably, the water is sprayed to the inflorescence 1 time per day from the full-bloom stage to the last-bloom stage.

Preferably, the full-bloom stage is 50-60% of flowering, and the time for spraying water to the inflorescences is 8: 00-10.

Preferably, the core of the rosette grape can be picked when the fruit of the rosette grape is similar to the size of mung bean.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:

the invention provides a labor-saving fruit thinning method for facility cultivation of northern muscat grapes, which comprises the steps of watering in a flowering phase, spraying water to inflorescences from a full-bloom phase to a final-bloom phase, and pinching after the muscat grapes are seated on fruits, so that labor-saving fruit thinning is realized, the fruit setting rate is reduced, and reasonable loading capacity in the planting process of the muscat grapes is ensured.

Compared with the conventional planting method, the labor-saving fruit thinning method is convenient to operate, reduces the fruit thinning labor intensity, reduces the fruit thinning labor frequency, and saves the labor cost by 500-1200 yuan/mu.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a graph of muscat grapes obtained by the cultivation method of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a graph of muscat grapes obtained by the cultivation method of comparative example 1.

Detailed Description

The invention provides a labor-saving fruit thinning method for protected cultivation of northern muscat grapes, which comprises the following steps: watering the rose grapes thoroughly during flowering period; spraying water to the inflorescence from the full-bloom stage to the final florescence stage; and (5) pinching after the muscat grape sits on the fruit.

In the invention, the drenching water is preferably muscat with tree age of three years or more, the plant spacing is 3-4 m, the row spacing is 3-4 m, and the water consumption for drenching water is not less than 70L per plant.

In the present invention, the number of watering is preferably 2, preferably the first and last flowering periods of the flowering period, respectively; the initial flowering period is preferably 5%, and the final flowering period is preferably 90 to 95%. In the invention, the humidity of the microenvironment can be increased by watering during the flowering period, the humidity is greatly increased, and the pollen activity is directly influenced, so that the pollen cannot be well spread to stigma for pollination, thereby reducing the fruit setting rate and reducing the fruit thinning operation.

In the present invention, the inflorescence is sprayed with water 1 time per day from the full-bloom stage to the end-bloom stage, and the inflorescence is preferably sprayed with water for a time of 8: 00-10, the full-bloom period is preferably 50-60% of flowering, and the equipment for spraying water to the inflorescences is preferably a common sprayer to ensure that each inflorescence is wet. The invention sprays water to inflorescences during the flowering period, partial pollen grains swell when meeting water, the pollen activity is inactivated, and normal pollination can not be carried out, thereby reducing the fruit setting rate to 30%, reducing the fruit thinning labor intensity and saving the labor cost.

In the invention, the fruit of the rosette grape setting fruit can be plucked if the size of the preferred fruit is similar to that of mung bean. According to the invention, the relationship between reproductive growth and vegetative growth can be balanced by pinching after fruit setting, so that the nutrients are reasonably distributed, and the characteristics of strong fruit setting rate and high fruit setting rate of the muscat grapes can be relieved to a certain extent.

In the present invention, 80-100 fruit grains are preferably left in each ear after thinning. After thinning fruits, the invention thins out small grains, abnormal grains, insect pests and redundant fruit grains on each fruit cluster, can improve the quality of the preserved fruit grains, adjust the appearance of the fruit clusters, ensure the fruit clusters to be fuller, improve the satisfaction degree of consumers and further improve the economic effect.

The technical solutions provided by the present invention are described in detail below with reference to examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.

Example 1

Test site: tianjin modern agriculture science and technology innovation base

The drip irrigation type facility cultivation comprises the following steps:

1. selection matrix

The adopted matrix proportion is grass peat: fine soil: vermiculite: fine sand =4:2:1:1; the organic matrix and the inorganic matrix are scientifically and reasonably matched, and the ventilation, moisture and nutrition conditions of the seedling culture matrix are better adjusted.

2. Trestle type and planting density

The muscat grape is 3-year-old plant, and is cultivated by adopting a T-shaped frame, the row spacing is 3.2m, and the plant spacing is 4.0m.

3. Pruning and pruning

3.1 Moya

In the last 4 months, the sprouts were germinated and prepared sprouts, weak sprouts, germinated hidden sprouts, germinated tillers and over-dense sprouts were removed.

3.2 branches fixation

When the young shoots grow to 0.3m and the inflorescence condition can be obviously distinguished, removing the over-dense, over-excessive and over-fine weak branches according to the plant load requirement. According to the plant load and the requirement of reserving 1 new tip at intervals of 15-20 cm, the double tips and weak tips are thinned, and are uniformly tied on the surface of a frame, and tendrils are removed in time. And selecting and reserving new shoots with proper orientation and stout growth after the 2 nd year to be used as fruiting mother shoots in the next year, and completely thinning and removing the rest new shoots and fruiting mother shoots.

4. Management of flowering phase

And (3) reserving 1-2 inflorescences on the strong fruit branch, reserving 1 inflorescence on the medium-sized fruit branch and completely removing the inflorescences on the weak fruit branch 10 days before blooming according to the strength of the young shoots of the plants and the load capacity of the plants.

Irrigating for 2 times during the flowering period, and carrying out drip irrigation by using water consumption not less than 70L per plant, wherein the irrigation period is the initial flowering period of 5% and the final flowering period of 90-95% respectively; spraying water to the inflorescence from the full-bloom stage of 50-60% of flowering to the end-bloom stage of 90-95% of flowering, 8: 00-10, spraying water to the inflorescences for 1 time by using a common sprayer to ensure that all the inflorescences are sprayed with moisture.

5. Pinching after fruit setting

And (4) pinching is not carried out in the flowering period, and pinching is carried out after the fruit is set when the rosette grape fruits are similar to the size of the mung bean grains.

6. Fruit management

When the fruit grains reach the size of the bean grains, the fruit clusters are straightened on the frame surface, small grains, pest grains and malformed grains are removed, the fruit clusters are moderate in size and uniform in distribution, 80-100 fruit grains are left in each fruit cluster, 1-time bactericide is sprayed on the fruit clusters after the fruit clusters are finished, then special fruit bags for grapes are adopted for bagging, the fruit clusters are carefully and carefully sleeved during bagging, the fruit clusters are prevented from being bruised, and the fruit bags are removed after bagging until 10 days before harvesting, so that coloring is promoted.

7. Management of fertilizer and water

The base fertilizer is applied after fruit harvest, mainly decomposed organic fertilizer and partial mineral fertilizer (such as phosphate fertilizer and the like) are adopted, and the base fertilizer is applied in holes near root systems by combining a drip irrigation water supply mode, wherein 3000-5000 kg/mu is applied. The top dressing is mainly quick-acting fertilizer and can be applied in combination with drip irrigation. The additional fertilizer for the muscat grapes cultivated by the facility can be determined according to the tree age, the requirements of fruit quality and the like, the base fertilizer and the agronomic measures for ensuring good storage and nutrition of the tree body are taken as main components of the aged trees, the additional fertilizer can be supplemented properly and mainly comprises a germination accelerating fertilizer, a fruit promoting fertilizer and a ripening accelerating fertilizer, the fertilizers such as nitrogen and phosphorus can be supplemented properly in the early period of the growing season, the fertilizers such as phosphorus, potassium and calcium can be supplemented properly in the later period, and the trace element fertilizers are supplemented little or not. Fertilization is combined with drip irrigation, water and fertilizer are integrated, and labor and force are saved for management.

8. Pest control

The rose fragrance has poor disease resistance, and the prevention of plant diseases and insect pests is highly emphasized in cultivation, so that the prevention is mainly performed, the comprehensive prevention and control are performed, and the prevention and control of various plant diseases and insect pests and physiological diseases are performed as soon as possible. The cultivation area is kept clean at ordinary times, the dry branches and fallen leaves on the ground are thoroughly removed during pruning, the diseased leaves on the diseased branches are timely removed in the growth period, the ventilation and light transmission conditions are enhanced, and the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced. Fungal diseases are easy to occur under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions in facility environments in summer, the main diseases comprise powdery mildew, gray mold and the like, and the main pests comprise lygus lucorum, red spiders, thrips, fruit flies and the like. According to the principle of 'prevention is the main', the pesticide is scientifically used for green prevention and control. Spraying lime sulfur mixture before and after germination; spraying insecticide and bactericide before and after blossom, wherein the bactericide can be polyoxin, mancozeb, carbendazim and the like, and the insecticide can be imidacloprid, trichlorfon and the like; finely spraying 1 time of bactericide and insecticide on the fruit ears before bagging; no medicament is used in the harvesting period. After harvesting, 1 copper preparation was used.

Comparative example 1:

test site: modern agriculture science and technology innovation base in Tianjin City

The drip irrigation type facility cultivation comprises the following steps:

steps 1 to 3 were the same as those in steps 1 to 3 of example 1.

Step 4. Management of flowering phase

And (3) reserving 1-2 inflorescences on the strong fruit branches and 1 inflorescence on the medium-sized fruit branches 10d before blossom according to the strength of the young shoots of the plants and the load capacity of the plants, and completely removing the inflorescences on the weak fruit branches. Pinching in due time.

Steps 5 to 7 are the same as steps 6 to 8 of example 2.

The invention makes statistics on the fruit quality such as the soluble solid content, the high-quality fruit rate, the fruit setting rate, the average spike weight, the average grain weight, the fruit grain compactness and the like of the muscat grapes in the example 1 and the comparative example 1, and the statistical results are shown in the table 1 and the table 2.

TABLE 1 Rose grape quality

TABLE 2 benefit comparison of muscat grapes

	Artificial (people/mu)	Labor-saving (mu/person)	Cost saving (Yuan/mu)
				Example 1	0.1	9	900
Comparative example 1	1	0	0

Note: the labor cost is 100 yuan/day.

As can be seen from tables 1 and 2, in Tianjin areas, compared with the conventional cultivation method, the labor-saving fruit thinning method for facility cultivation has the advantages that the fruit setting rate is reduced from 58% to 35%, the labor is reduced from 1 person/mu to 0.1 person/mu, and the labor intensity is obviously reduced; the labor cost is saved by 900 yuan/mu; the content of soluble solid is increased from 17.9 percent to 19.1 percent, the high-quality fruit rate is increased from 86 percent to 98 percent, and the fruit quality and the economic benefit are obviously improved.

The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A labor-saving fruit thinning method for facility cultivation of northern muscat grapes is characterized by comprising the following steps: watering is conducted thoroughly during the flowering period of the muscat grapes, the watering can increase the humidity of the microenvironment during the flowering period, the humidity is greatly increased, and the pollen activity is directly influenced, so that the pollen cannot be well propagated to stigma for pollination, the fruit setting rate is reduced, and the fruit thinning operation is reduced; the water is sprayed to the inflorescences from the full-bloom stage to the final bloom stage for 1 time every day, and the water is sprayed to the inflorescences during the blooming stage, so that part of pollen grains swell when meeting water, the pollen activity is inactivated, and the normal pollination cannot be realized, thereby reducing the fruit setting rate to 30%, reducing the fruit thinning labor intensity and saving the labor cost; after the muscat grape sits on the fruit, pinching;

the frequency of watering water is 2 times, and the watering is respectively carried out in the initial flowering phase and the final flowering phase of the flowering period;

the core of the fruit of the rosewood grape can be picked when the fruit is similar to the size of the mung bean;

the water consumption for watering is not less than 70L per plant.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the muscat grapes are three years and older, the plant spacing is 3 to 4m, and the row spacing is 3 to 4m.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the initial flowering phase is 5% and the final flowering phase is 90-95%.

4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the full-bloom stage is 50-60% of flowering, and the water spray time for the inflorescence is 8: 00-10: 00.